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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Khejri (Prosopis cineraria L.) stem bark and leaves(CCSHAU, 2019) Pragya; Sushila SinghThe present study was undertaken to analyse the phytochemicals and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Khejri (Prosopis cineraria L.) stem bark and leaves grown at Landscape of Forestry, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Proximate composition; mineral analysis; chemical analysis and phytochemical parameters were determined. Stem bark contains moisture content (7.70%), crude fibre (22.54%), ash (16.50%), crude protein (14.67%), Fe content (384.52 ppm), Mn content (53.13 ppm), Zn content (13.62 ppm), Cu content (19.48 ppm), tannins (1.55 mg CE/g), alkaloids (0.78%), starch (5.98 mg/g), total sugars (0.55 mg/g), reducing sugars (0.47 mg/g) and non-reducing sugars (0.08 mg/g). In leaves, moisture content (6.78%), crude fibre (15.14%), ash (9.97%), crude protein (22.98%), Fe content (325.22 ppm), Mn content (45.70 ppm), Zn content (44.18 ppm), Cu content (13.18 ppm), tannins (19.48 mg CE/g), alkaloids (3.51%), starch (16.07 mg/g), total sugars (0.77 mg/g), reducing sugars (0.74 mg/g) and non-reducing sugars (0.03 mg/g) were found. Total phenolics (mg GAE/g) found for stem bark in acetone extract (2.31) was obtained to be higher followed by methanol (1.22) and aqueous extract (0.32) whereas in leaves total phenolics, in acetone (6.84) was found to be higher further followed by methanol (2.28) and aqueous extract (0.71). Total flavonoids (mg CE/g) found for stem bark in acetone extract (0.88) was found to be higher followed by aqueous (0.42) and methanol extract (0.23) whereas in leaves, total flavonoids was obtained to be higher in acetone (3.56) followed by methanol (2.69) and aqueous extract (2.35). In stem bark, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in acetone extract ranges from 4.10 to 89.75 (IC50 179.44 μg/mL) followed by methanol extract ranges from 2.26 to 82.37 (IC50 236.24 μg/mL) and aqueous extract ranges from 0.92 to 73.38 (IC50 279.04 μg/mL) at concentration level from 10 to 500 μg/mL. In leaves, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in acetone extract ranges from 6.27 to 90.72 (IC50 205.15 μg/mL) followed by methanol extract ranges from 4.74 to 85.78 (IC50 234.76 μg/mL) and aqueous extract ranges from 3.38 to 77.82 (IC50 282.28 μg/mL) at concentration level from 10 to 1000 μg/mL. Among aqueous, methanol and acetone extract, acetone extract was found to possess higher amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity for stem bark and leaves. Among plant parts, leaves possess higher amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity as compared to stem bark. Therefore, acetone extract of stem bark and leaves was found to be best natural antioxidant which plays a great role to improve the human health ailments against the free radicals to combat the oxidative stress.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis of possible potent herbicidal organic compounds using green catalysts(CCSHAU, 2019) Pooja; Rajvir SinghEvery day there is a new invention in the field of chemistry but the people are curious about how much they are benign to us. Green chemistry serves as a tool to reshape the chemical processes to make them clean. Thus, green chemistry is the future chemistry which is simple, efficient and benign in all steps of particular synthesis processes. Coumarins, Imidazoles and Dihydropyrimidinones are versatile classes of heterocycles and intermediates for the preparation of other organic compounds due to their effective biological activities. For the preparation of these compounds and their derivatives, different reagents are being used which are quite hazardous to the environment and human health due to their toxic nature. Since last few years, attempts are being made for ecofriendly synthesis by using a green catalyst. Green catalyst is a megahit catalyst which is helpful to overcome the negative environmental effects due to various hazardous and toxic chemicals used in synthetic pathways. Hence, the most important aspect of green chemistry is the use of green catalysts in chemical reactions. Therefore an attempt has been made to synthesize above mentioned classes of compounds by using various green catalyst (Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, Oxalic acid, Citrus limetta juice, Pineapple juice and Lemon juice). These compounds were characterized by spectroscopic technique viz. 1HNMR, IR, Elemental analysis and other analytical data. Synthesized compounds were screened for herbicidal activity at 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/mL concentrations. Compounds 11, 28 and 40 were found more active against the root and shoot of Raphanus sativus L.due to the presence of methyl, chloro and methoxy group (electron-donating groups) as substituents respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Dissipation and decontamination of chlorantrantraniliprole in okra(CCSHAU, 2019) Pooja; SushilDissipation and decontamination of chlorantraniliprole (Coragen 18.5% SC) in okra and soil (at harvest time) was studied following foliar spray on okra at recommended (30 g a.i. ha-1) and double of recommended (60 g a.i. ha-1) by Central Insecticide Board (CIB). The residue of the insecticide was analyzed using GC – MS/MS with a triple Quadruple analyzer, operated in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the transitions m/z 278 > 249 and 278>251. Recovery experiment was performed on okra and soil sample fortified @ 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 mg kg-1and the observed recoveries were in range 85.23 – 88.79 % and 84.65 – 88.65% respectively. The initial deposit of CAP residue in okra fruit was 0.077 and 0.140 mg kg-1 for single (T1) and double (T2) dose respectively. These residues dissipated following first order degradation kinetics with half -life 1.90 and 1.92 days and reached below quantified level (LOQ i.e 0.01 mg kg-1) on 7th and 10th day for single (T1) and double (T2) dose respectively. In soil (at harvest time) the residue level was < LOQ for both doses. The decontamination processes dislodges the chlorantraniliprole residue to the extent of 84.00 – 38.89% from okra fruits and washing followed by boiling was found more effective i.e. 84.00 % in dislodging residue of chlorantraniliprole than washing alone and unwashed conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Persistence and leaching behaviour of tembotrione and its metabolite in soil(CCSHAU, 2019) Naincy Rani; Duhan, AnilPersistence and leaching potential of tembotrione and its metabolite in two different soils (sandy and clay loam) was studied in Agrochemicals Residues Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University. Tembotrione (Laudis OD) was applied in soil taken in plastic pots at two doses i.e., 120 and 240 g a.i./ha for persistence study. Soil samples were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after application. In leaching experiment, tembotrione and its metabolite was applied at 50 μg (single dose) and 100 μg (double dose) in both soils packed in plexi glass columns. Various sample preparation techniques i.e. Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), Liquid-solid extraction (LSE) and modified QuEChERS were optimized for both soils at different fortification levels of 0.005 and 0.01 μg/g before taking up analysis of test samples. Maximum recoveries (86.6 to 95.6%) were obtained by using modified QuEChERS with MgSO4 avoiding PSA. The test samples were analysed over GC-MS/MS for the first time, hence provides a novel, efficient and innovative approach. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.001 and 0.003 μg/g, respectively for both soils. A first order dissipation kinetics was followed with half-lives of 8.4 and 9.3 days in sandy loam and 14.9 and 13.4 days in clay loam soil and in case of metabolite, 7.2 and 8.1 days in sandy loam soil and 10.0 and 12.3 days in clay loam soil at both the doses, respectively. The residues were below detectable limit (0.003 μg/g) after 45 days for both the treatments. Leaching experiments were carried out in laboratory under continuous flow conditions. The residues of tembotrione and its metabolite were retained up to soil depth of 35-40 cm depth in both soil types. No residues were detected in leachate fractions of both soils, hence posing minimum threat for surface and ground water contamination.ThesisItem Open Access Dissipation and decontamination behaviour of a ready mix fungicide (azoxystrobin + difenoconazole) in tomato(CCSHAU, 2019) Godara, Rajni; SushilDissipation and decontamination behaviour of a ready mix fungicide (azoxystrobin + difenoconazole) was studied in tomato fruits and soil (at harvest). For this field experiments were carried out at research farm department of Entomology, CCS Harayana Agricultural University, Hisar. Tomato variety HS-102 was grown during the kharif season. For laboratory work, samples were collected at 0 (1 hr after application), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days after treatment, exclusively on random basis. The sample preparation method involving extraction with acetone provided 81.25 to 99.09 per cent recoveries for both the pesticides with precision RSD within 5-9% estimated at the limits of quantification (LOQ for azoxystrobin was 0.01 mg kg-1 and for difenoconazole it was 0.05 mg kg-1) and higher fortification levels. To study dissipation kinetics, the ready-mix fungicide was sprayed at dosage of 1 mL/L (single dose) and 2 mL/L (double dose). The residues were analysed on gas chromatograph equipped with electron capture detector (ECD). The dissipation kinetics followed first order kinetics with half-lives of 3-5 days for azoxystrobin and 1-3 days for difenoconazole. Decontamination of acquired residues by various culinary processes was quite efficient in minimising the residue load of both the fungicides. Maximum reduction was observed in case of washing followed by peeling (>75%) then washing followed by boiling (> 50%) and finally by washing with tap water (>30%). The residues of azoxystrobin and difenoconazole were confined mostly in the tomato peel. So peeled tomatoes are almost free from contamination of these fungicides and are safe for human beings.ThesisItem Open Access Phytochemical studies and antioxidant activity of Sounf (Foeniculum vulgare) and Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) seeds(CCSHAU, 2019) Anu Kumari; Sushila SinghThe present study was undertaken for phytochemical studies and antioxidant activity of Sounf (Foeniculum vulgare) variety HF-33 and Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) variety HAJ-18 seeds grown at Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Chemical parameters viz. crude fibre, crude protein, minerals (Fe, Ca, P), total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, tannins, total alkaloids content were analysed in Sounf and Ajwain seeds. Crude fibre content was higher in Sounf (21.15 %) than Ajwain (7.35 %), crude protein content was higher in Ajwain (16.43 %) than Sounf (11.17%), Fe content was higher in Ajwain (36.33 mg/100g) than Sounf (19.05 mg/100g), Ca content was higher in Ajwain (1305 mg/100g) than Sounf (15.5 mg/100g), P content was higher in Ajwain (515.22 mg/100g) than Sounf (48.85 mg/100g). Total sugars, reducing sugars, and non-reducing sugars content was higher in Ajwain 3.01, 1.89, 1.12 (g/100g) than Sounf 1.78, 1.34, 0.44 (g/100g), respectively. Total alkaloids content was higher in Ajwain 26% than Sounf 3% and tannins content was higher in Ajwain 11.93 mg/g than Sounf 6.02 mg/g. Phytochemicals parameters viz. total phenolics and total flavonoids in Sounf and Ajwain were extracted with three solvents namely aqueous, ethanol and hexane. Total phenolics content (mg GAE/g) in Ajwain was highest in aqueous (14.08) followed by ethanol (12.74) and hexane (2.47). In Sounf, total phenolics content (mg GAE/g) was highest in aqueous extract (9.28) followed by ethanol (4.1) and hexane (1.32). Flavonoids content (mg CE/g) in Ajwain was highest in aqueous (4.56) followed by ethanol (2.35) and hexane (1.59). In Sounf, flavonoids content (mg CE/g) was highest in aqueous (4.10) followed by ethanol (3.03) and hexane (2.79). DPPH free radical scavenging activity (%) increased with increase of concentration levels. In sounf, it ranged from 15.78 to 89.86 (IC50 0.53 mg/ mL) in aqueous extract at concentration levels 0.1-2.5 mg/ mL, 6.93 to 87.12 (IC50 0.71 mg/ mL) in ethanol extract at 0.05-2.5 mg/ mL and 5.92 to 76.97 (IC50 4.5 mg/ mL) in hexane extract at concentration levels 0.5-10 mg/ mL, respectively. In ajwain, it ranged from 20 to 91.79 (IC50 0.45 mg/ mL) in aqueous extract at concentration levels 0.1-2.5 mg/ mL, 1.01 to 77.14 (IC50 0.81 mg/ mL) in ethanol extract at 0.05 to 2.5 mg/ mL and 18.75 to 71.87 (IC50 1.7 mg/ mL) in hexane extract at concentration levels 0.25-5 mg/ mL, respectively. Among aqueous, ethanol and hexane extracts, aqueous and ethanol extracts contained higher amounts of total phenolic and exhibited higher antioxidant activity. Hence, aqueous extracts of sounf and ajwain seeds are better source of antioxidants in comparison to hexane extracts.ThesisItem Open Access Virtual High-throughput Screening of Acetylcholinesterase and Chitin Synthase Inhibitors(CCSHAU, 2019) Gupta, Neha; Sudhir KumarInsects are most diverse and abundant of all terrestrial animals. Insects dominated the earth by successfully adapting to wide range of ecosystem. As a part of the ecosystem, they compete for food with other biota and in turn they cause various infections to vegetation, livestock and humans. These insect pests have several enzymes and each of these enzymes plays a key role in their life processes. If the normal functioning of these enzymes is disturbed, their normal life cycle may also be affected thereby causing death of the insect. In the present study we focused only on two enzymes which are acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Chitin synthase. Acetylcholinestearse is one of the key enzymes belonging to the family of serine hydrolase. Principle function of AChE is to terminate the impulse transmission by rapidly hydrolyzing the neurotransmitter ACh to choline and acetate. Due to its crucial role it acts as target for variety of chemical agents. Chitin synthase catalyzes the last step in the chitin biosynthetic pathway. It is a major component of exoskeletal structure of arthropods, including crustaceans and insects as well as mollusks, nematodes and worms. To allow growth and development, insects periodically replace their old cuticle with a new one during molting (ecdysis). Because of the importance of both the enzymes in growth of insects, these were assumed to be excellent targets for pest control agents and chemical insecticides. In the present study virtual high-throughput screening of 4,591,276 clean leads was carried out for both the enzymes. At the same time vHTS of known inhibitors of AChE and CHS was also performed. vHTS results showed that for AChE 227,036 leads and for CHS 977,130 leads had binding energy within the range or lesser than the binding energy of known inhibitors. These leads were then subjected to ADME-Tox study and 217 and 864 leads were predicted to be non-toxic, for AChE and CHS respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis of bioactive heterocyclic compounds using green synthetic methods and their bioevaluation(CCSHAU, 2019) Suman; Rajvir SinghGreen chemistry is a sustainable approach to explain latest research topics and expresses an area of scientific discoveries about pollution awareness. Green chemistry is the future chemistry which is simple, efficient and benign in all steps of particular synthesis processes. Coumarins, chalcones, Pyrazoles and Imidazoles are versatile classes of heterocycles and intermediates for the preparation of other organic compounds due to their effective biological activities. For the preparation of these compounds and their derivatives, different organic solvents and reagents are being used which are quite hazardous to environment and human health due to their volatile and toxic nature. Since last few years attempts are being made for ecofriendly synthesis viz. biocatalysis and synthesis by using green catalyst. Biocatalyst is a magical intermediate which is helpful to overcome the negative environmental effects due to various hazardous and toxic chemicals used in synthetic pathways.Therefore an attempt has been made to synthesize above mentioned classes of compounds by using various green catalyst. Thesecompounds were characterized by spectroscopic technique viz.1HNMR, IR, Elemental analysis and other analytical data. The green catalysts were examined by SEM. Synthesized compounds were screened for their antifungal, herbicidal and antioxidant activities at four different concentrations. Compounds 12 and 10 were found more activeagainst the tested fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Aspergillus niger which have EC50values75.03 and 77.53μg/ml respectively. Compounds 11 and 60 were found more active against Raphanus sativus L. (root) and (shoot) exhibited growth inhibition 82.86, 91.66, 92.12, 97.05% and 43.81, 58.00, 67.01, 89.07% respectively at50, 100, 150, 200μg/ml all concentrations.Compound 84 was found most active with least IC50 36.30μg/ml and showed highest DPPH free radical scavenging capacity at 25, 50, 75, 100μg/ml.ThesisItem Open Access Design, synthesis and bioevaluation of some novel bioactive ingredients(CCSHAU, 2019) Sheetal; Rajvir SinghCoumarins, Chalcones, Propranolols, Proterenols, and Pyrazoles are versatile classes of heterocycles and intermedients for the preparation of other organic compounds due to their various biological activities. Many natural and synthetic drugs, dyes, pesticides are heterocyclic in nature. These compounds were synthesized by conventional method. These compounds were characterized by spectroscopic technique viz. 1NMR, IR, Elemental analysis and other analytical data. Synthesized compounds were screened for their Fungi toxicity by poison food technique at four different concentrations. Compounds 13 and 25 were found more active against the tested fungi Rhizoctoniasolani and Aspergillusniger which haveEC50values 52.91, 71.88 and 48.00, 78.60μg/ml respectively. Compounds 34 and 105were found more active against the tested fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Aspergillus niger which have EC50 values 40.51, 60.49 and 57.25, 56.52μg/ml respectively. Synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity by zone inhibition method at four different concentrations. Compounds 17 and 27 were found more active against Bacillus species at all the test concentrations. Compounds 79 and 132 were found more toxic against the Bacillus species at all the test concentrations. Compound 179 was found more toxic against the Bacillus species at all the test concentrations. Synthesized compounds were also screened for their herbicidal activity against growth of weed roots and shoots of Raphanussativus L. in vitro by percentage inhibition technique. Compounds 13 and 67 were found more toxic in % growth inhibition of both roots and shoots at all the tested concentrations. Compounds 92 and 118 were found more toxic in % growth inhibition of both roots and shoots at all the tested concentrations. Compounds 132 and 153 were found more toxic in % growth inhibition of both roots and shoots at all the tested concentrations.