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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND POPULARIZATION OF VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS USING SHATAVARI (ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS) ROOT POWDER(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-12) PRIYANKA RANI; Varsha RaniThis study was conducted to analyse the nutritional composition of shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) root powder (SRP); to develop products by adding shatavari root powder and their sensory and nutritional evaluation and to popularize the shatavari root powder based value added products among adolescent girls and women. In present study, blanching of shatavari roots was done at 80ºC temperature for 3 minutes to reduce bitterness and to retain the maximum amount of saponins. It was observed that blanched powder had better taste. The blanched SRP contained 11.66 and 8.02 per cent of crude fiber and ash, respectively. The content of total soluble sugar, reducing sugar and non reducing sugar in blanched SRP was 24.36, 3.46 and 20.90 per cent, respectively. The blanched SRP contained 6.08, 12.67 and 18.75 per cent of soluble, insoluble and total dietary fiber, respectively. Total calcium, iron and zinc was found to be 103.24, 26.85 and 1.96 mg/100g, respectively in blanched SRP. Laddoo, halwa, panjiri, sweet and sweet & salty biscuits, muffins with or without egg, instant halwa mix and instant muffin mix were prepared by adding 5, 10 and 15 per cent of blanched SRP while instant shatavari mix was prepared by mixing 20, 30, 40 and 60 per cent of SRP with ground sugar. All the developed products were found acceptable by the panellists and were adjudged between ‘liked moderately’ to ‘liked very much’. The contents of crude fat and crude protein were found to be decreased whereas the contents of crude fiber and ash were found to be increased in various products upon addition of SRP. The content of sugars, dietary fiber, DPPH-RSA, calcium, iron and zinc were increase and starch content was decreased in all type of products upon addition of SRP. The sensory score of stored products decrease gradually with increase in storage period, however all the products were found acceptable. The fat acidity and peroxide value increased gradually with increase in storage period however the values were found within the acceptable level. Average knowledge scores of respondents on various aspects of shatavari root powder were increased (P=0.05) significantly among the respondents after four days of training exposureThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Nutritional Status of Geriatric Population of Sirsa District, Haryana and Development of Value Added Food Products(CCSHAU, 2019) Mamta Rani; Boora, PinkyOne hundred fifty respondents were selected from 4 villages (Darbhi, Moriwala, Sikanderpur, Rasulpur) of rural block and 150 were selected from 5 colonies (Farm Colony, Khairpur, Hari vishnu Colony, MC Colony, Shah Satnam Colony) of urban block of Sirsa district, Haryana. Out of 300, 150 were female and 150 were male respondents. Intake of cereals, pulses, fats and edible oils, green leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, other vegetables and fruits by male and female respondents were (p≤0.01) lower than RDI. Mean intake of energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, β-carotene, thiamine, niacin, folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin C was (p≤0.01) lower than RDA/EAR among female and male respondents. Adequacy of food stuffs and nutrients revealed that majority of male and female were taking below 50 per cent of RDI and RDA/EAR. Intake of cereals, pulses, fats and edible oils, green leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, other vegetables and fruits by respondents belonging to joint families than nuclear families and living alone . The intake of cereals, milk and milk products was found to be increased with increased income of the family. Education of respondent influences the intake of food groups. Intake of energy, protein, fats, calcium, phosphorus and iron was higher by respondents of joint families. Intake of energy, fat, calcium, iron, β-carotene, thiamine, niacin, folic acid and vitamin B12 was found to be higher in the respondents whose average family income was above Rs. 36000/month. Majority of rural and urban respondents suffered from flatulence, back ache and joint pain regularly, constipation, back, toothache and loneliness occasionally. Majority of rural and urban respondents were suffering from blood pressure, cataract, osteoarthritis, diabetes, heart disease and renal calculi. Most of respondents suffering from diseases were in the age group of 61 to 70 years. Majority of the respondent were taking medical treatment to control severity of disease. Mean BMI of total female and male significantly (p<0.01) higher than the BMI of reference women and men. Majority of the female and male respondents were under normal weight category. Most of healthy and diseased respondents were in the category of normal weight. Scores of sensory evaluation by represented that type I and type II chapatti, cheela, laapsi, kasaar, kheer, khichari, parantha and porridge and their respective control were organoleptically acceptable. Protein content increased significantly in all the developed products in comparison to their respective controls except in kheer (type I and type II) and kasaar type I. Crude fiber and ash content improved significantly in all the developed products except the crude fiber content of kheer. Due to lower intake of food stuffs, macro and micro nutrients along with prevalence of degenerative diseases highlighted the dual burden of malnutrition. The planning, implementations and promotion of low cost, preventive measures such as health, nutrition and physical education could enhance the possibility to improve health status of elderly.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of nutritional and health status of post menopausal women of Hisar district, Haryana(CCSHAU, 2019) Sirohi, Meenu; Sangwan, VeenuThe present study was conducted to assess the nutritional and health status of post menopausal women of Hisar district, Haryana and to determine the impact of nutrition education on knowledge gain of 50 post menopausal women selected from rural and urban area of Hisar district. Nutritional status of post menopausal women was assessed from dietary survey, anthropometric measurements, clinical and biochemical assessment. Data on general, socio-economic and personal profile of post menopausal women revealed that most of the urban (56%) and rural (52%) subjects belonged to general category and 65 and 73 percent of urban and rural subjects belonged to joint families. Fifty three percent of urban subjects had income more than Rs. 30,000, while 41 percent of rural subjects had monthly income in range of Rs. 15,001-30,000.Thirty six percent of urban subjects had four and 30 percent of rural subjects had more than 5 children and most of the urban (53%) and rural (45%) subjects had breastfed their child up to 2 years. The mean daily intake of pulses, milk and milk products, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, roots and tubers and fruits by post menopausal women was found to be lower than SDI while the intake of cereals, sugar and jaggery and fats and oils was significantly higher than SDI. The intake of nutrients like energy, protein, fat, phosphorus and sodium were significantly higher, intake of calcium, iron, β-carotene, potassium and were significantly lower than RDA while intake of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, zinc was found atpar. A significant difference was found in mean waist circumference, waist to height ratio and fat mass among urban and rural subjects. Clinical examination revealed lack of hair lustre, pale conjunctiva, angular scars, dental caries, spongy and bleeding gums, thyroid problem, dry and rough skin and thinning of nails among 35, 9, 2, 49, 7, 4.0, 34 and 15 per cent of urban and 48, 10,4, 55, 11,5, 27 and 22 percent of rural post menopausal women, respectively. It was observed that majority of urban (35.48 and 12.90%) and rural (26.31 and 31.57%) subjects had high fasting and postprandial blood glucose level, respectively. It was found that 67.74 percent of urban and 31.57 percent of rural subjects had high blood pressure. On the basis of blood lipid profile it was observed that 3.22 percent urban subjects had high total cholesterol and high VLDLC while 6.45 percent each had low HDL-C, high LDL-C and high triglyceride. It was observed that the blood lipid profile of rural subjects was observed to be normal. Most of the urban (57, 46 and 41%) and rural (61, 39 and 32%) subjects had knees pain, poor memory and hot flushes and night sweats, respectively. It was found that after imparting nutrition education a significant (p<0.01) gain in knowledge score was obtained among selected subjects. So to improve the nutritional and health status and quality of life of post menopausal women, there is great need to provide nutrition education to them.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women With Special Reference to Anaemia and Obesity in District Hisar ( Haryana)(CCSHAU, 2016) Sethi, Divya; Dahiya, SarojThe present study was conducted in Hisar district of Haryana state to assess the nutritional status of pregnant women and impart nutrition education to the selected pregnant women. A total of 250 subjects having pregnancy of third trimester selected randomly from different hospitals of district Hisar. Respondents from both govt. and private hospitals selected so as to draw a sample of both urban and rural women.Nutritional status of pregnant women was assessed in terms of dietary assessment, anthropometric measurement (height, weight and skin fold thickness) and clinical assessment of signs and symptoms of various nutrient deficiency diseases. Dietary assessment was done by 24 hour dietary recall method for three consecutive days of 100 respondents. The results of the study revealed that consumption of all food stuffs like cereals, pulses etc were lower in the diets of pregnant women. Nutrients like energy, fat, β- carotene, B-complex vitamins, Vitamin C, Iron and Calcium were found limiting in the diets of pregnant women. It was found that caste, family size, income, working status and education of respondents and husband‘s education had significant (P<0.05) effect on food intake of selected pregnant women. Effect of caste, family size,family type, income, respondent‘s occupation and education, husband‘s occupation and education were found to be significant (P<0.05) on nutrient intake of the pregnant women. Result indicated that out of 250 pregnant women 79.2 per cent pregnant women were anaemic while 20.8 per cent were non anaemic. Effect of type of family and income were significant (P < 0.05) on prevalence of anaemia. Majority 47.2% women were overweight, 25.2 percent obese, 22.8 percent normal weight and 4.8 percent underweight.Nutrition education was imparted to 50 selected pregnant women. It was found that majority of the responents had inadequate knowledge regarding nutrition before imparting nutrition education. After imparting nutritional education there was significant (P<0.01) improvement in knowledge of pregnant women in all the characteristics.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of cooking on antioxidant activity in commonly consumed foods(CCSHAU, 2018) Vinita; Punia, DarshanThe present investigation was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity of commonly consumed foods and effect of cooking on their antioxidant activity. The results of the study indicated that the total phenolics and flavonoids of cereals ranged from 30.07 to 116.66 GAE mg/100g and 17.74 to 88.88 mg RE/100g, respectively. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and DPPH radical scavenging activity ranged from 161.59 to 760.42 mg TE/100g and 23.11 to 81.29 mg TE/100g, respectively. Boiling and pressure cooking brought about significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in antioxidant activity of cereals except maize. Total phenolics and flavonoids of pulses ranged from 33.09 to 99.57 GAE mg/100g and 21.16 to 65.73 mg RE/100g, respectively. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and DPPH radical scavenging activity ranged from 97.20 to 394.83 mg TE/100g and 21.08 to 107.14 mg TE/100g, respectively. Among pulses studied kidney bean had highest antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity of most of the pulses was decreased upon boiling and pressure cooking. Total phenolics and flavonoids of green leafy vegetables ranged from 39.90 to 733.09 GAE mg/100g and 26.09 to 238.42 mg RE/100g, respectively. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and DPPH radical scavenging activity ranged from 131.03 to 2053.75 mg TE/100g and 10.89 to 143.68 mg TE/100g, respectively. Among green leafy vegetables mint had highest antioxidant activity. Boiling and pressure cooking caused both positive and negative effect on antioxidant activity of green leafy vegetables. Total phenolics and flavonoids of other vegetables ranged from 13.53 to 50.92 GAE mg/100g and 0.94 to 37.17 mg RE/100g, respectively. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and DPPH radical scavenging activity ranged from 53.23 to 190.96 mg TE/100g and 6.65 to 50.72 mg TE/100g, respectively. Boiling and pressure cooking caused both positive and negative effect on antioxidant activity of other vegetables. Total phenolics and flavonoids of roots and tubers ranged from 14.21 to 89.74 GAE mg/100g and 0.95 to 81.94 mg RE/100g, respectively. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and DPPH radical scavenging activity ranged from 36.43 to 659.38 mg TE/100g and -42.67 to 33.15 mg TE/100g, respectively. Boiling and pressure cooking caused both positive and negative effect on antioxidant activity of roots and tubers. Out of the fruits analysed for antioxidant capacity, it was found that aonla had highest total phenolics (1654 mg GAE,100g), total flavonoids (512.49 mg RE/100g), ferric reducing antioxidant power (23055 mg TE/100g) and radical scavenging activity (6322.36 mg RE/100g) and Vitamin C (400.77 mg/100g). β- Carotene content was highest in mango (2210.99 μg/100g). Vitamin C and β- Carotene content of green leafy vegetables ranged from 39.46 to 148.07 mg/100g and 2053.33 to 4625.33 μg/100g, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of nutritional status of anaemic pregnant women of Hisar and Fatehabad districts of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2017) Priyanka; Boora, PinkyEight hundred fifty pregnant women were selected from the 6 villages (Bhojraj, Dahima, Kaimiri, Mirkan, Gunjar, Ladwa) of Hisar-I block and 6 villages (Chodhrywas, Kalwas, Balasmand, Bheria, Aryanagar, Dobhi) of Hisar-II block of Hisar district and 6 villages (Badopal, Chinder, Bhodia Khera, Kumharia, Dhanger, Kharakheri) of Fatehabad block and 6 villages (Kirdhan, Pilimandori, Bhattu Kalan, Bhattu Mandi, Thulan, Dhand) of Bhattu block of Fatehabad district of Haryana. Out of 850 pregnant women, screened for Hb level, 602 (70.82%) were found to be anaemic (<11g/100ml) 46.70 per cent from Hisar district and 53.29 per cent from Fatehabad district. Thus overall 70 per cent of the pregnant women were anaemic in four blocks of Hisar and Fatehabad districts. Results indicated significantly high prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women in rural areas of Haryana. Nutritional status of anaemic pregnant women was assessed using dietary survey (24h recall method), anthropometric measurements and clinical assessment which revealed that the food and nutrient intake was lower than the SDI and RDA among rural areas. Intake of cereals, pulses, fats and edible oils, green leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, other vegetables and fruits by respondents belonging to nuclear families was higher than those of respondents of joint families. The intake of cereals, milk and milk products was found to be increased with increased income of the family. Education of respondent influences the intake of food groups. Intake of energy and protein was higher by respondents of nuclear families. Intake of energy, fat, calcium, iron, β-carotene, thiamine, niacin, folic acid and vitamin B12 was found to be higher in the respondents whose average family income was Rs 18,000-27.000/month as the intake of pulses and milk products was higher by the respondents of nuclear families as compared to the respondents of joint families. The intake of food groups was higher among the respondents whose husband was engaged in service. Mean daily food and nutrient intake by respondents of Hisar district were found significantly (p≤0.01) lower as compared to Fatehabad district. Out of 300 hundred respondents, 200 respondents, 100 from Hisar and 100 from Fatehabad district were selected for imparting nutrition education and to assess food and nutrient intake. Nutrition education was imparted for a period of three months and gain in nutritional knowledge was assesed. The foods and nutrients intake of the respondents was increased significantly (p≤0.01) after imparting nutrition education. There is an urgent need to impart nutrition education to the pregnant mothers so that they can take balanced diet and improve health and nutritional status of future generation of country.ThesisItem Open Access Formulation and nutritional evaluation of oat based value added gluten free products(CCSHAU, 2018) Mehta, Bhawna; Jood, SudeshThe present investigation was conducted to study the physico-chemical properties and nutritional composition of five different oat varieties (HJ-8, HFO-114, OS-6, OS-346 and Kent), development of oat based value added gluten free products, their organoleptic acceptability, nutritional composition and storage stability. Out of five oat varieties, OS-346 variety had significantly higher values of seed weight, seed density, seed volume, hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity and swelling index, water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity as compared to other four varieties. Gluten content was not detected in any of these five oat varieties. Protein fractions (albumin, globulin and glutelin) was observed maximum in OS-346 variety. However, prolamin fraction was found maximum in HJ-8 variety. OS-346 variety also contained significantly (P≤0.05) higher amount of crude protein (13.66%), crude fibre (9.60%), ash (3.50%), crude fat (5.40%), total dietary fibre and minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Fe and Zn) than all other four varieties. In vitro availability of minerals, in vitro protein and starch digestibility and antioxidants were also found higher in OS-346 variety. Whereas, phytic acid and polyphenols were noted higher in OS-6 variety. On the whole, among the oat varieties, OS-346 variety was found superior in terms of its physico-chemical and nutritional composition, hence, selected and further processed for development of gluten free products. Five types of composite mixtures/blends were prepared by incorporating rice, mung bean and linseed at different levels in processed and unprocessed oat flour/grits, which were used for development of value added oat based gluten free products (cookies, muffins, noodles, vermicelli, instant porridge, instant idli, instant dhokla, breakfast cereals and weaning mixtures). Results of organoleptic acceptability showed that all the products based on unprocessed, malted and flaked oat flour based blends/mixes except vermicelli and noodles were found in the category of ‘liked moderately’ whereas products prepared from roasted and popped oat flour based blends/mixes were ‘liked slightly’ by the judges. All five types of vermicelli and noodles were found to be least acceptable. i.e ‘liked slightly’ to ‘neither liked nor disliked’ by the panelists. Therefore, most acceptable products were further selected for their nutritional composition and shelf life. Among the developed products, products prepared from malted oat flour based blends exhibited higher amount of crude protein, soluble dietary fibre, in vitro availability of minerals, in vitro protein and starch digestibility and antioxidants. Storage studies indicated that cookies, instant porridge, instant idli, instant dhokla, breakfast cereals and weaning mixtures were found to be acceptable till 90 days of storage i.e in the category of ‘liked moderately’ to ‘liked slightly’. Fat acidity content were found to be increased in stored products on increasing the storage period but did not exceed the acceptable limit till consumer acceptability.ThesisItem Open Access Utilization of processed pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in development of gluten free convenience foods(CCSHAU, 2017) Johari, Aanchal; Kawatra, AshaThe present investigaton was carried out to analyze physicochemical characteristics of white pearl millet variety HHB-256; to assess the effect of processing treatments (blanching, extrusion and germination) on nutritional composition of pearl millet; to develop gluten free convenience foods based on processed pearl millet along with addition of Bengal gram, waterchestnut, melon seeds, green leafy vegetable, soy bean, etc. and evaluate the developed convenience foods for organoleptic acceptability, nutrient composition and shelf life. Various convenience food mixes were developed viz. Traditional food mixes (Paushtik atta mix, Instant Dhokla mix, Instant Upma mix, Instant Laddoo mix, Instant Porridge mix, Instant Halwa Mix) and Extruded products (Instant noodles and Instant Pasta). Convenience foods were developed from processed pearl millet flour or grits and Control based on unprocessed pearl millet, different categories of developed convenience foods included Type-I, Type-II and Type-III developed from blanched, extruded and germinated pearl millet, respectively. Nutritional evaluation of unprocessed and processed pearl millet indicated that processing treatments contributed significant improvement in nutritional composition. Protein content in Control (unprocessed) pearl millet was 12.02 g/100 g whereas protein content of processed pearl millet ranged between 11.89 to 12.14 g/100 g. Total calcium and iron content were maximum in extruded pearl millet whereas maximum amount of available minerals (Calcium, iron and zinc) were found in germinated pearl millet. In vitro protein and starch digestibility in processed as well Control pearl millet ranged between 46.81 to 57.11 per cent and 15.88 to 26.13 mg maltose/g. Data revealed that all the developed gluten free convenience foods were organoleptically acceptable to panelists from I.C College of Home Science and Celiac disease patients. Nutritional evaluation of developed gluten free convenience foods showed that all the convenience foods based on processed pearl millet had good nutritional profile. Among developed Traditional foods maximum protein content (23.51 g/100 g) was present in Type-III Instant Porridge mix followed by Type-III Instant Upma mix (15.79 g/100 g) based on germinated pearl millet. Range of crude fibre content in Traditional convenience foods was observed to be 0.88 g/100 g in Control Instant Porridge Mix to 4.04 g/100 g in Extruded pearl millet based Paushtik atta mix. Among all the processing treatments germination showed maximum increase in available minerals, in vitro digestibility and highest reduction in anti nutrients content in developed convenience foods except for Instant Dhokla mix in which maximum available zinc content was present in Type-I Instant Dhokla Mix. In vitro digestibility of convenience foods developed from processed pearl millet was higher than unprocessed counterparts. Shelf life study indicated that developed gluten free convenience foods could be stored well up to 90 days. There was a gradual increase in the level of free fatty acid and peroxide value and remained in organoleptically acceptable range by the end of storage period. Gluten free convenience foods based on pearl millet are not available commercially, developed convenience mixes along with being time and labour saving are low cost and nutritious alternative to high cost gluten free foods available commercially. Thus, the utilization of pearl millet for development of gluten free convenience foods will help in diversifying its use for achieving food and nutrition security.ThesisItem Open Access Value addition of food products using Spirulina platensis: acceptability and nutrient composition(CCSHAU, 2017) Saharan, Vatsala; Jood, SudeshThe present investigation was conducted to study the nutrient composition of Spirulina platensis powder and its utilization for development of value added products, their organoleptic acceptability, nutritional composition and storage stability. Spirulina powder contains many folds higher protein (71.90%), crude fibre (9.70%), total lysine (5.72 g/16gN), dietary fibre and minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Fe and Zn) than wheat flour. Spirulina was found to be rich source of vitamin C (51.24 mg/100g), β-carotene (137.65 mg/100g) and γ-linolenic acid (14.80 % of total fatty acids). In vitro availability of mineral and in vitro protein digestibility was also found higher in Spirulina powder than wheat flour. Various products like biscuits, bread, buns, noodles and macroni were prepared by incorporating Spirulina powder in wheat flour at 2, 4, 6 and 8 per cent levels and evaluated for their physical and sensory characteristics. Thickness of Spirulina supplemented biscuits increased whereas, width and spread ratio of biscuits decreased with increasing the level of Spirulina powder. In case of breads, loaf volume was decreased and loaf weight was increased with increase in the level of Spirulina powder. In pasta products, cooking time, swelling index and cooking loss were noted in desirable limit up to 6 per cent level of supplementation. Whereas, 8 per cent Spirulina supplemented noodles and macroni had lower cooking time and higher swelling index and cooking loss. Control and supplemented products were organolepticaly evaluated, up to 6 per cent supplemented products were found in the category of ‘liked moderately’, whereas 8 per cent supplemented products got minimum scores of all sensory characteristics. Among the supplemented products, 6 per cent Spirulina powder incorporated products exhibited higher amount of all the nutritional parameters i.e protein, crude fibre, ash, dietary fibre, fatty acid, total and available minerals, carotenoids and antioxidants. Storage studies indicated that biscuits could be stored up to 75 days and noodles and macroni up to 90 days without any significant change in their organoleptic characteristics. Bread and buns were found acceptable by the panelists up to 2 and 4 days at room temperature and up to 4 and 7 days at refrigeration temperature, respectively without any significant change in their attributes. Fat acidity content and total bacterial counts were found to be increased in stored products on increasing the storage period but did not exceed the acceptable limit till their consumer acceptability. The study indicated that 6 per cent Spirulina supplemented products were highly acceptable with good storage quality and may be recommended for keeping good health as well as may be beneficial for prevention of malnutrition, anemia, vitamin A deficiency and other degenerative diseases.
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