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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.

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2015 - 2019152020 - 202310
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Subject: Chemistry × Start date: 2015 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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Now showing 1 - 9 of 25
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf and seed extracts of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) for catalytic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-12) Moond, Monika; Sushila Singh
    The present study was undertaken for the synthesis of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds and leaves extract mediated silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their antioxidant, antimicrobial and catalytic activities. Proximate composition and chemical parameters viz. moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein, total carbohydrates, minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn), tannins and alkaloids were analyzed in seeds and leaves of Fenugreek. Phytochemical parameters viz. total phenolic content, total flavonoids, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars in seeds and leaves were extracted with three solvents namely aqueous, methanol and acetone. The aqueous extract of Fenugreek seeds and leaves contained adequate amount of phytochemicals which act as reducing, stabilizing and capping agent for Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Several physico-chemical parameters such as effect of extract amount, effect of AgNO3 concentration, effect of temperature, effect of pH, effect of reaction time were optimized for the efficent synthesis of silver naoparticles. Optimized conditions for biosynthesis were found as; reaction mixture containing seed extract (2mL) or leaves extract (0.2 mL) in 25 mL of 1mM AgNO3 solution at 45ºC temperature and neutral pH. Reaction mixture was incubated for 48 hrs for FS-AgNPs and 24 hours for FL-AgNPs in dark condition to ensure the compete reduction of Ag+ ions. Characterization of Biosynthesized nanoparticles was done using several techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, Particle size analyzer (PSA), FESEM, EDX, HRTEM, SAED, FTIR and XRD to examine the size, shape and morphology of silver nanoparticles. Size of synthesized AgNPs were in the range of 10-60 nm, most of them were spherical shape, monodisperse and crystalline in nature having FCC lattice. Antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical scavenging activity), antimicrobial activity using agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus auerus, Xanthomonas spp., Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum were compared with crude plant extract. Biosynthesized AgNPs showed enhanced bilogical activity. AgNPs were found to have appreciable catalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol with rate constant 0.1075 min-1 and 0.1398 min-1 for FS-AgNPs and FL-AgNPs, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Persistence, mitigation and leaching of atrazine and its metabolites in soil
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Priyanka; Duhan, Anil
    Persistence, mitigation and leaching potential of atrazine and its metabolites in sandy and clay loam soils was studied. Soil samples were collected periodically for dissipation and mitigation studies. Leaching experiment was performed at 50 μg (single dose) and 100 μg (double dose) in both soils taken in plexi glass columns. Enzymatic activities were studied as per the explained method in available literature. Sample preparation techniques i.e. Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), was optimized using different solvents for both soils at fortification level of 0.001 μg/g for sample preparation. The limits of detection and quantification were ranged 0.0005-0.001 and 0.001-0.005μg/g, respectively for AT and metabolites. In clay loam and sandy loam soil, average recoveries of atrazine and metabolites ranged from 81.3-83.1% and 84.2-86.3%, respectively in methanol. Dissipation followed first-order kinetics. The residues reached below detectable limit after 30 and 60 days in sandy loam and clay loam soils, respectively. Presence of organic manures stimulated while BGC inhibited the dissipation of atrazine in both soils. Urease activity decreased up to 30 days and boosted thereafter up to 60 days in all treatments of clay loam soil. AT exhibited deleterious effect on urease activity up to 30 DAT followed by DEA and DIA in clay loam soil. AT and DEA stimulated while DIA inhibited DHG activity on 0 DAT in comparison to control. The residues of atrazine and its metabolites found in leachate fractions suggested about its highly mobile nature, and possible threat of surface and ground water contamination. The presence of a notable collection of residues in leachate fractions suggests the potential for surface and groundwater contamination. DEA and DIA metabolites, in particular, caused springtail Folsomia candida and earthworm Eisenia fetida to have longer and more unacceptable risks. If residues similar to those found in leachate fractions reach water bodies, they may be toxic to a variety of freshwater fish, aquatic arthropods, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates. Future research should take a more comprehensive approach to assessing ecological health and potential threats to non-target species.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Persistance and decontamination studies of a combination formulation (pyriproxyfen 5% EC + fenpropathrin 15% EC) in okra and soil
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-02) Pooja; Sushil
    This study developed and validated a methodology for extracting the residues utilizing the QuChERS method, as well as the conformation and quantification of Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin residues using GC-MS/MS working at low LOQ (0.01 mg kg-1). The field application of recommended (37.5 + 112.5 g a.i. ha-1) and double recommended dose (70 + 225 g a.i. ha-1) leads to initial deposits of Pyriproxyfen (0.359, 0.584 mg/kg) and Fenpropathrin (0.643, 0.951 mg /kg) which dissipated by following first order kinetics with half-life value ranged in between 1.79-1.84 (Pyriproxyfen) and 2.27-2.31 days (Fenpropathrin) at T1-T2 doses, respectively. The estimated pre-harvest intervals (PHI) for Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin were 6.03 and 11.51, 0.91 and 2.54 days at T1 and T2 doses, respectively. There were no residues of Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin in the soil after 1 day of the application of sumiprempt formulation indicating its safety for the next crop. Even though all the decontamination processes were successful in reducing the levels of both chemicals left behind, washing + boiling proved to be the most efficient. Residues of Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin persisted for a little longer period in soil under laboratory conditions. ZIF-8 was synthesized by hydrothermal, sonochemical, and microwave-assisted methods, and its structural, physical, and chemical characteristics were investigated using FTIR, XRD, SEM, BET, and zeta seizer. ZIF-8 achieved a 69%, and 65 % removal of Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin (20 mg/L) under optimized conditions, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Dissipation, decontamination and leaching behaviour of thiamethoxam + λ cyhalothrin (ready mix) in soil and chilli
    (Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-09) Pooja; Sushil
    The study reports the persistence as well as the decontamination pattern of insecticides, λ -cyhalothrin and thiamethoxam in chilli fruits following spray application of their ready-pre mix. For extraction and clean-up, three two different methods namely liquid-liquid partitioning and QuEChERS with clean-up were used in association with GC-MS/MS. The LOD and LOQ of the method determined were 0.01 μg g−1 and 0.005 μg g−1, respectively, and all the recoveries were found above the range of 80 per cent. Thiamethoxam persistent up to day 15 in both the doses with half-lives of 3.45 and 3.90 days respectively. While λ -cyhalothrin persisted up to day 5th with half-lives of 1.49 and 1.52 days. Washing followed by frying was observed to be the best method of decontamination. It was followed by washing with 1 % vinegar solution, 2 % salt solution, 2% tamarind with least in case of washing with water. No presence of λ -cyhalothrin and thiamethoxam residues were reported in chilli fruits which were much below their respective maximum residue limits (MRLs). In leaching experiment around 90 per cent of the residues were recovered totally, with no residues in leachates.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on persistence and leaching behaviour of ready pre-mix formulation (Chlorantraniliprole + Thiamethoxam) in/on tomato
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-10) Dhanker, Preeti; Sushil
    The study reports the uptake as well as the distribution pattern of insecticides, chlorantraniliprole and thiamethoxam in tomato plant matrices including root, stem, leaves and fruits from the soil via drench application of their ready-pre mix formulation chlorantraniliprole and thiamethoxam. For extraction and clean-up, three different methods namely liquid-liquid partitioning, QuEChERS with no clean-up and QuEChERS with clean-up were used in association with GC-MS/MS. The LOD and LOQ of the method determined were 0.01 μg g−1 and 0.005 μg g−1, respectively, and all the recoveries were above the range of 80 per cent. Rapid uptake of the insecticides by tomato plant was observed from the first day onwards. In the tomato plant, the major part of the insecticides got deposited in the roots and in the leaves. No presence of chlorantraniliprole and thiamethoxam residues were reported in tomato fruits which were much below their respective maximum residue limits (MRLs). In the soil samples, chlorantraniliprole residues for respective SD and DD were 0.389 and 0.788 μg g−1 initially which dissipated till day 20 reaching LOQ after that, while the thiamethoxam concentration were 0.682 and 1.335 μg g−1 initially, which dissipated till 20 and 25 days for SD and DD, respectively. in leaching experiment more than 85 per cent of the residues were recovered totally, with no residues in leachates
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Structure-based virtual high-throughput screening for ligands of ecdysone receptor
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Gagan Rani; Sudhir Kumar
    Insects occupy more than 70% of entire kingdom Animalia and are the most successful group o among the organisms dwelling on earth, a set of injurious insects referred as pests. Pests/insects can harm agricultural plants, devour and/or harm harvested crops or transmit diseases to people and animals. These insect pests have several enzymes. hormones receptors, these hormone receptor binds with specific hormone and thus regulates development and also plays a key role in their life processes. If the normal functioning of these enzymes and the receptors are disturbed, their normal life cycle may also be affected thereby causing death of the insect. In the present study we focused only on ecdysone receptor, which is a type of nuclear receptor steroids hormone. The ecdysone receptor (EcR) is a nuclear transcription factor depends upon ligands found in arthropods. The receptor binds to ecdysteroids hormones, which play a major role in reproduction and regulate vital processes such as growth, molting and metamorphism. For activation of gene transcription, a non-covalent heterodimerization of EcR and USP (ultra-spiracle protein) is necessary, that occurs after binding of an agonist to ecdysone receptor. Because of the importance of this hormone receptor in growth, reproduction and metamorphosis of insects, it was considered to be excellent targets for pest control agents and chemical insecticides. In the presents study virtual high-throughput of two libraries of 705,632 (on the basis of substructure) and 4591,276 (clean leads) were carried out for ecdysone receptor. At the same time vHTS of 21 known inhibitors for ecdysone receptor also performed. vHTS results showed that 1,85,785 and 5,15,112 leads had binding energy within the range or lesser than the binding energy of known inhibitors (from both libraries respectively). These selected leads were then subjected to ADME-Tox study, from this 264 and 509 leads were predicted to be non-toxic.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Efficient and green multicomponent synthesis of some novel heterocyclic compounds and their bioefficacy
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-01) Gulati, Susheel; Rajvir Singh
    Due to growing concern of environmental pollution, the application of green chemistry for the formation of bioactive heterocyclic functionalities has turned out to be a key area of research for organic chemists. Coumarins, dihydropyrimidinones, imidazoles, isoxazoles and benzimidazoles are important heterocyclic compounds occur widely in nature. The conventional methods for preparation of these heterocyclic molecules have some drawbacks such as use of hazardous solvents, toxic reagents, tedious work-up, low product yield and long reaction time. Therefore, the development of waste minimized organic synthesis has become key and challenging area for organic chemist. Natural acid catalysts viz. Citrus limon L. juice, Vitis vinifera L. juice, Banana peels extract, Cocos nucifera L. juice, Solanum lycopersicum L. juice, Citrus limetta juice and Citrus sinensis L. juice were prepared for synthesis of substituted coumarins (30-37), dihydropyrimidinones (45-52), imidazole (55-62), isoxazoles (65-72) and benzimidazoles (73-80). All synthesized compounds were characterized by using 1HNMR and FTIR spectral techniques and evaluated for antibacterial activity against Erwinia carotovora and Xanthomonas citrii by inhibition zone method. All synthesized compounds were also tested for antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by poisoned food technique method. Herbicidal activity against Raphanus sativus L. (Radish seeds) were also studied to test bioefficacy of synthesized compounds. It was found that maximum Erwinia carotovora growth was inhibited by compounds 37, 51, 56, 72 and 78. Maximum Xanthomonas citri growth inhibition was by compounds 31, 50, 57, 72 and 74. Compounds 31, 50, 58, 72 and 76 were found to be the most active against Rhizoctonia solani fungus while compounds 34, 47, 58, 67 and 76 have highest growth inhibition against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungus. It was found that compounds 30, 51, 60, 67 and 79 were most active against Raphanus sativus L. (root) while compounds 31, 48, 57, 67 and 75 found to be most active against Raphanus sativus L. (shoot). It was found that the activity of the synthesized compounds may be due to presence of bromo, chloro, methyl, hydroxy, methoxy and nitro groups substitution on the phenyl ring.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Dissipation kinetics of pyriproxyfen in chilli (Capsicum annum L.) and soil
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-02) Parveen Kumari; Duhan, Anil
    Pyriproxyfen, 2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy] pyridine, is a novel broad spectrum insecticide. Dissipation of pyriproxyfen in chilli, soil and effects of washing on reduction of residues in chilli fruits were observed under field and lab conditions. Pyriproxyfen efficacy against honey bees, its leaching potential under continuous flow condition and the dissipation behaviour of its different metabolites formed in soil under field conditions was also studied. Field experiment was carried out in Research field of Department of vegetable Science, and lab study was performed in Agrochemicals Residues Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University. Pyriproxyfen (Lano 10 EC) was applied on chilli crop and soil at two doses i.e., 100 (T1) and 200 (T2) g a.i./ha. Chilli and soil samples were collected periodically on 0 (2h), 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30 and 45 days after application. Various sample preparation techniques i.e. QuEChERS, Liquid-solid extraction (LSE) and Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) were optimized for chilli and soil at different fortification levels (0.005-0.1 μg/g). Maximum recoveries (83.1 to 104.8%) for chilli were obtained using LSE, In soil, MSPD revealed 94.2 to 104.3% recoveries. The test samples were analysed over GC-MS/MS. A first order dissipation kinetics was followed with half-lives ranged from 4.7 to 8.1 days in chilli treated with pyriproxyfen under field and lab conditions and from 3.7 to 8.2 days in soil at two doses. The residues reached below MRL value (0.02 mg/kg) on 45 day in chilli under both conditions. In case of soil residues were below detection limit on 45 day in field samples and on 60 day in lab samples. Average reduction in residues due to washing was in the range of 54-56% under field conditions and 35-47% under lab conditions. Residues in wash water were ranged from 0.077 to 0.158 μg/mL in T1 and 0.091 to 0.316 μg/mL in T2 application under field conditions and 0.041 to 0.138 μg/mL in T1 and 0.066 to 0.337 μg/mL in T2 under lab conditions, respectively. During this study, six metabolites of pyriproxyfen were observed in soil namely 4-OH-PYR (A), POP (C), POPA (E), 4-OH-POPA (F), PYPA (G) and PYPAC (H). Dissipation study of the metabolites revealed their appearance on the day of pyriproxyfen application, reached to maximum concentration on 1 DAA in soil. All the metabolites except 4-OH-PYR persisted for more than 30 days in soil with half-lives ranged from 2.6 to 30 days. Higher dose was significantly more detrimental to honey bees. Leaching study do not showed any leaching potential of pyriproxyfen and almost whole of applied pyriproxyfen was retained within 0-5 cm soil depth.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of extraction conditions on phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) stem and Kair (Capparis decidua) fruit
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-06-26) Promila; Sushila Singh
    Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) and Capparis decidua (Kair) are important medicinal plants which are known to possess antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antibacterial and hepatoprotective properties. This study was aimed to determine the proximate and chemical composition as well as the effect of different pH levels of water and herbal extraction conditions (viz. infusion 5 & 10 min, decoction and strong decoction) on phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant potential of stem & leaves of Giloy and aerial parts, fruits & flowers of Kair. Total phenolics was calculated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoids content by Aluminium chloride colorimetric assay. Antioxidant activities were tasted using DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assay. Amount of bitter principles in Giloy stem was 2.74% (w/w). Alkaloids and saponin content in Kair fruits were 2.43 and 8.46% (w/w), respectively. The highest amount of total phenolics (mg GAE/g) in Giloy stem (7.43) & Kair aerial parts (11.51) was at pH 2; in Giloy leaves (25.63), Kair fruits (17.49) & flowers (22.09) was at pH 5. The highest concentration of total flavonoids (mg CE/g) in stem & leaves of Giloy and aerial parts & flowers of Kair were- 0.68, 2.39, 1.07 and 2.18 at pH 2, respectively. In Kair fruits, flavonoids content was highest (1.09) at pH level 11. IC50 values (ppm) as inversely related to DPPH free radical scavenging activity followed the order: pH 5 (865.91) < pH 7 (915.13) < pH 11 (919.50) < pH 2 (1451.22) in Giloy stem; pH 11 (304.48) < pH 2 (343.82) < pH 7 (380.04) < pH 5 (409.51) in Giloy leaves; pH 7 (332.74) < pH 2 (553.47) < pH 5 (622.42) < pH 11 (788.35) in Kair aerial parts; pH 5 (389.96) < pH 7 (584.86) < pH 11 (690.35) < pH 2 (973.99) in Kair fruits; pH 7 (454.03) < pH 2 (579.10) < pH 5 (635.72) < pH 11 (710.72) in Kair flowers. Total antioxidant capacity (mg AAE/g) of stem of Giloy (34.38) and aerial parts (51.26), fruits (75.00) & flowers (90.45) of Kair was maximum at pH 5 and of Giloy leaves (67.45) was maximum at pH 2. Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g) of stem (4.84) & leaves (19.38) of Giloy and aerial parts (9.54), fruits (14.84) & flowers (17.48) of Kair was highest in strong decoction (90 min). Total flavonoids content (mg CE/g) of Giloy stem (0.75) & leaves (2.71) was maximum in decoction (30 min) while of Kair aerial parts (0.69), fruits (1.81) & flowers (1.69) was highest in strong decoction (90 min). IC50 values (ppm) as inversely related to DPPH free radical scavenging activity followed the order: infusion (5 min) (711.57) < decoction (30 min) (790.10) < infusion (10 min) < strong decoction (90 min) (1568.53) in Giloy stem; infusion (10 min) (61.21) < decoction (30 min) (183.69) < strong decoction (90 min) (272.24) < infusion (5 min) (311.51) in Giloy leaves; infusion (10 min) (169.72) < decoction (30 min) (515.93) < strong decoction (90 min) (658.60) < infusion (5 min) (754.67) in Kair aerial parts; infusion (10 min) (346.45) < decoction (30 min) (377.38) < infusion (5 min) (438.36) < strong decoction (90 min) (636.06) in Kair fruits; and decoction (30 min) (343.45) < infusion (10 min) (423.96) < strong decoction (90 min) (647.56) < infusion (5 min) (788.79) in Kair flowers. Total antioxidant capacity (mg AAE/g) of Giloy stem (82.55) was maximum in infusion (5 min) and of Giloy leaves (96.52), Kair aerial parts (79.04), Kair fruits (130.95) and Kair flowers (203.28) was maximum in decoction (30 min). Present research studies indicated that pH levels of water and herbal extraction conditions significantly affected the extraction of phytochemicals from stem & leaves of Giloy and aerial parts, fruits & flowers of Kair and their antioxidant potentials.