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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.

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2010 - 201925
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Subject: Chemistry × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2010 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Khejri (Prosopis cineraria L.) stem bark and leaves
    (CCSHAU, 2019) Pragya; Sushila Singh
    The present study was undertaken to analyse the phytochemicals and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Khejri (Prosopis cineraria L.) stem bark and leaves grown at Landscape of Forestry, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Proximate composition; mineral analysis; chemical analysis and phytochemical parameters were determined. Stem bark contains moisture content (7.70%), crude fibre (22.54%), ash (16.50%), crude protein (14.67%), Fe content (384.52 ppm), Mn content (53.13 ppm), Zn content (13.62 ppm), Cu content (19.48 ppm), tannins (1.55 mg CE/g), alkaloids (0.78%), starch (5.98 mg/g), total sugars (0.55 mg/g), reducing sugars (0.47 mg/g) and non-reducing sugars (0.08 mg/g). In leaves, moisture content (6.78%), crude fibre (15.14%), ash (9.97%), crude protein (22.98%), Fe content (325.22 ppm), Mn content (45.70 ppm), Zn content (44.18 ppm), Cu content (13.18 ppm), tannins (19.48 mg CE/g), alkaloids (3.51%), starch (16.07 mg/g), total sugars (0.77 mg/g), reducing sugars (0.74 mg/g) and non-reducing sugars (0.03 mg/g) were found. Total phenolics (mg GAE/g) found for stem bark in acetone extract (2.31) was obtained to be higher followed by methanol (1.22) and aqueous extract (0.32) whereas in leaves total phenolics, in acetone (6.84) was found to be higher further followed by methanol (2.28) and aqueous extract (0.71). Total flavonoids (mg CE/g) found for stem bark in acetone extract (0.88) was found to be higher followed by aqueous (0.42) and methanol extract (0.23) whereas in leaves, total flavonoids was obtained to be higher in acetone (3.56) followed by methanol (2.69) and aqueous extract (2.35). In stem bark, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in acetone extract ranges from 4.10 to 89.75 (IC50 179.44 μg/mL) followed by methanol extract ranges from 2.26 to 82.37 (IC50 236.24 μg/mL) and aqueous extract ranges from 0.92 to 73.38 (IC50 279.04 μg/mL) at concentration level from 10 to 500 μg/mL. In leaves, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in acetone extract ranges from 6.27 to 90.72 (IC50 205.15 μg/mL) followed by methanol extract ranges from 4.74 to 85.78 (IC50 234.76 μg/mL) and aqueous extract ranges from 3.38 to 77.82 (IC50 282.28 μg/mL) at concentration level from 10 to 1000 μg/mL. Among aqueous, methanol and acetone extract, acetone extract was found to possess higher amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity for stem bark and leaves. Among plant parts, leaves possess higher amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity as compared to stem bark. Therefore, acetone extract of stem bark and leaves was found to be best natural antioxidant which plays a great role to improve the human health ailments against the free radicals to combat the oxidative stress.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Synthesis of possible potent herbicidal organic compounds using green catalysts
    (CCSHAU, 2019) Pooja; Rajvir Singh
    Every day there is a new invention in the field of chemistry but the people are curious about how much they are benign to us. Green chemistry serves as a tool to reshape the chemical processes to make them clean. Thus, green chemistry is the future chemistry which is simple, efficient and benign in all steps of particular synthesis processes. Coumarins, Imidazoles and Dihydropyrimidinones are versatile classes of heterocycles and intermediates for the preparation of other organic compounds due to their effective biological activities. For the preparation of these compounds and their derivatives, different reagents are being used which are quite hazardous to the environment and human health due to their toxic nature. Since last few years, attempts are being made for ecofriendly synthesis by using a green catalyst. Green catalyst is a megahit catalyst which is helpful to overcome the negative environmental effects due to various hazardous and toxic chemicals used in synthetic pathways. Hence, the most important aspect of green chemistry is the use of green catalysts in chemical reactions. Therefore an attempt has been made to synthesize above mentioned classes of compounds by using various green catalyst (Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, Oxalic acid, Citrus limetta juice, Pineapple juice and Lemon juice). These compounds were characterized by spectroscopic technique viz. 1HNMR, IR, Elemental analysis and other analytical data. Synthesized compounds were screened for herbicidal activity at 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/mL concentrations. Compounds 11, 28 and 40 were found more active against the root and shoot of Raphanus sativus L.due to the presence of methyl, chloro and methoxy group (electron-donating groups) as substituents respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Dissipation and decontamination of chlorantrantraniliprole in okra
    (CCSHAU, 2019) Pooja; Sushil
    Dissipation and decontamination of chlorantraniliprole (Coragen 18.5% SC) in okra and soil (at harvest time) was studied following foliar spray on okra at recommended (30 g a.i. ha-1) and double of recommended (60 g a.i. ha-1) by Central Insecticide Board (CIB). The residue of the insecticide was analyzed using GC – MS/MS with a triple Quadruple analyzer, operated in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the transitions m/z 278 > 249 and 278>251. Recovery experiment was performed on okra and soil sample fortified @ 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 mg kg-1and the observed recoveries were in range 85.23 – 88.79 % and 84.65 – 88.65% respectively. The initial deposit of CAP residue in okra fruit was 0.077 and 0.140 mg kg-1 for single (T1) and double (T2) dose respectively. These residues dissipated following first order degradation kinetics with half -life 1.90 and 1.92 days and reached below quantified level (LOQ i.e 0.01 mg kg-1) on 7th and 10th day for single (T1) and double (T2) dose respectively. In soil (at harvest time) the residue level was < LOQ for both doses. The decontamination processes dislodges the chlorantraniliprole residue to the extent of 84.00 – 38.89% from okra fruits and washing followed by boiling was found more effective i.e. 84.00 % in dislodging residue of chlorantraniliprole than washing alone and unwashed conditions.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Persistence and leaching behaviour of tembotrione and its metabolite in soil
    (CCSHAU, 2019) Naincy Rani; Duhan, Anil
    Persistence and leaching potential of tembotrione and its metabolite in two different soils (sandy and clay loam) was studied in Agrochemicals Residues Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University. Tembotrione (Laudis OD) was applied in soil taken in plastic pots at two doses i.e., 120 and 240 g a.i./ha for persistence study. Soil samples were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after application. In leaching experiment, tembotrione and its metabolite was applied at 50 μg (single dose) and 100 μg (double dose) in both soils packed in plexi glass columns. Various sample preparation techniques i.e. Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), Liquid-solid extraction (LSE) and modified QuEChERS were optimized for both soils at different fortification levels of 0.005 and 0.01 μg/g before taking up analysis of test samples. Maximum recoveries (86.6 to 95.6%) were obtained by using modified QuEChERS with MgSO4 avoiding PSA. The test samples were analysed over GC-MS/MS for the first time, hence provides a novel, efficient and innovative approach. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.001 and 0.003 μg/g, respectively for both soils. A first order dissipation kinetics was followed with half-lives of 8.4 and 9.3 days in sandy loam and 14.9 and 13.4 days in clay loam soil and in case of metabolite, 7.2 and 8.1 days in sandy loam soil and 10.0 and 12.3 days in clay loam soil at both the doses, respectively. The residues were below detectable limit (0.003 μg/g) after 45 days for both the treatments. Leaching experiments were carried out in laboratory under continuous flow conditions. The residues of tembotrione and its metabolite were retained up to soil depth of 35-40 cm depth in both soil types. No residues were detected in leachate fractions of both soils, hence posing minimum threat for surface and ground water contamination.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Dissipation and decontamination behaviour of a ready mix fungicide (azoxystrobin + difenoconazole) in tomato
    (CCSHAU, 2019) Godara, Rajni; Sushil
    Dissipation and decontamination behaviour of a ready mix fungicide (azoxystrobin + difenoconazole) was studied in tomato fruits and soil (at harvest). For this field experiments were carried out at research farm department of Entomology, CCS Harayana Agricultural University, Hisar. Tomato variety HS-102 was grown during the kharif season. For laboratory work, samples were collected at 0 (1 hr after application), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days after treatment, exclusively on random basis. The sample preparation method involving extraction with acetone provided 81.25 to 99.09 per cent recoveries for both the pesticides with precision RSD within 5-9% estimated at the limits of quantification (LOQ for azoxystrobin was 0.01 mg kg-1 and for difenoconazole it was 0.05 mg kg-1) and higher fortification levels. To study dissipation kinetics, the ready-mix fungicide was sprayed at dosage of 1 mL/L (single dose) and 2 mL/L (double dose). The residues were analysed on gas chromatograph equipped with electron capture detector (ECD). The dissipation kinetics followed first order kinetics with half-lives of 3-5 days for azoxystrobin and 1-3 days for difenoconazole. Decontamination of acquired residues by various culinary processes was quite efficient in minimising the residue load of both the fungicides. Maximum reduction was observed in case of washing followed by peeling (>75%) then washing followed by boiling (> 50%) and finally by washing with tap water (>30%). The residues of azoxystrobin and difenoconazole were confined mostly in the tomato peel. So peeled tomatoes are almost free from contamination of these fungicides and are safe for human beings.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Phytochemical studies and antioxidant activity of Sounf (Foeniculum vulgare) and Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) seeds
    (CCSHAU, 2019) Anu Kumari; Sushila Singh
    The present study was undertaken for phytochemical studies and antioxidant activity of Sounf (Foeniculum vulgare) variety HF-33 and Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) variety HAJ-18 seeds grown at Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Chemical parameters viz. crude fibre, crude protein, minerals (Fe, Ca, P), total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, tannins, total alkaloids content were analysed in Sounf and Ajwain seeds. Crude fibre content was higher in Sounf (21.15 %) than Ajwain (7.35 %), crude protein content was higher in Ajwain (16.43 %) than Sounf (11.17%), Fe content was higher in Ajwain (36.33 mg/100g) than Sounf (19.05 mg/100g), Ca content was higher in Ajwain (1305 mg/100g) than Sounf (15.5 mg/100g), P content was higher in Ajwain (515.22 mg/100g) than Sounf (48.85 mg/100g). Total sugars, reducing sugars, and non-reducing sugars content was higher in Ajwain 3.01, 1.89, 1.12 (g/100g) than Sounf 1.78, 1.34, 0.44 (g/100g), respectively. Total alkaloids content was higher in Ajwain 26% than Sounf 3% and tannins content was higher in Ajwain 11.93 mg/g than Sounf 6.02 mg/g. Phytochemicals parameters viz. total phenolics and total flavonoids in Sounf and Ajwain were extracted with three solvents namely aqueous, ethanol and hexane. Total phenolics content (mg GAE/g) in Ajwain was highest in aqueous (14.08) followed by ethanol (12.74) and hexane (2.47). In Sounf, total phenolics content (mg GAE/g) was highest in aqueous extract (9.28) followed by ethanol (4.1) and hexane (1.32). Flavonoids content (mg CE/g) in Ajwain was highest in aqueous (4.56) followed by ethanol (2.35) and hexane (1.59). In Sounf, flavonoids content (mg CE/g) was highest in aqueous (4.10) followed by ethanol (3.03) and hexane (2.79). DPPH free radical scavenging activity (%) increased with increase of concentration levels. In sounf, it ranged from 15.78 to 89.86 (IC50 0.53 mg/ mL) in aqueous extract at concentration levels 0.1-2.5 mg/ mL, 6.93 to 87.12 (IC50 0.71 mg/ mL) in ethanol extract at 0.05-2.5 mg/ mL and 5.92 to 76.97 (IC50 4.5 mg/ mL) in hexane extract at concentration levels 0.5-10 mg/ mL, respectively. In ajwain, it ranged from 20 to 91.79 (IC50 0.45 mg/ mL) in aqueous extract at concentration levels 0.1-2.5 mg/ mL, 1.01 to 77.14 (IC50 0.81 mg/ mL) in ethanol extract at 0.05 to 2.5 mg/ mL and 18.75 to 71.87 (IC50 1.7 mg/ mL) in hexane extract at concentration levels 0.25-5 mg/ mL, respectively. Among aqueous, ethanol and hexane extracts, aqueous and ethanol extracts contained higher amounts of total phenolic and exhibited higher antioxidant activity. Hence, aqueous extracts of sounf and ajwain seeds are better source of antioxidants in comparison to hexane extracts.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Persistence and leaching behaviour of premix formulation of flubendiamide and buprofezin in soil
    (CCSHAU, 2018) Monika; Duhan, Anil
    In Agrochemicals Residues Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University a laboratory experiment was conducted to study the persistence behaviour and leaching potential of flubendiamide and buprofezin residues in sandy loam and clay loam soil. To study the persistence behaviour of flubendiamide and buprofezin at single and double dose, i.e., 210 and 420 g a.i./ha, was applied in soil taken in plastic pots. Soil samples were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 90 days after treatments. In leaching experiment, flubendiamide and buprofezin was applied at 50 (single dose) and 100 μg (double dose) in both soils packed in plexi glass columns. Residues of flubendiamide and buprofezin were estimated by HPLC coupled with Quadrupole Dalton Mass Detector (QDa) and GC-MS-tandem mass spectrometry equipped with capillary column. For both insecticides limit of detection and quantification were 0.001 and 0.005 μg/g, respectively. Dissipation followed a first order kinetics in case of both flubendiamide and buprofezin. Half-life of flubendiamide was found to be 25.1 and 26.6 days in clay loam soil and in case of sandy loam, 27.3 and 31.3 days at both the doses, respectively. For buprofezin, half-life was 12.4 and 12.6 days in clay loam and 19.1 and 20.2 days in sandy loam at both the doses, respectively. The residues were below detectable limit after 45 days in case of flubendiamide for both the treatments however buprofezin residues reached below detectable limit after 60 days. Leaching experiment was carried out in laboratory under continuous flow conditions. The residues of flubendiamide and buprofezin were retained up to soil depth of 30-35 cm but maximum retention was found upto 15 cm in flubendiammide and upto 20 cm in buprofezin. There were no fractions of flubendiamide and buprofezin residues in leachate indicating about poor leaching potential of both insecticides.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Residue dynamics and leaching potential of chlorantraniliprole in chilli crop
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Suman; Sushil
    The main objective of this study was to understand the persistence behaviour of new novel insecticide chlorantraniliprole (coragen 18.5 SC) in chilli fruit and its leaching behaviour in sandy loam soil. Recovery experiments were carried out at 0.01 and 0.05 μg/g fortification level in both chilli and soil samples for which average recoveries were found to be 85.23% and 87.46% in chilli samples and 85.92% and 87.11% in soil samples respectively. For dissipation / persistence study a field experiment was conducted following application of single dose (30 g a.i./ha) and double dose (60 g a.i./ha) on chilli crop. The initial residues of CAP at single and double doses were 3.16 and 4.68 mg/kg. Residues persisted upto 7th and 15th day in single and double doses respectively, after which BDL (0.01 mg/kg) comes. For single dose half-life value was of 1.18 days with degradation rate constant (k) value of 0.58 day -1. For double dose half-life was 2.05 days with degradation rate constant (k) value of 0.33 day-1. Leaching behavior of CAP in soil was studied at single (5.6 μg) and double dose (11.2 μg) respectively, for which soil plexi columns were packed and percolated with 35 ml of tap water after each 24 hours. Total amount of CAP recovered out of 5.6 and 11.2 μg were 82.40% and 81.42% from single and double doses respectively. Maximum retention of pesticide in both doses was in 0-5 cm soil core i.e. 79.82% in single dose and 79.11% in double dose. None of the leachate fractions from both the treatments showed the presence of chlorantraniliprole residue considering it safe for ground water table after field application.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Persistence and leaching behaviour of halosulfuron-methyl in soil
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Ritu Devi; Duhan, Anil
    A laboratory experiment was conducted in Agrochemicals Residues Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University to study the persistence behaviour and leaching potential of halosulfuron-methyl residues in sandy loam and clay loam soil. Halosulfuron-methyl (Sempra75 WG) at single and double dose, i.e., 67.5 and 135 g a.i./ha, was applied in soil taken in plastic pots to study the persistence behaviour. Soil samples were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30 and 45 days after treatments. In leaching experiment, halosulfuron-methyl was applied at 50 μg (single dose) and 100 μg (double dose) in both soils packed in plexi glass columns. Prior to taking up analysis of test samples recovery experiments using different sample preparation techniques (Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), Liquid-solid extraction (LSE) and QuEChERS with slight modification) were optimized for both soils at different fortification levels of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.1 μg/g. Maximum recoveries (85.5 to 94.5%) were obtained by using QuEChERS with PSA and without MgSO4. Residues were estimated by HPLC coupled with Quadrupole Dalton Mass Detector (QDa). Limit of detection and quantification were 0.001 and 0.005 μg/g, respectively for both soils. Dissipation followed a first order rate kinetics with half-life of 9.4 and 10.7 days in sandy loam soil and in case of clay loam, 8.4 and 10.3 days at both the doses, respectively. The residues were below detectable limit after 45 days for both the treatments. Leaching experiments were carried out in laboratory under both continuous and discontinuous flow conditions. The residues of halosulfuron-methyl were retained up to soil depth of 35-40 cm in both soil types at single and double dose under continuous and discontinuous flow. The residues were detected in leachate fractions of both soils and doses under continuous as well as discontinuous flow conditions; hence there might be a risk of sideway and lateral movement of residues.