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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Rain water harvesting in rural and urban families of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2014) Bhutani, Anshul; Sehgal, BinooWater is an essential natural resource for sustaining life and environment. The available water resources are under pressure due to increasing demands and the time is not far when water, which we have always thought to be available in abundance and free gift of nature, will become a scarce commodity. Conservation and preservation of water resources is urgently required to be done. Hence, the present study attempts to access the knowledge and perception regarding rain water harvesting and its utilization technologies among the urban and rural respondents. Training on RWH and its utilization technologies was also provided by setting up of a demonstration unit. The study was conducted in four phases. In phase I, survey was done on 150 urban and rural women respondents each to study the knowledge regarding rain water harvesting and its utilization technologies. In phase II, demonstration unit was set up on RWH and its utilization technologies. In phase III, training was imparted to thirty interested women respondents each from urban and rural areas on rain water harvesting and its utilization technologies. In phase IV, strategies were formulated for the propagation of these technologies. Results reveal that urban families were found to be consuming more quantity of water in all the household activities as compared to rural families as urban localities received water supply for 2 hours or less twice a day while in contrast to this rural areas received it for 1 hour or less once a day or on alternate day. Maximum water was consumed for flushing (178.3±41.8 litres) in urban localities and for bathing (61.5±26.3 litres) in rural areas. Nearly half of the respondents (52.3%) had awareness about rain water harvesting technology. No awareness with regard to the two rain water utilization technologies i.e. double-walled pot and pitcher irrigation was found among the respondents as these were new to the respondents. Rain water harvesting structure was got constructed outside the back gate of College of Home Science, CCSHAU, Hisar to collect rain water from one suitable roof of the college building. Volume of the tank is 1800 cu. ft and capacity of the tank to store rainwater is 50,958 litres. Two rain water utilization technologies i.e. double-walled pot and pitcher irrigation were selected for the study and demonstration unit of these were set up in the enclosure of Domestic Farm Unit, Deptt. of FRM, COHS, CCSHAU, Hisar. One year old flowering plant, Tabernaemontana divaricata (Crape Jasmine) was undertaken for the study. Least amount of water (19.5 litres) was consumed by the plant in the treatment T4 (Double-walled pot with mulch and cardboard ring). The water saving through this treatment came out to be maximum i.e. 34.7 per cent as compared to control (Tc). The total amount of water consumed by the plant planted through Pitcher Irrigation was 33.1 litres whereas the total amount of water consumed by the plant planted through conventional method (control) was 61.8 liters and the water saving through Pitcher Irrigation came out to be 46.4 per cent. With regard to knowledge of respondents, it was found that maximum gain in knowledge was for ‘working’ of rain water harvesting among both urban (93.7%) and rural (96.4%) respondents. Regarding double-walled pot, mean score on different components ranged from 3.6 – 10.9 among urban respondents and 3.0-10.7 among rural respondents after imparting training. Their knowledge level was recorded as high as 23.4 (urban respondents) and 23.3 (rural respondents) for ‘construction’ and ‘working’ of pitcher irrigation. Training changed the attitude of the respondents towards rain water harvesting technology from favourable to most favourable for majority of the urban and rural respondent. It changed from least favourable to most favourable for majority of urban and rural respondents for double-walled pot and pitcher irrigation. In totality, 81.7 per cent respondents attained high level of symbolic adoption for rain water harvesting, 66.7 per cent respondents for double-walled pot and 75.0 per cent for pitcher irrigation. Overall acceptability of the urban respondents regarding rain water harvesting was 81.6 per cent, for double-walled pot it was 88.1 per cent and for pitcher irrigation it was 64.8 per cent. Overall acceptability of the rural respondents regarding RWH was 82.1 per cent, for double-walled pot was 59.8 per cent and for pitcher irrigation was 87.1 per cent. Strategies were finally formulated on the basis of findings of the study and comprised of awareness generation by educational institutions, extension functionaries and media and action to be taken by legislative formulation.ThesisItem Open Access Risk Assessment of Workers in Polyhouses of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2014) Promila; Singh, KiranThe present study was conducted to find out the risk among workers of four different types of polyhouses (Hi-tech, NVPH, WIT and AINSH) in Haryana state. The information regarding number, area and type of polyhouses and subsidy provided by Govt. of India and Haryana on polyhouse farming was collected from respective district horticulture offices of Haryana State. Season wise climatic data (temperature, humidity, light, air contaminants, level of CO2 and solar radiation) of different polyhouses was taken to find out the difference of climatic data between polyhouses and conventional farming as well as within polyhouses. Workers form three district were examined on the basis of involvement pattern in polyhouse farming, satisfaction regarding workplace and organizational facilities and problems faced by workers at workplace. For the ergonomic study, 15 women workers of polyhouses of Karnal district were selected on the basis of good health status. Results depict that in Haryana State 614 different types of polyhouses were found under the area of 17,71,121 m2 . The total area under polyhouse farming was 0.49% of total cultivated area in Haryana State. Maximum number of polyhouses (92) and area (2,76,470m2) were found in Karnal district. Regarding environmental parameters, temperature, humidity, dust and CO2 level in polyhouses of Karnal district 19.80C, 63.9%, 255.1ppm, 6841ppm) was significantly higher (CD-0.9, 1.7, 25.9 and 33.5) than polyhouses of Ambala district (17.9 0C, 61.1 %, 222.6 ppm, 650.8 ppm) and Hisar district (17.40C, 60.18%, 221.3 ppm, 640.6ppm). Findings explain that concentration of temperature humidity and CO2 was found higher in WIT polyhouses, i.e. above 50 percent 40 percent and 50 percent, respectively in comparison to conventional farming in all month. In NVPH and WIT polyhouses climate was at extreme danger with heat score of 1820F and 2230F, which depicts that if workers continue to do work in this environment can have threat of possible heat stroke. Workers (62.79%) were involved in polyhouse type of farming from last 2-3 years and found to be working for 5-8 hrs (73.25%) daily. In polyhouse farming, workers were spending most of their days (280 days) on tying activity followed by bed making (245 days) and bed washing (242 days). Karnal workers were found to be exposed to higher temperature and humidity and were facing high problem of burn skin ( =2.04) degradation in quality of work ( =2.00), vomiting Regarding physiological parameters, in working condition heart rate of WIT polyhouse workers (103.5b.min-1) was found to be significantly higher in comparison to workers of NVPH (96.16 b.min-1), Hi-tech (92.16 b.min-1), AINSH (92.9 b.min-1) and conventional farming (87.6 b.min-1). Though blood pressure of the workers from WIT (62/98mmHg) and NVPH (61/94mmHg) polyhouses was found significantly lower in comparison to workers of other polyhouse. ( =2.00) and headache ( =2.10) in comparison to workers of Hisar and Ambala districts. Bed making and bed washing activities were done in sitting posture with flexion motion. High degree of flexion was illustrated in tying, pruning and harvesting activities with flexion of 1220, 1080 and 900, respectively. The maximum forwarded deviation (increase) in angle was observed in bed washing (202±2.6), sowing (200±2.1) and field preparation (199±1.6). On the basis of OWAS and REBA analysis the posture of workers during bed washing, tying and pruning was inappropriate with recommendation of necessary change in posture for activity. Regarding physiological parameters, in working condition heart rate of WIT polyhouse workers (103.5b.min-1) was found to be significantly higher in comparison to workers of NVPH (96.16 b.min-1), Hi-tech (92.16 b.min-1), AINSH (92.9 b.min-1) and conventional farming (87.6 b.min-1). Though blood pressure of the workers from WIT (62/98mmHg) and NVPH (61/94mmHg) polyhouses was found significantly lower in comparison to workers of other polyhouse. High concentration of temperature, humidity and carbon-dioxide were significantly affecting the heart rate, blood pressure and lung function capacity of the workers of WIT and NVOH polyhouses. Lung function capacity and heart rate of the workers from WIT polyhouse was found to be significantly (P<0.05) lower in comparison to other polyhouses with conventional farming. On the basis of study working environment of Hitech polyhouse was found significantly appropriate for workers with temperature of 170C -210C in winter and 280C-320C in summer, humidity of 63%-71% in winter and 40%- 53% in summer and CO2 of 350 ppm-523ppm in winter and 378ppm-490ppm in summer.ThesisItem Open Access Assessing the environmental burden in rural habitat with indoor smoke from solid fuels(CCSHAU, 2015) Anju Bala; Kiran SinghThe present study was undertaken in Hisar district of Haryana state to determine the domestic use of cooking fuels in rural habitat. Assessing the indoor air pollution level as per energy ladder and its effect on respiratory health and installation of MDV chullah and improved hara to combat indoor air pollution The survey of first phase revealed that majority of respondent were in between 20-30 years of age, illiterate, belongs to low caste families, had nuclear families with 3-6 members, and were agriculture labor with monthly income of Rs. 10,001 to 15,000 . Data showed that most of the respondents were using chullah for own food and hara for animal feed with fuel placed on lower rung of energy ladder i.e. crop waste and dung cakes, with total time spent for lunch was (51.6 min) on chullah followed by LPG (29.4 min), hara (15.3 min.) and angithi/bhathi (17.4 min) in Gangwa village. In village Ludas, the total mean time spent for cooking activities was (53.0 min) on chullah followed by LPG (28.4 min), hara (13.7 min.) and angithi/bhathi (15.9 min). While using chullah and hara, respondents faced many health problems of ‘headache’ and ‘irritation in eyes’. Majority of them were also having respiratory problems like ‘phlegm’ (sputum) ‘shortness of breath’ (2.6), ‘cough’ (2.5) and ‘wheezing’ (attacks) with mean score of 2.0, respectively. By using of dung cakes SPM and CO2 values were high in traditional hara in comparison to improved hara. There was significant difference of PEFR value in traditional and MDV chullah and improved hara. SPM and CO2 was found to be in Permissible limits with the use of improved hara and MDV chullah and hence, found to be reducing pollution burden to some extent. More motivational programmes need to be conducted with help of anganwadi workers to promote improved cook stoves for healthy environment and to reduce respiratory problems.ThesisItem Open Access Economic and Adoption Feasibility of Biomass Pellet Production Unit and Use of Pellet Stoves- A Pilot Study(CCSHAU, 2014) Sunita Kumari; Singal, SavitaThe present study was undertaken in village Kaimri of Hisar district, Haryana state. Study was conducted in four phases. Under phase-I, baseline survey on availability and use of fuels was conducted on 100 rural respondents. In phase-II, training on pellet making was imparted to ten rural women for 7 days and fifty women were trained in use of pellet stove. One pellet stove and 60- 70 kg. of pellets were distributed to selected fifty respondents for use for two months. Under phase-III, thermal efficiency of pellet stove was calculated by using the formula given by Sharma et al. (1988). In phase- IV, economic feasibility of pelletizing unit was calculated on the basis of cost-benefit ratio. Adoption feasibility of pelletizing unit and pellet stove was calculated with the help of scale given by Rogers and Shoemaker (1971). Majority of the respondents belonged to middle age (47.00%), were illiterate (43.00%) and had medium sized family. Wheat straw and cotton stalks were available in large quantities to respondents from medium and large land holding categories. Respondents used 5- 10 kg. of biomass fuel (59.00%) in traditional chulha which was collected on alternate day. Respondents faced ‘severe’ to ‘most severe’ problems in collection, fetching, storage and use of biomass fuels. Preexposure knowledge of the respondents regarding biomass pelletizing and use of pellet stove was found to be low. After imparting trainings, percentage gain in knowledge was 77.32 and 85.72 per cent for biomass pelletizing process and use of pellet stove, respectively. Thermal efficiency of pellet stove was found to be 44.93 per cent. Cost-benefit ratio of pelletizing unit was 1:2.27 which reflects it as an economically viable entrepreneurial unit. Adoption feasibility of pelletizing unit was 77.10 per cent on adoption feasibility index. Respondents used between 601-700 gm. of pellets at a time for preparing chapati/parantha, and heating of milk or water on it. Health benefits were perceived as ‘most beneficial’, followed by economical benefits and benefits related to use of pellet stove. Situational constraints like non-availability of kerosene oil and pellets ranked highest. Respondents considered pellet stove as ‘most feasible’ with 78.93 per cent on feasibility index.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of Biomass Mixes for Harnessing Clean Fuel Energy through Pelletization: An Experimental Study(CCSHAU, 2014) Shukla, Shivangi; Singal, SavitaThe present study was conducted in two phases. Phase-I was status of biomass availability in Haryana. For this, rice, jowar, bajra, maize, cotton, sugarcane, wheat, barley, gram, and rapeseed and mustard were identified as major crops of Haryana. Findings reveled that in kharif season, rice crop generated the highest amount of biomass and in rabi season, highest amount of biomass was generated from wheat crop. Energy potential was also found highest in these two crops (rice in kharif season and wheat in rabi season). Phase-II was experimental work. In this phase, three types of biomass i.e. cotton stalk, twigs and leaves, and sawdust were used in seven different combinations for making of pellets. The prepared pellets were tested on the basis of moisture content, compression strength, calorific value, thermal efficiency, gas composition, and ash content. It was found that pellets made from different combinations were more or less similar to each other on one or more parameters. Pellets were disseminated to ten women respondents (who were similar on the basis of physical parameters) in village Kaimeri, district Hisar (Haryana) for economic and ergonomic evaluation of use of pellets. All the respondents were instructed to prepare the standardized meal (20 chapattis with 1 kg wheat flour and ½ kg potato curry) both, on traditional mud stove and pellet stove. During cooking, time, fuel, and money cost of pellets (used in pellet stove) and biomass (used in traditional mud stove) was calculated and significant saving of time, fuel and money was found during cooking on pellet stove over traditional mud stove. Environmental, physiological and biomechanical parameters were also recorded before and after 20 minutes of start of cooking, both, on traditional mud stove and pellet stove. Significant change in temperature, CO2 content, heart rate, energy expenditure, lung function and angle of deviation at both cervical and lumber region of respondents was found during cooking on traditional mud stove. Whereas, no significant change in any of the parameter except Vmax25%, Vmax50% and SVC was found during cooking on pellet stove. VAD score was also found high after 20 minutes of cooking on traditional mud stove than pellet stove.ThesisItem Open Access Occupational risk factor in grape cultivation and its ergo-solution(CCSHAU, 2016) Savita Kumari; Mehta, ManjuGrape (Vitis vinifera L.) is an important fruit crop in India. Grapes are the third most widely cultivated fruit after citrus and banana. Major grape – growing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra- Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and the north- western region covering Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, western, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Grape farming is less in physical nature but more in skillfully nature. Grape farming cultivation result in various health hazards and risks. The specific objective were the study on work profile and working conditions in grape cultivation, to assess the occupational risks in grape cultivation, to develop an ergo solution for highly risk prone activity in grape cultivation. The present study entitled” occupational risk factor in grape cultivation and its ergo solution” was conducted in three phases, phase-I three districts of Haryana state were selected purposively in consultation with Horticultural Department of Haryana state, where grape cultivation is being done and six grape orchards from these districts was selected randomly for the field study. PhaseII two Grape orchards were selected randomly for field experiment out of the six grape orchards selected in phase I. Phase-III. An ergo solution was developed in Phase III The feedback of ergo solution was also taken. For collecting the relevant data as per objective an interview schedule was prepared. Results revealed that a huge majority of respondents were doing grape farming from more than 9 years. Cent percent of the respondents were taking rest in between the work with length of work period 4-8 hours per days. Majority of the respondents were taking rest period of 60-120 min. Maximum problems faced by the grape orchard workers was postural problem, injuries/cuts, work place problem, physical problem, problem due to pesticides, problem due to work, problem due to high temperature and economic problem. In winter season temperature, light, humidity was below recommended value and CO2 and suspended particles matter were above recommended value. In summer season temperature and suspended particles matter were above recommended value and CO 2 and humidity and light below recommended value. Occupational risk was assessed through on the basis of physical load, biomechanical stress, physiological load and time load. On the basis of physical load and total repetitive strain in the grape cultivation pruning and harvesting activity had highest occupational risk. Maximum musculoskeltal discomforts of workers in grape cultivation were in harvesting activity. As per biomechanical stress and physiological load and time load pruning followed by harvesting were risky activity. Hence ergo solution was developed for these activities. The Acceptability of improved grape pruning secateurs highlighted that appearances and easy to work highest rank. Feasibility index of grape pruning secateurs was 93.2 indicating that it was highly feasible for them to use. The acceptability of ergo stool for pruning and harvesting highlighted that appearances and acceptable for use got highest rank. Feasibility index of ergo stool for pruning and harvesting was 82.8 indicated that ergo stool for pruning and harvesting was acceptable to the users.ThesisItem Open Access Economic and Adoption Feasibility of Biomass Pellet Production Unit and Use of Pellet Stoves- A Pilot Study(CCSHAU, 2014) Sunita Kumari; Singal, SavitaThe present study was undertaken in village Kaimri of Hisar district, Haryana state. Study was conducted in four phases. Under phase-I, baseline survey on availability and use of fuels was conducted on 100 rural respondents. In phase-II, training on pellet making was imparted to ten rural women for 7 days and fifty women were trained in use of pellet stove. One pellet stove and 60- 70 kg. of pellets were distributed to selected fifty respondents for use for two months. Under phase-III, thermal efficiency of pellet stove was calculated by using the formula given by Sharma et al. (1988). In phase- IV, economic feasibility of pelletizing unit was calculated on the basis of cost-benefit ratio. Adoption feasibility of pelletizing unit and pellet stove was calculated with the help of scale given by Rogers and Shoemaker (1971). Majority of the respondents belonged to middle age (47.00%), were illiterate (43.00%) and had medium sized family. Wheat straw and cotton stalks were available in large quantities to respondents from medium and large land holding categories. Respondents used 5- 10 kg. of biomass fuel (59.00%) in traditional chulha which was collected on alternate day. Respondents faced ‘severe’ to ‘most severe’ problems in collection, fetching, storage and use of biomass fuels. Preexposure knowledge of the respondents regarding biomass pelletizing and use of pellet stove was found to be low. After imparting trainings, percentage gain in knowledge was 77.32 and 85.72 per cent for biomass pelletizing process and use of pellet stove, respectively. Thermal efficiency of pellet stove was found to be 44.93 per cent. Cost-benefit ratio of pelletizing unit was 1:2.27 which reflects it as an economically viable entrepreneurial unit. Adoption feasibility of pelletizing unit was 77.10 per cent on adoption feasibility index. Respondents used between 601-700 gm. of pellets at a time for preparing chapati/parantha, and heating of milk or water on it. Health benefits were perceived as ‘most beneficial’, followed by economical benefits and benefits related to use of pellet stove. Situational constraints like non-availability of kerosene oil and pellets ranked highest. Respondents considered pellet stove as ‘most feasible’ with 78.93 per cent on feasibility index.ThesisItem Open Access Management of House Dust Mites of Indoor Environment Through Selected Non Conventional Plant Products(Department of Family Resource Management, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture: Udaipur, 2010) Khatri, Kirti; Lodha, NeetaThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Manual Material Handling (MMH) Tasks in Agriculture and Designing Technology for Identified Tasks(Department of Family Resource Management, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture: Udaipur, 2010) Sinwal, Neelima; Suman Singh