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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on biology, chemical control and residue of insecticides against citrus butterfly papilio demoleus (Linnaeus) on kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis × citrus deliciosa)(CCSHAU, 2018) Meenakshi Devi; Jaglan, R.S.Studies on biology, chemical control and residue of insecticides against citrus butterfly, Papilio demoleus (Linnaeus), on Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis × Citrus deliciosa) were conducted during 2016 and 2017 in the Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. Biology of the insect was studied at room temperature conditions (temperature 29-35°C; RH 60-75%). The results revealed that pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period averaged 1.30 0.48, 4.20 0.79 and 2.44 0.45 days, respectively. A single female laid 100.9 4.04 eggs which hatched in 4.24±0.69 days. The mean duration of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th larval instar was 2.7±0.48, 2.6±0.52, 2.9±0.31, 3.2±0.42 and 5.2±0.42 days, respectively. The mean longevity of male was 4.07±0.18 days and that of female as 6.84±0.19 days. Morphometric studies on P. demoleus revealed that the eggs measured 1.01±0.05 mm in diameter. Average body lengths of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae was 5.30±0.38, 9.18±0.11, 14.00±0.53, 26.21±2.02 and 45.00±2.62 mm, respectively. The average wingspan and body length measured 90.45±1.59 and 27.35±0.97 mm in male, while 90.93±2.13 and 28.58±1.24 mm in female, respectively. Peak incident of Papilio demoleus larvae and leaf infestation were observed 39th Standard Meteorological Weeks (SMW), i.e., in September during 2016 and 2017. The larval population and per cent leaf infestation had significant negative correlation with maximum temperature and significant positive correlation with relative humidity. Oviposition preference indicated that among the four host plants maximum numbers of eggs were laid on lemon (21.80 eggs/plant), while minimum on grapefruit (4.28 eggs/plant). The food consumption index of first to fifth larval instar was maximum on lemon plant (66.535 g/larvae) and minimum on grapefruit (42.037 g/larvae). Similarly, RGR was observed maximum on lemon (1.864 0.147) and minimum on grapefruit (0.465 0.046). Results of pooled mean of 2016 and 2017 showed that the lowest larval population was found in plants sprayed with quinalphos 25EC (i.e., 5.33 to 2.00 /plant) after first and second spray, while highest larval population was observed in Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (i.e., 8.79 /plant) after first spray and 5.17 larvae/plant in nimbecidine 0.03% after second spray. The residues of malathion (625 and 1250 g a.i. ha-1), imidacloprid (17.8 and 35.6 g a.i. ha-1) and thiamethoxam (25 and 50 g a.i. ha-1) in Kinnow peel and juice were determined at different time intervals, i.e., 0 (two hour after spray), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 30 days after first and second spray. The average residues of malathion (0.047 and 0.096 μg g-1), imidacloprid (0.54 and 0.95 μg g-1) and thiamethoxam (0.38 and 0.62 μg g-1) at both doses in Kinnow peel, while in juice the average residues of malathion, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were 0.012, 0.12 and 0.07 μg ml-1 at recommended dose and 0.025, 0.19 and 0.1 μg ml-1 at double the recommended dose. The half-life values at single and double doses were 4.2 and 5.2 days for malathion, 3.47 and 3.71 days for imidacloprid and 3.6 and 4.2 days for thiamethoxam. The residue level of malathion were found below MRL on 0 day in Kinnow peel and juice, whereas imidacloprid on 3 day at double dose and thiamethoxam on 3 and 5 days at single and double dose in Kinnow peel.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different management practices against major insect pests of cotton(CCSHAU, 2018) Suman Devi; Pala RamThe present study was conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India). Effect of different management practices such as sowing time, intercropping, evaluation of ecofriendly practices such as use of neem-based insecticides, release of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii etc. were studied against major insect-pests of cotton during 2016 and 2017. In both the varieties, HD-432 (desi) and H-1098i (American), the population of sucking insect pests namely, Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida, Thrips tabaci Linderman and Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and incidence of bollworms namely, Earias species, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders was high in late sown cotton as compared to early sown cotton. During 2016 and 2017, the minimum incidence of bollworms (Earias species and H. armigera, combined) in green fruiting bodies was recorded in treatment T2 (spinosad 45 SC) (10.09% and 8.10%, respectively) which was at par with T3 (spinosad 45 SC alternated with nimbecidine 0.03 % azadirachtin) (10.13% and 9.14%, respectively), T1 (nimbecidine 0.03 % azadirachtin) (12.24% and 10.85%, respectively) and T6 (cotton-sesame intercropping +release of T. chilonis adults alternated with nimbecidine0.03 % azadirachtin) (10.14% and 8.81%, respectively). During 2016 and 2017, on green bolls basis, minimum incidence of P. Gossypiella was recorded in T2 (spinosad 45 SC) (2.67% and 2.00%, respectively) and it was at par with T3 (spinosad 45 SC alternated with nimbecidine 0.03 % azadirachtin) (3.11% and 2.55%, respectively) and T6 (intercropping cotton-sesame+release of T. chilonis adults alternated with nimbecidine 0.03 % azadirachtin) (2.89% and 2.53%, respectively). Intercropping cotton with different crops was found to have significant effect in reducing the population/incidence of major insect pests in cotton crop. The lowest population of sucking insect pests was found in cotton intercropped with bajra and sorghum as border crop and highest was in sole cotton. Lowest incidence of bollworms was found in cotton intercropped with sesame and highest in sole cotton. Intercropping cotton with crops like sesame, pigeonpea, sorghum and bajra enhanced the population of natural enemies in cotton crop. The results of the present study may be useful in managing insect pests in cotton based organic farming systems.ThesisItem Open Access Seasonal incidence and management of greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella linnaeus in apis mellifera L. colonies and stored combs(CCSHAU, 2018) Panwar, Lalita; Yogesh KumarThe investigation entitled “Seasonal incidence and management of Greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella Linnaeus in Apis mellifera L. colonies and stored combs” was carried out at Research farm, Apiary and Apiculture Laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India). The population of wax moth (larval, pupal as well as adult) varied during different months during two years study. During both the years, population started increasing from April and increased till July; thereafter (from August) the population started declining and declined till March. In colonies with 4, 6, 8 and 10 frame bee strength, the maximum incidence was noticed in July. Colonies with frame bee strength had more number of larvae, pupae and adult followed by 6, 8 and 10 frame bee colonies. During both the years (2015-16 and 2016-17), the comb area damaged by G. Mellonella in different bee strength colonies started increasing in April and increased till July. From August, the damaged area started decreasing and reached to lowest in March. Maximum comb damage was recorded in July. The cumulative comb area damaged per frame in stored combs increased with the passege of storage time from June to October. Cumulative comb area damaged per frame was maximum when ten combs were stored in a hive body followed by 9, 8 and 7 combs. Larval, pupal and adult populaion in stored combs increase with the passege of storage time from June to October. Larval, pupal and adult populaion was highest when ten combs were stored in a hive body followed by 9, 8 and 7 combs. Among the 25 plant extracts tested against Galleria mellonella in laboratory; 14 were found effective. Among the 14 effective extract, Plantago psyllium husk extract was most effective followed by Hordeum sativum leaves, Linum usitatissimum seed and Raphanus sativus stem, H. sativum stem and R. sativus leaves, Vicia sativa leaves, Cucurbita moschata seed, L. usitatissimum leaves, Cicer arietinum leaves, C. moschata leaves, V. sativa stem, C. arietinum stem and Phaseolus vulgaris leaves (least effective). Among the different chemical and non chemical measures tested for management of greater wax moth in stored combs; the most effective was the low temperature treatment (-15°C, -10°C) followe by low temperature treatment (-5°C and 0°C), aluminium phosphide fumigation, Bt spray, separation of combs with newspapers, NSKE spray, formic acid spray, acetic acid spray, hive chamber separation with newspaper, neem oil spray and broadcasting neem leaves powder.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the incidence of major insect pests of cotton in relation to morpho-biochemical and abiotic parameters and their management(CCSHAU, 2018) Meenu; Dahiya, K.K.The present study was conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India). Present investigations revealed that the sucking pests (whitefly, leafhopper, thrips) remained active throughout the crop season with little differences among them. It was observed that the sucking pests remained active from 25th to 41st standard meteorological weeks (SMW i.e., June to October) during kharif 2016 and 2017.The data on the population/incidence of cotton whitefly revealed that whitefly did not crossed it's economic threshold level on all the 6 genotypes of cotton during kharif 2016 while it crossed the economic threshold level during kharif 2017 in all the 6 cotton genotypes. The maximum adult population of whitefly was recorded at 32nd SMW during both the kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017. The maximum mean incidence was recorded in RCH-650 BGII during 2016 and 2017. Mean leafhopper population, on all the six genotypes was ranged from 2.02-5.35 and 3.16-5.33 nymphs/leaf during 2016 and 2017, respectively. During 2016, the peaks were observed on 27th and 29th SMW, while peaks were recorded during 2015 in 26th and 29th SMW. Genotype HD-432 had 2.12 and genotype AAH-1 had 3.32 nymphs/leaf during 2016 and 2017, respectively. The thrips population was commenced at 25th SMW during 2016 and 2017, respectively. The peak incidence of thrips population was recorded on 33rd and 31st during 2016 and 2017, respectively. All the sucking pests’ population was higher in Bt hybrids. Peak of natural enemies was observed in 32nd SMW during 2016 and 2017. Minimum bollworms infestation was recorded in RCH-650 BGII during 2016 and 2017. Whitefly population was significantly and negatively correlated with rainfall, leafhopper population was significant and positively correlated with rainfall, thrips population was positively and significantly correlated with sunshine hours and bollworms population was negative and significant correlated with minimum temperature, RH(e) and wind speed during 2016. During 2017, whitefly and thrips significantly and negatively correlated with rainfall. Bollworms population was negatively and significantly correlated with minimum temperature, RH(e) and wind speed. Whitefly and thrips population showed significant and positive correlation with sugar content of leaves and crude protein in cotton seeds while leafhopper showed negative and significant correlation with sugar content of fruiting bodies. Bollworms had positive and significant correlation with crude protein in cotton seeds. Pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid and difenthiuron were found to be most effective insecticides for managing sucking pests while, botanicals were found to be comparatively safer to the natural enemies population.ThesisItem Open Access Biology, assessment of losses and management of sesame leaf webber and capsule borer, Antigastra catalaunalis (Duponchel) on sesame(CCSHAU, 2018) Pandey, Shalini; Jaglan, R.S.An investigation entitled “Biology, assessment of losses and management of sesame leaf webber and capsule borer, Antigastra catalaunalis (Duponchel) on sesame” was carried out during kharif seasons, 2016 and 2017 at Research Farm of Oilseeds Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding and Laboratory of the Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Study on biology helps in identifying weak links in pest life cycle or vulnerable life stages for formulating effective, socially acceptable and economically feasible management strategy. Biology of leaf webber and capsule borer, A. catalaunalis was studied on sesame variety, HT-2 in laboratory. The incubation period of egg varied from 2.32 to 2.42 days. Total larval and pupal period varied from 9.88 to 13.08 days and 5.25 to 7.25 days, respectively. Longevity of adult male varied from 3.00 to 4.00 days, whereas females lived for 5.13 to 6.88 days. Pre-oviposition, oviposition, post- oviposition periods varied from 39.00 - 47.00 h, 2.50 - 4.00 days and 24.00 - 26.00 h, respectively. Average number of eggs laid by a female was 76.60 ± 12.04. Avoidable yield loss due to A. catalaunalis was 35.16 ± 0.01 and 39.73 ± 0.01 per cent on HT-1 and HT-2 varieties, respectively after three sprays of quinalphos under protected conditions. Total protein and crude fat content of seed obtained from damaged pod was significantly decreased in both varieties, HT-1 and HT-2 as compared to seed obtained from undamaged pod. Out of 30 genotypes screened, none was found completely free from infestation of A. catalaunalis. Genotype SI-250 exhibited resistant reaction to A. catalaunalis and can be utilized for purpose of crossing with high yielding varieties. Among all the tested treatments, highly effective treatment was sesame intercropped with pearlmillet + 2 sprays of quinalphos followed by sesame intercropped with clusterbean + 2 sprays of quinalphos and sole sesame with 2 sprays of quinalphos. Highest seed yield (887.10 kg/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.88) was recorded in the same treatment viz., sesame intercropped with pearlmillet + 2 sprays of quinalphos.ThesisItem Open Access Bioecology and efficacy of Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) against solenopsis mealybug on cotton(CCSHAU, 2018) Shete, Nilesh Suresh; Pala RamAenasius arizonensis (Girault) (=Aenasius bambawalei Hayat) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a solitary nymphal endoparasitoid of solenopsis mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Girault), a serious pest of cotton and other vegetable crops worldwide. The present studies were carried out during 2014-17 in the laboratory, screen house and research farm of the Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Information on this parasitoid is scanty and investigations on its bioecology and efficacy were conducted to improve the knowledge of the A. arizonensis and P. solenopsis relationship and its implication on mass rearing, cold storage, dispersal behaviour, inoculative efficacy and its abundance. Impact of mating on several fitness parameters, i.e., longevity, parasitism, fecundity and sex ratio of the parasitoid in relation to its host at 27±2oC showed that, virgin male (16.73 days) and female (27.07 days) lived longer than the mated once. Maximum parasitization (89.71%) and minimum sex ratio (F:M) (1.14:1) was obtained when one male was placed with 20 females, parasitization decreased and sex ratio increased with increasing female density. Maximum fecundity (91.65 mealybugs parasitized/female), highest sex ratio (1.37:1) and lowest longevity (17.10 days) was recorded when one mated female was placed with 5 males. Maximum male (24.37 days) and female longevity (46.65 days) was recorded at 15±10C with the provision of food (50% honey) which was higher than those tested at higher temperatures and without food. The post storage daily fecundity, longevity, oviposition period and sex ratio were found significantly higher when parasitoids were exposed to 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 days of storage period at 15±10C as compared to 20±1oC. The impact of constant parasitoid-host ratios with varying densities of females on the progeny production of A. arizonensis revealed that, maximum parasitization was obtained at 1:10 parasitoid-host ratios at all female parasitoid densities (1, 2 and 4) but the parasitism declined with the increase in host density at each parasitoid density and parasitoid/host ratio. The study on mutual interference among varying densities of female parasitoid (1, 2, 5, 10, and 20) demonstrated that, the mean number of host parasitized per female parasitoid and sex ratio decreased significantly with the increase in the number of female densities from one to 20. Maximum host parasitization was recorded on Abutilon indicum L. among the other host plant species in both free choice (67.67%) and no choice (65.33%) conditions. The findings on searching behaviour showed that, maximum mealybug parasitism by A. arizonensis was recorded 5 days after release at 12 m distance in north direction. Maximum mealybug parasitism was recorded when parasitoid was released @10000 females/acre, indicating the effectiveness of higher inoculative rates. Upto 90 per cent mealybug parasitism by A. arizonensis was recorded on cotton and other host plants as well as association of hyperparasitoids like Myiocnema comperei Ashmead and Promuscidea unfaciativentris Girault was also recorded throughout the year except in winter season. The results of the present study provide essential information for further research and its implication in mass rearing and for a successful biocontrol programme of P. solenopsis.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology, management and induction of systemic resistance against Alternaria blight of Indian mustard incited by Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc.(CCSHAU, 2018) Rakesh; Anil KumarAlternaria blight disease incited by A. brassicae is one of the most widespread and destructive fungal disease of rapeseed-mustard throughout the world. In Haryana state the Alternaria disease appears every year in severe form at pod initiation stage in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) that affects the seed germination as well as quality and quantity of oil. Keeping in view the enormous loss caused by the pathogen, the present investigation has been devised on epidemiology, management and induction of systemic resistance studies under laboratory, screen house and field conditions during rabi 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. In epidemiological studies the two Indian mustard varieties namely RH 30 and RH 0749 were sown in different dates to observe the effect of weather factors on onset and progression of disease. In the initial two dates of observations, the disease progression was slow and non-significant among different date of observations in first two dates of sowing; however, after first week of February significant differences in disease severity was observed in all dates of sowing except for 9th November sown crop, where the disease progression was significantly differed after second week of February. Among all dates of sowing, maximum disease severity was recorded in late sown crop i.e. 9th November, while minimum disease severity was recorded in timely sown crop i.e. 20th October on both varieties. Hence, it is clear from the present investigation that the disease severity increased with delay of sowing. The progression of disease on two cultivars indicated that Alternaria blight progression was rapid and more severe on cultivar RH 30 in different dates of sowing as compared to cultivar RH 0749. The foliar spray with mancozeb at 45 DAS followed by hexaconazole at 60 DAS was found most effective in controlling Alternaria leaf blight severity (78.0 %) and Alternaria pod blight severity (56.5%) with increased seed yield (29.9%) as compared to untreated control. One thousand genotypes of diverse origin (indigenous and exotic) were screened for their relative resistance to Alternaria blight disease under artificial inoculation conditions in field. Out of these, sixty four germplasm lines showed moderately resistance reaction (≤10% disease severity) against Alternaria leaf blight. It was note worthy that out of sixty four moderately resistant germplasm lines; twenty six germplasm lines were found to be matured early which might have escaped the high infection as the weather conditions were not favourable at that period of time. Reasonably, remaining thirty eight genotyped were considered for having moderate resistance to this pathogen in Indian mustard. None of the chemical completely inhibited the mycelial growth even at higher concentration of 150μg/ml. However, a maximum inhibition of mycelial growth (49.2%) was recorded by salicylic acid at 150μg/ml concentration as compared to inhibition of 21.4 per cent at 10μg/ml concentration followed by indole acetic acid which inhibited the fungal growth up to 41.7 and 13.6 per cent at 150μg/ml and 10μg/ml concentration, respectively. A maximum control was also recorded by salicylic acid at 100μg/ml concentration after six weeks of challenge inoculation by the pathogen followed by indole acetic acid in both the cultivars under screen house conditions. SA has shown maximum induction of total phenol content, PO, PPO, PAL and chitinase activity at three days after inoculation (DAI) in both the cultivars at 100μg/ml concentration followed by IAA. However, ZnSO4 has shown minimum induction of these activities at three DAI in both the varieties.