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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Study of biochemical and histological alterations due to some aquatic pollutants in freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala(College Of Basic Sciences And Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2003) Sharma, Mukta; Jain, K. LThesisItem Open Access Ectoparasitic diseases of coltorable species of fresh water fIshes(College Of Basic Sciences And Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2003) Barman, Anindya Sundar; Yadava, N. KThesisItem Open Access Culture and growth performance of Mugil cephalus (Linn.) and Chanos Chanos (Forsskal) in underground saline water(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2003) Barman, Utpal Kumar; Garg, S. KThesisItem Open Access Studies on the reproductive behaviour of Goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus), Black molly, Poecilia sphenops (Lesueur) and Swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri (Heckel)(CCSHAU, 2011) Sharma, Kavita; Gupta, R.K.Study of reproduction and reproductive behaviour is one of the basic criteria for the successful fish culture. Present study aimed to investigate the reproductive behaviour of live bearer viz black molly, Poecilia sphenops and swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri along with egg layer goldfish, Carassius auratus. Courtship behaviour shown by the males of black molly and swordtail was found to be same. Male showed mainly chasing, nipping, display and copulation attempt. Female showed rising and gliding behaviour. Further, size play a significant role as large size male in all the three species shows highest frequency of courtship behaviour. Female also spent maximum time in the vicinity of large sized males. During the present study for the breeding three different sex ratio of female and male was used. For the live bearer sex ratio used were 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 and for the egg layer sex ratio used were 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. Highest fecundity for black molly and swordtail was recorded in 1female: 2 male however for the goldfish highest fecundity observed in 1female:3 male. Fertilization and hatching percentage of eggs of goldfish was also highest in the sex ratio of 1female:3 male. Although breeding is most important but feeding also constitutes as major factor as growth of the fish depends on suitable feed. Present study further investigated the effect of different feed viz. pelleted, live and mixed on the growth performance of young ones/fry of molly, swordtail and goldfish. Highest weight gain and highest specific growth rate was found in the group fed with mixed feed followed by the live and pelleted for goldfish, black molly and swordtail. Water quality parameters as recorded regularly were in optimum range. The mixed diet promoted high food consumption and growth. Perhaps the variety in the diet stimulated appetite and the protein and nitrogen free extract components promoted growth. Problems associated with feeding dry diets include deterioration of water quality and tank cleanliness.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different manures on the hydro-biological parameters, bacterial population and growth performance of Indian major carps(CCSHAU, 2013) Sunita; Gupta, R.K.In the present investigations, the experiment was carried out in 18ft×20 ft sized ponds from Sept., 2011 to Aug., 2012 at the Fish Farm Hatchary of CCSHAU, Hisar. Different organic fertilizers i.e Vermicompost @ 15,000, Vermicompost @ 10,000, cow dung @ 10,000, poultry manure @ 6,000, pig manure @ 4,000 kg/ha/yr and control were used to monitored their effect on water quality parameters, bacterial population and growth performance of Catla catla (as surface feeder), Labeo rohita (as column feedrer) and Cirrhinus mrigala (as bottom feeder). One forth dose of fertilizers were applied 15 days prior to fish stocking and remaining doses given at fortnightly interval. The fry/fingerlings were stocked @ 30 fish per pond in the ratios of 3:4:3 and fed upon supplemented feed given at 2% of their body weight. The water parameters like DO, pH, alkalinity, hardness, temperature, turbidity, free CO2, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous and planktons were found in optimum range in all treated ponds. The maximum values of dissolved oxygen (5.81 to 8.65 mg/l), turbidity (35.96 to 16.30 cm), phytoplanktons (99 to 5,786 no/l) and zooplanktons (186 to 2,046 no/l) were observed in pond waters treated with vermicompost @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr. While that of pH (5.63 to 5.80), alkalinity (200.00 to 360.62 mg/l), hardness (173.06 to 292.02 mg/l) were found to be maximum in vermicompost @15,000 kg/ha/yr. Free CO2 (1.40 to 3.40 mg/l) and nitrogen (0.990 to 0.170 mg/l) were found to be maximum in the pond waters treated with cowdung @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr. Temperature (26.53 to 34 oC), potassium (3.24 to 23.94 mg/l) and phosphorous (0.72 to 0.199 mg/l) were found to be maximumin in the pond waters treated with poultry manure @ 4,000 kg/ha/yr. The range of water parameters increased significantly (P<0.05) in the pond waters treated with different manures. The bacterial strains isolated in pond waters treated with different manures were 7 gram negative (A. hydrophilla, E. coli, E. aerogens, Shigella sp., K. oxytoca, P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens) and 3 gram positive (M. luteus, S. aureus and Streptococcus sp.). The average counts of pathogenic heterotrophic bacteria in poultry manure @ 6,000 kg/ha/yr was found to be maximum in decreasing order followed by pig manure @ 4,000kg/ha/yr, cow dung @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr, vermicompost @ 15,000 kg/ha/yr, vermicompost @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr and control, respectively. However, bacteria, E. aerogens, P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, Shigella sp., K. oxytoca and Streptococcus sp. were absent in vermicompost @ 10,000 and vermicompost @ 15,000 kg/ha/yr treatments. All the three species gained maximum growth in vermicompost @ 10,000, followed by vermicompost @ 15,000, cow dung @ 10.000, poultry manure @ 6,000 and pig manure @ 4,000 kg/ha/yr, respectively. Among the 3 species L. rohita showed maximum growth followed by C. catla and C. mrigala. There was two times more growth of Indian major carps in pond treated with vermicompost @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr as compared to control.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the toxic effects of some heavy metals on enzymological parameters in Indian major carps(CCSHAU, 2013) Sunita Rani; Gupta, R.K.An accelerated release of heavy metals into the aquatic environment poses serious water pollution problems because of their toxicity, persistence and bio-accumulation in food chains. The present investigation was therefore aimed at studying the effect of heavy metals Cd and Zn alone and in combination on behavior, growth parameter, blood serum enzymes, ions and heavy metal residues in Indian major carps i.e., Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala. In Indian major carps, growth performance in terms of live weight gain, growth percent gain in body weight, specific growth rate, decreased maximally in all the fish species viz. C. catla, L. rohita, and C. mrigala. exposed to Cd+Zn treatment. While a significant (P<0.05) increase in FCR values was observed in all the heavy metal treated fishes. Maximum increase in alkaline phosphatase and maximum decreases in enzymes (cholinesterase, lipase and lactate dehydrogenase) were in fish’s C. catla, L. rohita, and C. mrigala in the treatments of Cd+Zn. Same in case of combination of two heavy metals, Cd+Zn at 0.06ppm induced maximum reduction in metal ions (Sodium, Calcium and Chloride) and maximum increase in potassium ion contents in blood serum of fish C. mrigala, followed by L. rohita and least reduction was in the fish C. catla. Maximum increased in heavy metals contents in blood serum was in fish C. catla than in L. rohita and C. mrigala. The effects of Cd metal alone and in combination with Zn were further more distinct for digestive enzyme alterations. Activity of all the digestive enzymes was reduced in all the heavy metal treatments. Protease and amylase enzyme activity reduced maximum reduced in C. mrigala and amylase enzyme activity reduced minimum decreases in C. catla. Thus, Cd alone and in combination with Zn proved most toxic in all the fish species inducing alterations in behaviour, external body symptoms, growth performance, and body composition with reference to body digestive enzymes. The order of reduction of enzymes, metals ions and heavy metals content due to different treatments was Zn >Cd >Cd+Zn and species-wise reduction was in order of C. catla > L. rohita.> C. mrigala.ThesisItem Open Access Utilization of vermi extract for health management in common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linn.) for sustainable aquaculture(CCSHAU, 2013) Bansal, Nitish; Gupta, R.K.The fisheries sector contributes significantly to the Indian agricultural economy. Massive fish mortalities have been observed in different countries due to bacterial, fungal, viral and protozoan diseases and resulting in heavy economic losses have been reported. Bacteria, the major group of pathogens, pose one of the most significant threats to successful fish production throughout the world. Extracting and using biologically active compounds from earthworms has traditionally been practiced by indigenous people throughout the world. Earthworms have been used in medicine for various remedies. The aim of this work is to contribute towards utilization of vermi extract for health management in common carp, Cyprinus carpio for sustainable aquaculture. Total eight bacterial strains were isolated from diseased common carp. In the present investigation, various earthworm species viz. Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus and Pheretima posthuma were used as medicine for dieases remedies by using antimicrobial well diffusion assay. It was found that all the earthworm species showed antibacterial activity against isolated bacteria. The maximum zone of inhibition observed by Eisenia fetida against Aeromonas hydrophila followed by Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus and Pheretima posthuma repectively. To study the effectiveness of earthworm extract of most efficient earthworm species against fish diseases, studies were conducted under in vivo conditions. Fish were fed with earthworm extract incorporated diet alongwith supplymentary feed gave best results in terms of growth, percent survivality and haematological parameters. In the present study, we also examined the antimicrobial efficacy of G- 90 glycolipoprotein tissue homogenate extract from Eisenia fetida. Assays of tissue homogenates of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) have revealed that glycolipoprotein mixture referred to as G-90 that is composed of macromolecules with medical and pharmaceutical applications. There are several functions attributed to G-90: possession of several growth factors. G-90 can also act as antioxidant, exert antimicrobial activities in vitro and found that G-90 showed antibacterial activity against isolated bacteria but maximum zone of inhibition observed against Aeromonas hydrophila. Thus, earthworm extract might be considered as a new antimicrobial agent suitable for use in aquaculture practices.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the toxic effect of some pesticides on enzymological parameters in Indian major carps(CCSHAU, 2015) Manju Rani; Gupta, R.K.In the present study,the toxic effect of the pesticides malathion, dimethoate and chlorpyrifos on the enzymological parameters in Indian major carps Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo rohita were investigated. Certain effects possibly due to pesticide toxicity like fin erosion, fin blackening, pigmentation/ depigmentation, body hemorrhage, bleeding eyes; descaling and skeleton deformaties were also observed. Growth performance in terms of live weight gain, growth percent gain in body weight and specific growth rate was found to be decreased in both the fish species in treatment groups as compared to control. However, an increased Food Conversion Ratio was observed in pesticide treated fishes. In C. mrigala and L. rohita blood serum lactate dehydrogenase activity was found maximum (26.6 % and 25.6% respectively) subjected to malathion treatment at 0.001ppm. The maximum increase in Lactate dehydrogenase activity was observed to be 50.3% and 44.8 %, respectively when C. mrigala and L. rohita were exposed to a combination of dimethoate and chlorpyrifos at 0.001 ppm. Likewise, the maximum increase in activity of alkaline phosphatase in blood serum was 45.0% and 44.2%, respectivelyin C. mrigala and L. rohita exposed to the same treatment. Maximum increase in the cholinesterase activity (18.4% and 19.2 %, respectively) and lipase activity (18.4% and 19.2 %, respectively) was found subjected to malathion treatment at 0.001ppm. However, C. mrigala and L. rohita depicted maximum increase of 23.0% and 33.1%, respectively in activity of lipase and 24.1% and 24.7%, respectively in cholinesterase in blood serum when exposed to dimethoate and chlorpyrifos in combination at 0.001 ppm concentration. In C. mrigala and L. rohita, potassium, chloride and calcium ions activity was induced to a maximum of 44.3 % and 47.0%; 8.8% and 8.6 % and 13.2 % and 12.8%, respectively when treated with malathion at 0.001ppm. The maximum increase of activity of potassium in blood serum was 54.1% and 48.8% when the fish C. mrigala and labeo rohita exposed to in combination with dimethoate and chlorpyrifos at 0.001 ppm concentration respectively. After 60 days of treatment, residue found in C. mrigala and L. rohita was 0.0093 ppm and 0.0089ppm subjected tomalathion at 0.001 ppm. When L. rohita and C. mrigalawere exposed to malathionin combination with dimethoate and chlorpyrifos (0.001ppm) the residue was 0.109 ppm and 0.0111 ppm, respectively. In C. mrigala and L. rohita maximum reduction in protease activity was observed as14.5 % and 17.0% in malathion treatment at 0.001ppm and 17.5% and 15.4% in malathion treatment combined with dimethoate and chlorpyrifos at 0.001 ppm, respectively. Likewise, C. mrigala and L. rohita showed maximum reduction of 8.5% and 7.1% in amylase activity subjected to malathion treatment at 0.001ppm and 14.1% and 13.4% in malathion treatment combined with dimethoate and chlorpyrifos at 0.001 ppm, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of probiotics, mineral supplementation and biofertilizers on growth performance of some euryhaline fish species in inland saline groundwater(CCSHAU, 2006) Nalle Datta A.; Garg, S.K.In this thesis an attempt has been made to study the role of microbial fertilizers in pond productivity, role of probiotics, Lactobacillus sporogenes and minerals (Ca-P) supplementation on growth performance and some aspects of nutritive physiology of two euryhaline fish species. The thesis is divided into three parts. Part I describes the role of Azotobacter chroococcum and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus 35-47 in nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization in inland saline ground-water ponds stocked with milkfish, Chanos chanos. Studies have shown significantly (P<0.05) high values for alkalinity, kjeldahl's nitrogen, NO3-N, turbidity, pigment concentration and fish growth in ponds inoculated with co-culture (Mac-27+ PS-21), followed by Mac-27 and PS-21, o-PO4 concentration was significantly (P<0.05) high both in PS-21 and in mixed culture inoculated ponds. Alkanity, hardness, TDS and chlorophyll a concentration were significantly (P<0.05) higher in ponds inoculated with high temperature tolerant mutant of A. chroococcum, while total kjeldahl nitrogen, NH4-N, NO2-N, o-PO4 concentration and fish growth were high in ponds inoculated with salinity tolerant strain of G. diazotrophicus. Not much variations in DO concentration were observed among different treatments. Irrespective of bioinoculants, a significant (P<0.05) increase in viable counts were observed upto day 7 after inoculation, and thereafter a significant decline in microbial population was observed. To study the effect of Lactobacillus sporogenes (Probiotics) on growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus, four diets containing varying concentration (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0g 100 g-1 of diet) of probiotics were formulated. A diet without supplementation of probiotics was also formulated which served as control diet. All diets contained about 40% of crude protein. Significantly highest growth performance, carcass protein, apparent protein digestibility, nutrient retention (PER, GPR, GER and APD), digestive enzyme activity were observed in the group fed diet containing probiotics at a concentration of 0.75 g, 100 g-1 of diet. Excretion of metabolites remained low, while the values of VSI and HSI remained high at this treatment. Muscle glycogen and liver glycogen were also low, while the values of muscle protein were high in fish fed diet-3 containing probiotics at a concentration of 0.75g, 100g-1 of diet. These studies indicate that supplementation of diets with appropriate concentration of probiotics can be a useful tool in the utilization of supplementery diets in aquaculture. An experiment was carried out with Chanos chanos and Oreochromis niloticus to determine their phosphorus requirements and its interaction with dietary calcium. Ten isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets were prepared using basal ingredients (groundnut oilcake, processed soybean, rice bran and wheat flour etc.) containing various concentration of phosphorus as potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (0.25g, 0.375g and 0.5g 100g-1 of diet) and calcium as calcium chloride (0.5g, 0.75g and 1.0 g 100 g-1 of diet). These concentrations resulted in varying Ca-P ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 3:2, 4:1, 4:3, 8:3). Calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the water at 10 ppt were 425 mg and 0.03 mg l-1 of water, respectively. Irrespective of the fish species, significantly (P<0.05) high growth performance (growth per cent gain in body weight, SGR and final length, APD, GPR, GER and PER were observed in the groups which were fed on a diet containing calcium and phosphorus at a concentration of 0.5g 100g-1 of diet in the ratio of 1:1. Low FCR and excretion of metabolites (N-NH4, o-PO4) and significantly (P<0.05) highest digestive enzyme activity were also observed in fish fed on this concentration. Low muscle and liver glycogen levels and high muscle protein content coincided with the highest growth performance observed in these studies. VSI and HSI values were also high in fish which had the highest growth performance. Carcass composition also indicated high accumulation of protein. These studies indicated that diets must be supplemented with minerals especially calcium and phosphorus in optimum concentrations and ratios for obtaining the full benefit of supplementary diets.