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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on effects of probiotic bacterial fermentation on antinutritional glycosides of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Veena; Ravi KumarFaba bean is protein rich, however, due to the presence of favism causing agents, vicine and convicine, its utility is hindered. The present study was undertaken to estimate the effects of probiotic bacterial fermentation on antinutritional glycosides of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) In order to use vicine standard for estimation of vicine and convicine and fermentation, it is isolated from faba bean flour by ethanol. Purified and fermentation of faba bean flour was done by LAB (Lactobacillus brevis) at varied concentrations of antinutritional glycosides by adding the isolated vicine and convicine. To study the effect of Lactobacillus brevis fermentation, nutritional profile of fermented faba bean i.e., total phenols, tannins and saponin contents were also estimated. With increase in concentration of extracted glycosides total phenols content was increased, tannins were decreased and saponins were completely lost. Identification of probable degradation products/metabolites was done by using LC-MS/MS technique. Oxidized divicine and isouramil are the probable degradation metabolites of antinutritional glycosides after fermentation. MAJOR ADVISOR SIGNATURE OThesisItem Open Access Identification and estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in surface soils from vicinity of village Dhandoor landfill(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Sharma, Yashashvi; Duhan, AnilConstant release of organic pollutants in the environment and their association with components such as soil, water and air particulate matter is a serious concern. In this process, estimation of one such organic pollutant, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is necessary to check for their contamination exposure in soil and surrounding environment. PAHs levels in surface soils were estimated in the garbage disposal landfill site of Dhandoor, agricultural field adjacent to landfill site and roadside. The total concentration of 16 PAHs ranged between 38.8 to 412 Ī¼g/kg in landfill soils, 38.25 to 266.6 Ī¼g/kg in agricultural fields and 20.5 to 169.8 Ī¼g/kg in roadside soils. The PAHs contamination in the studied research site follow the order: landfill > agricultural field > roadside. High molecular weight of PAHs constitutes maximum of the total PAHs contamination at sites. Dominance of 4 and 5-rings PAHs at all three sampling sites, signifies pyrogenic origin of PAHs. Carcinogenic PAHs chrysene, benzo (a)-pyrene and benzo (b)-fluoranthene are identified at almost every landfill sites. Benzo(b)-fluoranthene was found slightly higher than the least contamination level at landfill sites only. It appears that the probable PAHs contamination in the surrounding agricultural field aroused due to migration of pollutants from landfill sites majorly. PAHs contamination due to vehicle emission from nearby road appears to be non-significant for landfill and agricultural field.ThesisItem Open Access Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf and seed extracts of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) for catalytic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-12) Moond, Monika; Sushila SinghThe present study was undertaken for the synthesis of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds and leaves extract mediated silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their antioxidant, antimicrobial and catalytic activities. Proximate composition and chemical parameters viz. moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein, total carbohydrates, minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn), tannins and alkaloids were analyzed in seeds and leaves of Fenugreek. Phytochemical parameters viz. total phenolic content, total flavonoids, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars in seeds and leaves were extracted with three solvents namely aqueous, methanol and acetone. The aqueous extract of Fenugreek seeds and leaves contained adequate amount of phytochemicals which act as reducing, stabilizing and capping agent for Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Several physico-chemical parameters such as effect of extract amount, effect of AgNO3 concentration, effect of temperature, effect of pH, effect of reaction time were optimized for the efficent synthesis of silver naoparticles. Optimized conditions for biosynthesis were found as; reaction mixture containing seed extract (2mL) or leaves extract (0.2 mL) in 25 mL of 1mM AgNO3 solution at 45ĀŗC temperature and neutral pH. Reaction mixture was incubated for 48 hrs for FS-AgNPs and 24 hours for FL-AgNPs in dark condition to ensure the compete reduction of Ag+ ions. Characterization of Biosynthesized nanoparticles was done using several techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, Particle size analyzer (PSA), FESEM, EDX, HRTEM, SAED, FTIR and XRD to examine the size, shape and morphology of silver nanoparticles. Size of synthesized AgNPs were in the range of 10-60 nm, most of them were spherical shape, monodisperse and crystalline in nature having FCC lattice. Antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical scavenging activity), antimicrobial activity using agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus auerus, Xanthomonas spp., Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum were compared with crude plant extract. Biosynthesized AgNPs showed enhanced bilogical activity. AgNPs were found to have appreciable catalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol with rate constant 0.1075 min-1 and 0.1398 min-1 for FS-AgNPs and FL-AgNPs, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Persistence, mitigation and leaching of atrazine and its metabolites in soil(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Priyanka; Duhan, AnilPersistence, mitigation and leaching potential of atrazine and its metabolites in sandy and clay loam soils was studied. Soil samples were collected periodically for dissipation and mitigation studies. Leaching experiment was performed at 50 Ī¼g (single dose) and 100 Ī¼g (double dose) in both soils taken in plexi glass columns. Enzymatic activities were studied as per the explained method in available literature. Sample preparation techniques i.e. Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), was optimized using different solvents for both soils at fortification level of 0.001 Ī¼g/g for sample preparation. The limits of detection and quantification were ranged 0.0005-0.001 and 0.001-0.005Ī¼g/g, respectively for AT and metabolites. In clay loam and sandy loam soil, average recoveries of atrazine and metabolites ranged from 81.3-83.1% and 84.2-86.3%, respectively in methanol. Dissipation followed first-order kinetics. The residues reached below detectable limit after 30 and 60 days in sandy loam and clay loam soils, respectively. Presence of organic manures stimulated while BGC inhibited the dissipation of atrazine in both soils. Urease activity decreased up to 30 days and boosted thereafter up to 60 days in all treatments of clay loam soil. AT exhibited deleterious effect on urease activity up to 30 DAT followed by DEA and DIA in clay loam soil. AT and DEA stimulated while DIA inhibited DHG activity on 0 DAT in comparison to control. The residues of atrazine and its metabolites found in leachate fractions suggested about its highly mobile nature, and possible threat of surface and ground water contamination. The presence of a notable collection of residues in leachate fractions suggests the potential for surface and groundwater contamination. DEA and DIA metabolites, in particular, caused springtail Folsomia candida and earthworm Eisenia fetida to have longer and more unacceptable risks. If residues similar to those found in leachate fractions reach water bodies, they may be toxic to a variety of freshwater fish, aquatic arthropods, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates. Future research should take a more comprehensive approach to assessing ecological health and potential threats to non-target species.ThesisItem Open Access Persistance and decontamination studies of a combination formulation (pyriproxyfen 5% EC + fenpropathrin 15% EC) in okra and soil(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-02) Pooja; SushilThis study developed and validated a methodology for extracting the residues utilizing the QuChERS method, as well as the conformation and quantification of Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin residues using GC-MS/MS working at low LOQ (0.01 mg kg-1). The field application of recommended (37.5 + 112.5 g a.i. ha-1) and double recommended dose (70 + 225 g a.i. ha-1) leads to initial deposits of Pyriproxyfen (0.359, 0.584 mg/kg) and Fenpropathrin (0.643, 0.951 mg /kg) which dissipated by following first order kinetics with half-life value ranged in between 1.79-1.84 (Pyriproxyfen) and 2.27-2.31 days (Fenpropathrin) at T1-T2 doses, respectively. The estimated pre-harvest intervals (PHI) for Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin were 6.03 and 11.51, 0.91 and 2.54 days at T1 and T2 doses, respectively. There were no residues of Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin in the soil after 1 day of the application of sumiprempt formulation indicating its safety for the next crop. Even though all the decontamination processes were successful in reducing the levels of both chemicals left behind, washing + boiling proved to be the most efficient. Residues of Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin persisted for a little longer period in soil under laboratory conditions. ZIF-8 was synthesized by hydrothermal, sonochemical, and microwave-assisted methods, and its structural, physical, and chemical characteristics were investigated using FTIR, XRD, SEM, BET, and zeta seizer. ZIF-8 achieved a 69%, and 65 % removal of Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin (20 mg/L) under optimized conditions, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative studies on dissipation behavior of cyantraniliprole on tomato and chilli(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Moksha; SushilDissipation studies of cyantraniliprole (Benevia 10.26% OD) in tomato and chilli fruit and soil was carried out following spray of cyantraniliprole at fruit setting stage on both crops grown in plots of 5x5 m size. The recommended dose for tomato and chilli was 90 g a.i. ha-1 and 60 g a.i. ha-1respectively and double of recommended dose for tomato and chilli was 180 g a.i. ha-1 and 120 g a.i. ha-1 respectively. Samples of tomato and chilli were extracted by using modified QuEChERS method and analysis was done on HPLC with retention time of 5.4 minutes. Recovery experiments were carried out on tomato and chili fruit sample fortified @ 0.03, 0.50 and 1.00 mg kg-1 and the recoveries obtained were in the range of 86.21 ā 89.44% and 85.21 ā 88.45% respectively. Recoveries obtained while recovery experiments of tomato and chilli soil were in the range of 86.60 ā 88.21%. Initial residue deposit of cyantraniliprole in tomato fruit was 0.552 mg kg-1and 0.654 mg kg-1 and in chilli fruit was 0.523 mg kg-1 and 0.632 mg kg-1 for single (T1) and double (T2) dose respectively. These residues dissipated following first order degradation kinetics with half- life of 2.63 and 2.83 days in tomato fruit and 2.68 and 3.9 days in chilli fruit respectively and reached below limit of quantification (LOQ i.e. 0.03 mg kg-1) on 10th and 15th day for single (T1) and double (T2) dose respectively Level of residues in soil were < LOQ for both single (T1) and double dose (T2) on 0 day (after 1h of spray) in both tomato and chilli soil. Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) established by FSSAI for cyantraniliprole in tomato and chilli was 0.5 mg kg-1 and from consumer point of view 3 day PHI was suggested for both crops.ThesisItem Open Access Mechanochemical synthesis of nanobiochar and its application in phosphorus recovery from aqueous medium(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-10) Jakhar, Bharti; Rahul KumarThis research involves phosphorus recovery from aqueous phase using sugarcane derived- nanobiochar. Nanobiochar was prepared from buk biochar using planetary ball mill and characterized for surface morphology (via scanning electron microscopy), mineralogy (X-ray diffraction studies), surface chemistry (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy). The results indicate that mechanochemical synthesis successfully produced nanobiochar with high surface area and enhanced porosity. P-adsorption process was investigated through batch experiments. The operational parameters, such as contact time, pH, and initial phosphorus concentration, are optimized to maximize phosphorus removal efficiency. The optimized pH and adsorbent dose 6.0 and 1gL-1, respectively at equilibrium time (7 min.). Kinetic (Pseudo-first-order and Pseudo-second-order) and isotherm models (Langmuir and Freundlich) were applied on experimental data. Pseudo-first-order and Langmuir model was best fitted in the experimental data. Nanobiochar was biocompatible for bacteria. The synthesized adsorbent may be used as a macronutrient nanofertilizer to enhance the growth and development of plants.ThesisItem Open Access Investigations on phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of leaves and flowers of Kasood (Cassia siamea L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Kamaljeet; Sushila SinghThe present study was undertaken to analyse the phytochemicals and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Kasood (Cassia siamea) leaves and flowers grown at Botanical Garden, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Proximate analysis; chemical analysis; mineral analysis; phytochemical parameters and antioxidant activity were determined. Leaves moisture content (7.51%), ash (5.22%), crude fat (3.69%), crude fiber (12.67%), crude protein (20.72%), total carbohydrate (51.19%), Cu content (1.06 ppm), Fe content (119.32 ppm), Mn content (40.60 ppm), Zn content (22.09 ppm), tannins (0.67 mg/g), alkaloids (9.12%). In flowers, moisture content (5.78%), ash (6.72%), crude fat (8.49%), crude fiber (14.17%), crude protein (20.97%), total carbohydrates (46.62%), Cu content (10.94 ppm), Fe content (59.05 ppm), Mn content (25.28 ppm), Zn content (28.67 ppm), tannins (1.50 mg/g), alkaloids (4.52%). Total phenolics (mg GAE/g) found for leaves in methanol (78.77) was obtained to be highest, followed by aqueous (73.98) and ethyl acetate (15.28) whereas in flowers total phenolics, in methanol (92.48) was found to be highest, followed by aqueous (86.25) and ethyl acetate (24.07). Total flavonoids (mg CE/g) for leaves in methanol (25.19) was found to be highest, followed by aqueous (22.84) and ethyl acetate (3.73) whereas in flowers, total flavonoids was found highest in methanol (34.77) followed by aqueous (30.71) and ethyl acetate (4.51). In leaves, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was highest in methanol ranges from 9.57 to 66.74% (IC50 243.59 Ī¼g/mL) at concentration level from 50 to 350 Ī¼g/mL followed by aqueous ranges from 7.32 to 61.85% (IC50 272.80 Ī¼g/mL) at concentration level from 50 to 350 Ī¼g/mL and ethyl acetate ranges from 12.91 to 70.04 % (IC50 2086.35 Ī¼g/mL) at concentration level from 500 to 3500 Ī¼g/mL. In flowers, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was highest in methanol ranges from 17.70 to 81.91% (IC50 146.47 Ī¼g/mL) at concentration level from 50 to 350 Ī¼g/mL followed by aqueous ranges from 14.04 to 77.37% (IC50 170.99 Ī¼g/mL) at concentration level from 50 to 350 Ī¼g/mL and ethyl acetate ranges from 16.27 to 74.46 % (IC50 1871.11 Ī¼g/mL) at concentration level from 500 to 3500 Ī¼g/mL. Methanol was found to possess highest amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity for leaves and flowers. Among plant parts, flowers possess higher amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity than leaves. Therefore, methanol extract of leaves and flowers was found to be best natural antioxidant which plays a great role to improve the human health ailments against the free radicals to combat the oxidative stress.ThesisItem Open Access Development of slow releasing phosphate fertilizer using sweet lemon (Citrus limetta L.) peel derived biochar(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Phogat, Deepak; Rahul KumarPhosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for all living beings and a limiting nutrient for plants. Chemical fertilizers have high aqueous solubility, low thermal stability and low nutrient holding capacity. Most of the phosphate fertilizers are significantly lost to the environment through different mechanisms like leaching, hydrolysis, degradation and photolysis leading to low nutrient use efficiency (NUE) for plants. The high level of phosphate (as low as 0.02 ppm) increases the photosynthetic aquatic microorganisms in the water and causes eutrophication which further leads to generation of algal bloomsse over the next 50 years with increasing population. Therefore, smart technologies must be developed to reclaim phosphorus from phosphate-rich water to avoid surface water eutrophication and to reduce scarcity of phosphorus. The recovery of phosphorus from waste water and its utilization as fertilizers in fields is a smart approach that will not only reduce the environment pollution, Various accessible technologies including enhanced biological phosphate removal, membrane filtration, chemical precipitation and adsorption are used to remove phosphate from waste water. The high cost, sludge production and disposal makes chemical and biological treatments less appropriate. Out of these, adsorption has proven the most effective technique for phosphate removal due to its simple design, easy to operate, adsorbent regeneration ability and production of low amount of side products.Even at low concentration of phosphorous (below 0.1 or even 0.01 mg-P Lā1) as present in some industrial and domestic waste water, Biochar, can be proved a better option for phosphate removal from waste waters. Biochar is a carbonaceous, porous, low-density material that persists in soil from decades to millennia International Biochar Initiative (IBI)). Thus, use of biochar for P recovery from wastewaters and its utilization as phosphate fertilizer in the soil, is becoming a widespread idea which addresses not only the problem but also ensures its reuse. conversion of sweet lemon peel waste into a value-added product like biochar is a sustainable and green approach for its smart management. Biochar prepared at different temperatures did not exhibit any antimicrobial activity against Providencia species. No inhibition zone was found on Luria Bertani agar plates. PW5 grows well in presence of biochar. Hence, Biochar is not found to be toxic for bacterial growth. The maximum removal (95%) of PO43--P occurred for adsorbent dose 1g/L indicated the quantitative removal of PO43--P from water. Maximum adsorption (35mg/g for 40 ppm P solution) of phosphate occur at pH 2 but in real this much pH is not find generally and also there is not any significant difference in adsorption capacity in pH range (4-6). The adsorption capacity (78.564 mg/g at 25ā) of biochar was found to be remained constant after 90 mgL-1. So, the optimum adsorbate concentration for maximum adsorption is taken as 90 mgL-1. Phosphate (PO43-) release pattern for P-loaded biochar based slow release fertilizer was significantly lower than that of conventional phosphorous fertilizer DAP.
