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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of gibberellic acid and triacontanol on morpho-physiological, biochemical and anatomy of Sorghum bicolor L. under salt stress(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-09) Mehra, Indu; Tallapragada, SrideviThe present study entitled “Efficacy of gibberellic acid and triacontanol on morpho-physiological, biochemical and anatomy of Sorghum bicolor L. under salt stress,” was examined in the screen house during the kharif season of 2022. Prior to sowing, different salt stress levels (control, 4, 6, and 8 dS m-1) were maintained by saturating each pot. Sorghum bicolor L. seeds were planted in pots under screen house conditions on July 25th, 2022. Triacontanol was applied at concentrations of 10 ppm and 20 ppm, while Gibberellic acid was applied (200 ppm and 400 ppm) to both stressed and non-stressed plants of two genotypes (CSH20MF and CSH24MF). Sampling was conducted at 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). Growth parameters were examined. An inverse relationship was observed between these parameters and increasing salinity levels. Furthermore, anatomical leaf characteristics were improved following the application of Triacontanol and Gibberellic acid, counteracting the negative effects of salt stress. A similar pattern was observed in the relative water content under different salt levels. Total chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, gaseous exchange studies, chlorophyll index, and photochemical quantum yield also displayed a decreasing trend from the control to the highest salt level (8 dS m-1) in both genotypes. The application of Triacontanol and Gibberellic acid aids in maintaining the relative water content, increasing proline and glycine betaine content, enhancing gas exchange, ash content, chlorophyll index, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, anthocyanin, flavonoid content, and promoting the activity of antioxidant enzymes regardless of salt stress in both genotypes. Conversely, the relative stress injury worsens with each increment of salt stress, but the application of Triacontanol and Gibberellic acid partially mitigates the adverse effects of salt stress. An increase in Na+ content and a decrease in K+ and Ca2+ content was observed under salt stress, whereas the opposite trend was observed after the application of TRIA and GA3. In sorghum genotypes CSH24MF and CSH20MF performed better under salt stress and exhibited a superior response in alleviating salt stress with the foliar application of 20 ppm of Triacontanol.ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of jasmonic acid on morpho-physiological, biochemical and quality attributes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) under salt stress(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-07-16) Prakriti; Sridevi TallapragadaThe present study entitled “Efficacy of jasmonic acid on morpho-physiological, biochemical and quality attributes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) under salt stress” was investigated in the screen house during the kharif season of 2021. Before sowing, the desired levels of salt stress (control, 5, 7.5 and 8 dS m-1) were maintained by saturating each pot. Seeds of Sorghum bicolor L. were grown in pots under screen house conditions on 16th July 2021. Jasmonic acid (4.5, 6.5 and 8.5 mM) was applied exogenously after 30 days after sowing (DAS) under stressed as well as non-stressed plants in both genotypes (HJ 541 and CSV 21F). Sampling was done at 40 and 60 DAS. Growth parameters decreased with increasing levels of salt stress, whereas foliar application of jasmonic acid enhanced the growth of plants. Similarly, anatomical parameters of leaf were enhanced after the application of jasmonic acid which were negatively affected by salt stress. Plant water relation, gaseous exchange studies, chlorophyll index and photochemical quantum yield also showed declining trend from control to 8 dS m-1 of salt level in both genotypes, but more percent decrease was observed at 8 dS m-1 of salt stress like in ψw (46.66%), ψs (18.27), photosynthetic rate (31.80%), transpiration rate (14.60%) and stomatal conductance (44.41%) in HJ 541, over their respective control. The values ranged from 7.32 to 6.66, 27.37 to 23.32 and 54.51 to 50.83 in protein, fibre and in-vitro dry matter digestibility, respectively, at 8 dS m-1 of salt stress in CSV 21F at 40 DAS. Application of JA help in the maintenance of plant water status, enhanced the exchange of gases and chlorophyll index irrespective of salt stress in both genotypes. Reversibily, electrolyte leakage and ash content enhanced with every increment of salt stress but application of JA ameliorate the adverse effect of salt stress to some extent. Increment in Na+ but a decrease in K+ and Ca2+ content was noted under salt stress. While, the reverse trend was noticed after application of JA. In nut shell, sorghum genotypes CSV 21F and HJ 541 performed better under salt stress and showed better response in alleviating salt stress with foliar application of 8.5 mM jasmonic acid.ThesisItem Open Access Response of jasmonic acid for alleviating cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Brassica spp. (Brassica napus, Brassica juncea)(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-07-22) Sajid Khan; Sridevi TallapragadaThe present study entitled “Response of jasmonic acid for alleviating cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Brassica spp. (Brassica napus, Brassica juncea)”. was investigated in the screen house during the Rabi season of 2021. Before sowing, the desired levels of cadmium stress (Control, 14 mg/kg, 21 mg/kg) were maintained by saturating each pot. Jasmonic acid (5 μmol L-1, 10 μmol L-1, and 20 μmol L-1) was applied exogenously after 30 days after sowing (DAS) under stressed as well as non-stressed plants in both genotypes (RH 725 and HNS 0901). Sampling was done at 45 DAS. Seeds of Brassica spp. were grown in pots (three plants per pot) under screen house conditions on 15th October 2021. Growth parameters decreased with increasing levels of cadmium stress, whereas foliar application of jasmonic acid enhanced the growth of plants at sampling stages. Similarly, plant water relation, gaseous exchange studies, chlorophyll content (SPAD units) and oil content also showed declining trend from Control to 21 mg/kg of cadmium level in both genotypes. Per cent decrease was observed at 21 mg/kg of cadmium stress like in ψw (68.3%), ψs (52.2%), photosynthetic rate (30%), transpiration rate (25%) and stomatal conductance (29.2%) in RH 725 at 45 DAS, over their respective control. The values ranged from 31.66 to 24.47 and 81.27% to 60.95% of chlorophyll content (SPAD units) and RWC respectively, decreased at 21 mg/kg of cadmium stress in RH 725 at 45 DAS. In anatomical study it is observed that increase in cadmium level is responsible for decrease in stomatal frequency (23.9%, 30%) and stomatal index (25.9 9%, 29.01%) in RH 725 and HNS 0901 respectively at 21 mg/kg of cadmium stress. Foliar application of jasmonic acid is responsible for slightly increase in stomatal frequency and stomatal index at its maximum value (20 μmol L-1) in both genotypes at 45 DAS. Application of JA help in the alleviation of plant water status, exchange of gases and chlorophyll pigment irrespective of cadmium stress in both genotypes at 45 DAS. Reversibly, ash content and ECe show increase along different cadmium level. Seed yield decline significantly by decreasing yield attributing characters i.e., siliqua per plant, seed per siliqua, biological yield under cadmium stress. Reduction in seed yield was ranged from 4.55 to 3.14 in RH 725 and 4.16 to 2.58 in HNS 0901 at 21 mg/kg. Uptake of cadmium from soil increase along with increase in cadmium level 14 mg/kg to 21 mg/kg is 1144.50 μg/pot to 1450 μg/pot in RH 725 and 1025 μg/pot to 1224.8 μg/pot in HNS 0901. JA is showing an alleviating effect against cadmium uptake from soil and decrease cadmium uptake in plant. Conclusively, based on the above studies, it can be concluded that after foliar spray of JA, RH 725 performed better under cadmium stress by maintaining higher plant growth, water status, photosynthetic rate, seed yield, biological yield. JA treatments not only mitigate the negative effect of cadmium stress on plants, but also showed, a stimulating effect and 20 μmol L-1 JA was found more effective than 10 μmol L-1 at 45 DAS.ThesisItem Open Access Wide hybridization and embryo rescue for pre breeding in Indian Mustard(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-10) Anjali; Lakra, NitaThe present study was conducted to develop hybrid between Brassica juncea cv. RH 725 taken as a female parent and Sinapis alba genotype DRMR 2183 taken as a male parent with the help of embryo rescue because hybrid embryo usually abort at early stages. The pod setting was 40%. The hybrid siliquae were intermediate in size with respect to the parent plant with an average length of 3.44 cm. The average length of siliquae in B. juncea cv. RH 725 was 4.85 cm and in Sinapis alba the average length was 1.92 cm. Developing ovules were used as an explant and cultured on Murashige and Skoog‟s medium supplied with optimum concentration of different growth regulators. Maximum no. of ovules germinated after 25-30 days of inoculation. Maximum shooting response (48.33%) was observed on MS medium supplemented with MS + BAP (2.5mg/l) + CH (0.5g/l) and maximum rooting response was observed on MS + IAA (0.5 mg/l) i.e. 57.17%. After hardening in a mixture of sterilized sand: soil (1:1), 22% plants successfully moved to green house.ThesisItem Open Access Study on sustainability and survival rate of in–vitro propagated sugarcane under green house conditions(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Shweta; Tallapragada, SrideviThe investigation was carried out to study the effect of different energy sources and gelling agents on in vitro multiplication and rooting response on sugarcane cultivar Co-89003. For in vitro multiplication plant cultures were inoculated on MS media supplemented with various sugars (fructose, sucrose, glucose, table sugar and maltose) and gelling agents (agar-agar, agarose, gelrite, guargum and isabgol). The maximum shoots (11.5±0.23 and 9.7±0.23) were observed on medium enriched with table sugar and agrose, respectively. And the maximum shoot-length (7.1±0.39 cm and 7.1±0.51cm) was noticed in sucrose and agar –agar media on after 28th day of inoculation. The very good growth/ rooting (+++++) was observed on ½ MS media supplemented with sucrose and gelrite. Then well rooting plantlets were transplanted into pots containing various compositions of soil, sand, vermicompost, FYM, coco pit and perlite for acclimatization. The maximum and survival (100%) were observed in four different potting mix including sand : soil : FYM, Sand : Soil : Vermicompost, Sand : Soil : FYM : Vermicompost and Coco pit : Vermicompost : Perlite under green house conditions. Hardened plantlets were successfully transferred to the field conditionsThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of antagonistic effect of cell free culture filtrates of Rhizoctonia sp., anastomosis groups/sub-groups infecting Zea mays(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Sumit; Vimla SinghThe present study entitled “Evaluation of antagonistic effect of cell free culture filtrates of Rhizoctonia sp., anastomosis groups/sub-groups infecting Zea mays” was conducted during Kharif season of 2020 at CCSHAU, Regional Research Station Uchani, Karnal. Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most economically important cereal crops with a promising yield potential and industrial importance. Banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani f.sp. sasakii is a devastating stress on Maize and which leads to huge monetary losses to the farmers. Single hypha tip culture of the isolates viz., Rs-Khp (Kohlapur), Rs-Rch (Ranchi), Rs-Bhw, (Bhuvneshwar), Rs-Kau (Kaul) and Rs-Lck (Lucknow) maintained on PDA plates and characterized for virulence profiles based on cultural, morpho metric and pathogenic variability. The R. solani isolates Rs-Khp, Rs-Kau and Rs- Lck were found to be virulent and comparatively more aggressive than isolates Rs-Rch and Rs-Bhw. Hyphal anastomosis studies showed that, weaker interaction of less virulent isolates with the more virulent isolates. Investigations on cross protective effects of cell free culture filtrates of weaker isolates in suppressing the virulent isolates was examined at dilutions 15% and 25%. Seeds pre-soaked in 15% dilution of culture filtrate showed better results in terms of reduction of severity of symptoms by 25%. However, satisfactory results with 25% dilution were not obtained. The findings reveal that culture filtrate of weaker isolated can serve to reduce yield losses due to severe isolates and such studies may be further undertaken at field level. Further, insight of mechanism of disease suppression may be studied to devise more accurate technique for minimizing losses due to BLSB.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on salinity tolerance in clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes(CCSHAU, 2010) Suraj Kala; Goyal, S.C.The present investigation was aimed to find out the salinity tolerant genotype of clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] using various physiological parameters and to detect the polypeptide pattern of radicle and plumule of tolerant genotype. Thirteen genotypes of guar (HG-75, HFG-119, HG-182, HG-258, FS-277, HG-365. HG-563, HG-867, HG-870, HG-884, HG-2-20, PNB, HG-2-30) were grown in Petri plates containing five salinity levels viz. 0 (control), 4, 8, 12 and 16 dSm-1. Results revealed that progressive increase of salinity levels not only decreased the imbibition rate at 2 and 12 h of imbibition but also declined the per cent seed germination as well as the speed of germination (maguire index). Effective reduction in seed germination was detected in genotype HG-258 at higher (16 dSm-1) level of salinity. However, genotype HG-2-20 showed 100 per cent germination at all the levels of salinity. A progressive increase in salinity levels caused the decrease in plumule length, vigour index, dry weight and relative water content of radicle as well as plumule while on the other hand radicle length and dry weight of cotyledonary leaf was enhenced. The maximum enhancement in radicle length and cotyledonary leaf dry weight was observed in genotype HG-258 and HG-2-20 respectively at higher level of salinity over control. An accumulation of metabolites such as proline and total soluble sugar (TSS) in the radicle and plumule of all the guar genotypes observed with increasing salinity levels. Accumulation of proline content in radicle and plumule was maximum in genotype HG-563 and HG-2-30 respectively at higher level (16 dSm-1) of salinity. Highest accumulation of TSS in radicle and plumule was found in genotype FS-277 and PNB respectively at higher level (16 dSm-1) of salinity over control. Sodium content of radicle as well as plumule of all the genotypes of guar increased with increasing salinity level; increase being found to highest in radicle of genotype HG-365 and plumule of genotype HG-75. Potassium content of radicle as well as plumule showed decreasing trend with increasing salinity levels. K+/Na+ ratio of radicle and plumule also decreased with increasing salinity level; decrease being highest in radicle of genotype HG-870 and plumule of genotype HFG-119. On the basis of the observations taken in the score-card i.e. germination and early seedling growth, it was found that genotype HG-884 was tolerant to salinity. SDS-PAGE of radicle and plumule of genotype HG-884 showed new band of 29.86, 72.46, 79.45 and 60.96, 79.45, 92.28 kDa respectively at all the levels of salinity.ThesisItem Open Access Morphophysiological responses of senna (Cassia angustifolia vahl.) to salinity(CCSHAU, 2010) Suman Bala; Varshney, U.K.Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) is a perennial, under shrub of varied medicinal value belonging to family caesalpiniaceae. It is commercially cultivated in Tamilnadu and its leaves and pods are medicinally important. In the present investigation germination, growth, reproductive yield and biochemical responses of Senna were studied under the influence of soil salinity viz. chloride dominated and sulphate dominated salinity. Two experiment were planned to achieve objectives of present study. In the first experiment seed were germianted in petridishes at varying EC levels viz. 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 and 28 dSm-1 of Cl- dominated and SO42- dominated salinity. Results revealed that the progressive increase of EC levels not only inhibited the seed germination but also declined the speed of germination. Both salinity types proved deleterious to Senna seedlings as they decreased the seedling length, vigour index, fresh & dry weight and relative water content of seedling. Sulphate dominated salinity was found most detrimental to seedlings than chloride dominated salinity In the second experiment plants were raised by sowing seeds in dune sand filled polythene bags, in a screen house at varying EC levels viz. 0, 4,8,12 and 16 dSm-1 of Cl- dominated and SO42- dominated salinity along with nutrients. Results revealed a significant reduction in growth attributes such plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf dry weight and stem and branches dry weight per plant at vegetative, maximum flowering and pod maturity stages with the build up of salinity in the growing medium. Relatively higher reductions were noticed under SO42- dominated salinity. Both root volume and root dry weight per plant significantly declined with the increase of salinity at the vegetative, maximum flowering stages. There was more declined under sulphate dominated salinity. A slight promotion in these growth attributes, however, was observed at the pod maturity stage upto 8 dSm-1 EC level of sulphate dominated salinity. Root/shoot ratio was found to increase with the of salinity at the vegetative and pod maturity stages. Increase of root /shoot ratio was more prominent under sulphate dominated salinity indicating that shoot growth was more adversely affected by sulphate dominated salinity as compared to chloride dominated salinity. Both the flower initiation and pod maturity were observed to be delayed by increase of salinity in the growing medium. The delay in flower initiation was relatively more under sulphate dominated salinity. Build up of salinity irrespective of salinity type, in the growing medium was found deleterious to reporudctive yield attributes such as number of pods per plant, pod dry weight per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and seed yield per plant. Significant changes in various biochemicals were also recorded. Accumulation of both total soluble carbohydrates and proline was recorded with the increase of salinity. Relatively higher accumulation of proline was observed under SO42- dominated salinity. The results demonstrated that inspite of better osmotic adjustment under sulphate dominated salinity treatments, the sulphate ions were more deleterious to the plants as compared to chloride ions. Chl “a”, chl “b” and total chlorophyll contents undergone more reduction under sulphate dominated salinity. Na+,Cl- and SO42- increased while K+ decreased with increasing EC levels.ThesisItem Open Access Effects of chloride and sulphate dominated salinities on growth and yield of lemongrass [Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud) Wats.](CCSHAU, 2011) Sapna Kumari; Varshney, U.K.Lemongrass [Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud) Wats.] is a perennial grass belonging to family poaceae. It is commercially cultivated in Kerala, Assam, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. The shoot of the plant bears an essential oil having typical lemon like odour. The oil is used in manufacture of vitamin A and several other preparations. The present research investigation was undertaken to enrich scientific database regarding the productive potential and economic yield of the medicinal and aromatic plant, lemongrass. The experiment was conducted to study the effects of chloride and sulphate dominated salinities on morpho-physiology, net primary productivity, herb yield and oil content of lemongrass. The plants were raised by rooted slips in dune sand filled polythene bags, in a screen house at varying EC levels viz. 0 (control), 4,8,12 and 16 dSm-1 of Cl- dominated and SO4 2- dominated salinity along with nutrients. The results revealed a significant reduction in growth attributes such as plant height, number of leaves per plant and number of tillers per plant at the two growth stages i.e. 60 DAT and 120 DAT, with the build up of salinity in the growing medium. Relatively higher reductions were noticed under Cldominated salinity. Senescent leaves (%) per plant, however, increased with the increasing EC levels. Senescence of leaves was found higher under chloride dominated salinity. SLA and LAR did not show any significant changes with the type and increasing EC levels of salinity. NAR and RGR, however, declined under the influence of salinity. Reduction in RGR was found higher under chloride dominated salinity. Root and shoot fresh weights as well as dry weights, also, declined with increasing salinity at both the stages. Cl- salinity proved more deleterious to both shoot and root growth and declined herb yield at 120 DAT. Accumulation of proline in leaves was found under the influence of salinity. Relatively higher proline accumulation was found under chloride dominated salinity. Chl ‘a’, chl ‘b’ and total chlorophyll contents undergone more reduction under chloride dominated salinity. Oil content (%) (fresh weight basis) was more in salt stressed plants than control. However, progressive increase of salinity declined it. Results revealed that after an increase under low salinity level (4 dSm-1) the oil yield per plant declined with the progressive increase of EC levels, at 60 DAT. The decline in oil yield per plant, however, was quite evident right from 4 dSm-1 EC level, at 120 DAT. Oil yield per plant was found higher under sulphate dominated salinity. Na+,Cl- and SO4 2- increased while K+ decreased with increasing EC levels. Accumulation of Na+ and SO4 2- was more under sulphate dominated salinity while that of K+ and Cl- was higher under chloride dominated salinity.
