Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.

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Open Access
Biochemical studies on chromium toxicity and its amelioration in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-10-31) Praveen Kumar; Singal, H.R.
The main aim of the present research work was to determine the effects of Cr (VI) toxicity (2 ppm & 4 ppm) and its amelioration by glycine betaine (GB) and AMF at two growth stages viz. vegetative stage (35 DAS) and grain filling stage (95 DAS) in three varieties of sorghum viz. HJ 541 (single-cut), HJ 513 and SSG 59-3(multi-cut). The effect of exogenous application of GB (spiked in soil & foliar spray) and AMF (10 g) either individually or in combination was investigated for their ameliorative capability. The ameliorative effects were studied in terms of biochemical parameters (viz. structural and non-structural carbohydrates, crude protein, chlorophyll, chromium, hydrocyanic acid, IVDMD, pectin, PME, PG and cellulase), morphophysiological parameters (viz. root length, shoot length, number of leaves/tillers, grain yield, plant height and plant biomass), antioxidative defense system parameters (viz. enzymes – SOD, APX, CAT, GR, POX and metabolites – proline, glutathione, ascorbate, β-carotene) and indices of oxidative stress parameters (viz. PPO, H2O2 and MDA). The results revealed that the biochemical and morphophysiological parameters (except hydrocyanic acid, chromium, non-structural carbohydrates and pectin) decreased with increasing concentration of Cr (VI) in all the varieties at both the growth stages, and maximum decrease was observed in HJ 541 variety at 4 ppm concentration of Cr (VI) as compared to HJ 513 and SSG 59-3 variety at both growth stages. The antioxidative defense system parameters (enzymes & metabolites) and indices of oxidative stress parameters increased with increasing concentration of Cr (VI) at both the growth stages, in all the varieties. Further increase in antioxidative defense system parameters on exogenous GB (spiked in soil & foliar spray) and AMF application, either individually or in combination ameliorated the toxicity and decreased indices of oxidative stress parameters and increased IVDMD, total sugars, crude protein, β-carotene and nutritionally quality of sorghum in all the varieties at both the growth stages. The variety SSG 59-3 had lower hydrocyanic acid, non-structural carbohydrates, chromium, indices of oxidative stress parameters and more IVDMD and nutritional quality parameters as compared to HJ 513 and HJ 541 variety, at both the growth stages. Thus, among the three varieties (viz. HJ 541, HJ 513 and SSG 59-3), SSG 59-3 variety was found more tolerant as compared to HJ 541 and HJ 513 variety.
Open Access
Use of molecular markers for varietal identification and assessing phylogenetic status of Basmati rice in genus Oryza sativa L.
(CCSHAU, 2011) Jyoti; Jain, Sunita
Molecular markers provide novel tools for varietal identification, diversity analysis and assessing phylogenetic relationships among various rice groups in genus Oryza. A set of 50 rice genotypes comprising of seven japonica rice varieties, six traditional Basmati, thirteen cross-bred Basmati and 24 indica rice varieties was investigated using 54 markers (28 on chromosome 8 and 26 on rest of the chromosomes); data obtained has been used to assess the phylogenetic status of Basmati rice in genus Oryza sativa L. A total of 217 alleles were detected, with an average of 4.01 alleles per locus. Number of alleles per locus (3.5 alleles) for markers on chromosome 8 was less than the mean value (4.58 alleles) based on 26 SSR markers on rest of eleven chromosomes of rice. Eleven of these alleles were unique, present in only one genotype. Null allele was observed at only one locus (RM408) in Super Basmati. The number and size of alleles and Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) values ranged between 2-7, 83-381 bp and 0.074-0.810, respectively. An average PIC of 0.55 per locus was obtained, which confirms that markers used in this study were highly informative. Genetic relationships generated using the whole genome marker data as well as allelic profile on chromosome 8 and rest of eleven chromosomes separately placed 50 rice genotypes in three distinct clusters. Seventeen of the nineteen Basmati rice varieties (except two cross-bred Basmati rice varieties, Sabarmati and Improved Sabarmati) formed a separate cluster quite distinct from the indica and japonica rice clusters. Interestingly, mean similarity indices obtained from chromosome 8 dataset placed Basmati rice cluster at equal distance from japonica and indica rice types. However, whole genome as well as rest of the genome marker datasets placed Basmati group closer to indica rice varieties than japonica. Chromosome 8 dataset showed a positive correlation (Mantel test, r = 0.631) with the rest of the genome dataset, indicating a higher level of similarity between the two. All the traditional and crossbred Basmati rice varieties and two aromatic japonica varieties shared the same BAD2 alleles at the aroma locus, indicated the distinctness of the aroma locus. While the present study gives support to the hypothesis that japonica genotypes may have contributed towards the evolution of chromosome 8 or a part of chromosome 8 in Basmati rice, it also indicate the active flow of genes from indica rices during the course of parallel evolution in northern Indian sub-continent. The study also demonstrates the distinctness of TB from other rice types (indica and japonica) and also provides a number of novel SSR markers which can be used to differentiate within/among the various rice groups at commercial level. It was observed that the amplified products differing in ≥12bp can be separated on 3% agarose gels for varietal identification in Basmati rice, which is faster, much cheaper and relatively simple method compared to the advanced molecular methods already available for the purpose.
Open Access
Biochemical changes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under the influence of salicylic acid
(CCSHAU, 2017) Naresh Kumar; Singal, H.R.
The present investigation was aimed to study the effect of exogenous application of salicylic acid on two tomato varieties Hisar Arun (Short shelf life) and BSS-488 (Long shelf life). Tomato fruits of both varieties were harvested at mature green and turning stage and treated with the salicylic acid at different concentrations (0.5 mM, 0.75 mM, 1.0 mM, 1.25 mM and 1.5 mM). The fruit sample was analysed for various morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters at every 3rd day after salicylic acid treatment. The molecular parameters were analysed only at optimized concentration of salicylic acid (i.e. 0.75 mM) afterwards. The morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters like PLW, TSS, color change, lycopene, β-carotene, PG and cellulase increased progressively while the parameters like cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin decreased gradually throughout the storage period which leads to the ripening of tomato. The exogenous application of salicylic acid mainly at concentrations 0.75 mM improved the shelf life of tomato by delaying the change in the above mentioned morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters. Moreover, during ripening the parameters such as total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, ethylene, PPO and PME activity increased initially and declined thereafter with advanced ripening in control as well as in all treated fruits. However, the treated fruits at SA concentration 0.75 and 1.0 mM expressed the delay in the initial increase in above parameters. Similarly, the expression of ripening related genes (ACS and ACO) of tomatoes of both varieties at both maturation stages increased initially and decreased thereafter which is delayed by the exogenous application of salicylic acid. In addition, the quantitative analysis (via PD Quest) of 2-DE gels of tomato proteins demonstrated the overlapping gel coordinates between control and treated fruits. But the treated fruits expressed the differentially expressed protein spots that showed >1.5 fold expression change as compared to control. So it can be concluded that the treatment at 0.75 mM concentration of salicylic acid was most effective in enhancement of shelf life of tomato fruits.
Open Access
Transcriptome analysis for zinc and iron homeostasis and carbohydrate metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(CCSHAU, 2017) Sweety; Jain, Veena
Biochemical and molecular changes in root and shoot tissues of four rice varieties (HKR47, PUSA1121, HBC19 and PAU201) were studied in response to varied iron and zinc concentrations (T1 = 0.1 mM Fe(II)-EDTA+ 0.06 mM ZnSO4.7H2O, T2 = 0.1 mM Fe(II)-EDTA+ 0.12 mM ZnSO4.7H2O, T3 = 0.1 mM Fe(II)-EDTA+ 0.48 mM ZnSO4.7H2O, T4 = 0.5 mM Fe(II)-EDTA+ 0.06 mM ZnSO4.7H2O, T5 = 0.5 mM Fe(II)-EDTA+ 0.12 mM ZnSO4.7H2O, T6 = 0.5 mM Fe(II)-EDTA+ 0.48 mM ZnSO4.7H2O and T7 = 0.05 mM Fe(II)-EDTA+ 0.48 mM ZnSO4.7H2O) at vegetative and reproductive stages. Fe content in roots, shoots and grains was maximum at T4 treatment while contrarily Zn content was highest at T7 treatment in all the four varieties. Highest iron and zinc in dehusked grains was recorded in HBC19 at all the treatments. The maximum specific enzymes’ activity of glycolytic pathway (Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, fructose-1,6 bisphosphate aldolase, pyruvate kinase), Hexose monophosphate pathway (Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphate gluconate dehydrogenase) and tricarboxylic acid cycle (isocitrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase) was observed at T7 while at T4 treatment activity of these enzymes reduced the most. Reducing sugar and total soluble sugar content increased at T1, T4, T5 and T6 treatments as compared to control (T2); maximum increase being at T4. Expression of genes involved in iron and zinc homeostasis [Nicotinamine synthase 1 (OsNAS1), Nicotinamine synthase 2 (OsNAS2), Nicotinamine synthase 3 (OsNAS3), Iron-regulated transporter 1 (OsIRT1) and Yellow stripe like 2 (OsYSL2), zinc-regulated transporter (ZRT), iron-regulated transporter (IRT)-like protein 1 (OsZIP1), OsZIP3,OsZIP4 and OsZIP8] were analyzed at T2, T4 and T7 treatments at vegetative stage; reduced expression of OsNAS1,OsNAS2, OsIRT1and OsYSL2 was observed at T4 treatment in all the four varieties as compared to the control (T2) in both the tissues. Conversely, these genes had enhanced expressions at T7 treatment. OsNAS3, OsZIP1, OsZIP3, OsZIP4 and OsZIP8 genes contrarily showed enhancement in relative expressions at T4 treatment and reduction at T7 treatment as compared to control (T2). Differential gene expression under low iron or low zinc conditions suggests that poor uptake of zinc and iron via roots and further translocation to shoots may not be the reason for low iron and zinc in grains. All the four rice varieties had better growth, grain yield and yield attributes at T7 (low iron and high zinc) treatment as compared to control (T2). Higher activities of carbohydrate metabolism’s enzymes, plant growth and productivity under high zinc environment clearly indicate the importance of Zn for plants.
Open Access
Biochemical and molecular analysis of postharvest chitosan treatments in guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits
(CCSHAU, 2017) Chawla, Shilpa; Jain, Veena
During present investigations, guava fruits of variety Hisar Surkha harvested at mature stage and were analyzed for various physico-chemical, biochemical and molecular changes during storage. Pre-treatment of fruits with chitosan and CaCl2 alone and in combination significantly delayed decline in physiological loss in weight, total soluble solids and maintenance of fruit firmness, delay in loss of acidity, phenolics, ascorbic acid and total antioxidant activity during storage. Cell wall components viz. hemicellulose, cellulose and pectin decreased progressively throughout the storage at room temperature and low temperature. The decrease in cell wall components were in co-ordination with enhanced activities of cell wall degrading enzymes viz. PME, PG and cellulase. The storage of fruits at low temperature showed slow increase in their activities at all stages of storage thereby retaining the integrity of membrane. Oxidative stress indicies viz. superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde content and LOX activity increased progressively during storage at both conditions but fruit stored at low temperature showed lower oxidative stress. The activities of ROS scavenging enzymes viz. SOD, CAT, APX, POX and PPO and the content of antioxidative metabolite, ascorbic acid increased initially for few days of storage followed by decline at later stages of storage at both the temperatures. However, β-carotene content decreased continuously throughout the storage period. Ethylene production and ACC oxidase activity increased initially and decreased at later stages of storage. Pre-treatment of fruits with chitosan and CaCl2 alone and in combination resulted in significant inhibition of cell wall degrading enzymes, activation of ROS scavenging enzymes and reduction in ethylene production during storage. Transcript profiling of PG and ACO genes revealed the expression at 301 bp and 320 bp respectively. Fruits treated with combination of chitosan and CaCl2 was the most effective in inhibiting the expression of PG and ACO genes. The treatment of CaCl2 (1.5%)+chitosan (1.5%) was most effective treatment in modulating biochemical and molecular changes in guava fruits and enhancing keeping quality of guava during storage. Hence fruits given these treatments and stored at low temperature retained their quality for longer duration of time.
Open Access
Biochemical studies on synthesis, hydrolysis, characterization and storage of pearl millet lipids
(CCSHAU, 2017) Bajaj, Sonali; Chugh, L.K.
The present investigation is the first ever attempt for studying synthesis, hydrolysis, physico-chemical characterization and storage stability of pearl millet lipids. A field experiment on high-lipids hybrid HHB 94 raised under irrigated and water deficit condition was carried out during kharif-2014 to correlate deposition of lipids and activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) in developing grains. Activity of ACCase could not be determined and correlated with higher amount of deposition of lipids in the grains under irrigated condition due to very high labile nature of the enzyme. For studying hydrolysis of lipids, flour of two R-lines (male parents) viz., fast lipids hydrolyzing (FLH) G73-107 and slow lipids hydrolyzing (SLH) HBL11and two A-Lines (female parents) viz., ICMA 97111 (FLH) and ICMA 95222 (SLH), F1 hybrids: ICMA 97111A × G73-107, ICMA 97111A × HBL 11, ICMA 95222 × HBL 11and ICMA 95222 × G73-107 along with that of one population WHC 901-445, seven check hybrids, two check varieties and thirty designated B-lines was stored at 37°C and RH 40-50% for 10 days. Lipids content, rate of hydrolysis of lipids determined as periodic increase of fat acidity (FA) in flour during storage, total hydrolysis of lipids measured as total buildup of FA on day 10, level of in vitro and in situ activities of lipolytic enzymes recorded periodically and changes manifested in the water soluble fraction of flour reflected as changes in pH were determined. Fresh flour (0 day storage) served as control. Crossing of either of SLH A-line (ICMA 95222) or R-line (HBL 11) with any of FLH A-line (ICMA 97111) or R-line (G73-107) did not result in development of F1 hybrids those were SLH. No correlation was found between lipids content and either total FA or rate of development of FA or activities of esterase and lipase of R-lines, A-lines, F1 hybrids, populations, check varieties, check hybrids, or designated B-lines. Strong correlation coefficients between rate of increase in FA and activities of lipolytic enzymes (r=0.855** for in vitro esterase, r=0.773** for in situ lipase and r=0.718** for in situ esterase) in stored flour of the designated B-lines indicated that development of FA is controlled by the level of activities of lipolytic enzymes and not by lipids content. No correlation was found between decrease in pH of water extract of flour and any of the other parameters associated with hydrolysis of lipids which indicated chemical changes taking place in water soluble fraction of flour of designated B-lines are independent of fat content and activities of lipolytic enzymes. To further investigate role of lipolytic enzymes in hydrolysis of lipids in pearl millet flour, one p-nitophenyl butyrate (p-NPB) dependent esterase was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation (30-60% saturation), gel filtration through Sephadex G-75. Molecular weight of the purified enzyme was approx 60 kDa. The enzyme exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics for its substrates, p-NPB. The Km of purified enzyme was 0.65 mM. The purified preparation exhibited optimum activity at 45°C. The enzyme was stable up to 60°C for 20 min. Studies on stored flour showed that the activities of esterase (as well as lipase) did not change for 10 days of storage. This indicated in situ stability of lipolytic enzyme at 37°C. The purified preparation showed maximum activity at pH 8.2 and substantial activity at pH between 6 and 7 (which prevails in pearl millet flour) which explains presence of highly active esterase in situ. DTT and EDTA were potent inhibitors of the purified esterase followed by PMSF and ascorbic acid. Inhibition of the enzyme by ascorbic acid might have implications for developing processing technologies for improving shelf life of flour by arresting hydrolysis of lipids. The released variety HC 20 was found to be SLH because of low activities of lipolytic enzymes compared to the population WHC 901-445. Physico-chemical properties i.e. specific gravity, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter and refractive index of lipids extracted from bran and flour of both the genotypes were near identical. Total tocopherol content in bran and flour lipids of HC 20 was higher than that of WHC 901-445. In terms of hydrolysis and oxidative changes, lipids of HC 20 were comparatively more stable during storage compared to that of WHC 901-445.
Open Access
Expression profiling of iron homeostasis gene(s), and antioxidant system in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(CCSHAU, 2016) Saini, Ritu; Jain, Sunita
In the present investigation, biochemical and molecular changes in root and shoot tissues of six rice varieties (Govind, Super, HKR120, Pusa1121, HBC19 and Palman579) differing in grain iron concentration (35- 400 μg/g) were studied in response to varied iron concentrations at vegetative and reproductive stages. Plants were grown in pots in the net house and treated twice with Yoshida solution containing different iron concentrations (0, 0.1 mM, 0.5 mM EDTA-Fe II). Fe content in roots, shoots and grains increased with increase in Fe concentration. Roots of HBC19 and Palman579 and lower and upper shoots of PUSA1121 contained higher iron. Highest iron in dehusked grains was recorded in Palman579 followed by HBC19, PUSA1121, HKR120, Super and Govind. Production of toxic super oxide radical (O2 - ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (MDA), an indicator of cell membrane damage, enhanced in all the varieties with increase in Fe concentration and increase being higher in the low Fe (Govind and Super) than medium (HKR120 and PUSA1121) and high Fe content varieties (HBC19 and Palman579). Antioxidative metabolites’ contents (ascorbic acid and glutathione) and activities of antioxidative enzymes [super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR)] invariably increased with increasing iron treatment in both root and shoot. The activities remained significantly low in the low grain Fe content varieties, Govind and Super, as compared to medium and high Fe varieties. A significant positive correlation was observed between the per cent change in H2O2 content and SOD, CAT and POX activities, between percent change in ascorbate and APX and between glutathione content and GR activities. Two SOD, one CAT, three POX and two APX isozymes were common to all six varieties. One more isozyme each of SOD and APX appeared only in medium and high iron varieties. One CAT, two POX and one APX isozymes had differential pattern with respect to varieties and iron treatments in both the tissues and stages while one isoform of SOD, POX and APX was unique to HBC19 shoots at 0.5 mM Fe treatment. Maximum grain yield was recorded at 0.1 mM iron concentration as compared to control and high iron treatment. Relative expression of genes involved in iron homeostasis [Nicotinamine synthase 1 (OsNAS1), Nicotinamine synthase 2 (OsNAS2), Nicotinamine synthase 3 (OsNAS3), Iron-regulated transporter 1 (OsIRT1) and Yellow stripe like 2 (OsYSL2)] was analyzed in Govind, PUSA1121 and Palman 579; expression of these genes except OsYSL2 was higher in root tissues of Govind. In the shoot tissues, expression of OsNAS1 and OsNAS2 was maximum in Govind while that of OsNAS3, OsYSL2 and OsIRT1 was more in PUSA1121 and Palman579. Expression of all the genes except OsYSL2 in root tissues was up-regulated with increase in iron concentration.
Open Access
Exogenous spermine mediated biochemical changes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) under salinity
(CCSHAU, 2017) Midathala, Raghavendra; Madaan, Shashi
The present investigation was aimed to study the effect of spermine and salt stress on two tolerant (Kharchia 65 and KRL 210) and two susceptible wheat varieties (DBW 88, HD 3086). Salt stress was imposed before sowing by irrigating the pots with artificial saline water of 8 and 12 dSm-1. Spermine of 0.5 and 1.0 mM were sprayed over the plants at 21 and 90 days after sowing. The leaf samples were analysed for various physiological and biochemical parameters at 0, 5, 10 and 15 days after spermine treatment. The physiological parameters like RWC, osmotic potential, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf membrane injury declined with increasing salinity levels and decrease was more in susceptible varieties than tolerant varieties. Compared to susceptible varieties, Kharchia 65 and KRL 210 had lower levels of H2O2, O2˙ˉ and MDA which can be ascribed to an elevated levels of antioxidant metabolites like glutathione, carotenoids and effective ROS scavenging enzymes such as SOD, APX, GR, Gpx. The exogenous spermine improved the plant water status, activities of the antioxidant enzymes, metabolites and was effective in triggering the protection against salt-induced cellular damages by scavenging H2O2, O2˙ˉ and MDA content. In addition, accumulation of elevated levels of proline in tolerant varieties may be due to the increased activity of proline biosynthesizing enzymes (P5CS, P5CR) and repressed proline oxidase enzyme. The exogenous spermine may be associated with the capacity to maintain high levels of Spm, Spd and lower level of Put which in turn may be due to stimulated DAO activity and suppressed PAO activity thus accumulating higher PAs like Spm & Spd under salt stress. Isoenzymic pattern revealed single form for DAO whereas two forms of PAO were visualized on native PAGE gels under salt stress and spermine treatment. Further, application of spermine improved grain quality, yield and prolong grain filling duration under salinity. The results demonstrated that exogenous application of 0.5mM spermine could partially alleviate the deleterious effects of salinity.
Open Access
Biochemical and molecular characterization of aerobic and lowland indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties
(CCSHAU, 2017) Dahiya, Anjali; Jain, Sunita
In the present investigation, biochemical and molecular characterization of aerobic (MAS25 and MAS26) and high yielding lowland (HBC19, HKR47, PUSA1121 and PAU201) indica rice varieties were carried out under aerobic and well watered conditions in the greenhouse to understand the mechanism(s) of water efficiency in rice. Data was recorded on various physio-morphological parameters and activities of key enzymes and metabolites of glycolytic, HMP, fermentative and proline metabolizing pathways in root and shoot tissues at early vegetative, late vegetative and reproductive stages. Relative expression of DRO1 and genes of proline metabolism using real time PCR were also observed. Aerobic compared to low-land rice varieties, invariably had higher root length, and root biomass under under aerobic conditions. Activities of the enzymes of glycolytic (hexokinase, phoshofructo kinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, pyruvate kinase), HMP (glucose -6- phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phospho gluconate dehydrogenase) and fermentative (alcohol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase) pathways in both the tissues declined under aerobic conditions but reduction was significantly lower in aerobic (MAS25 and MAS26) varieties. Rice cultivation under aerobic conditions also affected the levels of various metabolites. While ethanol, lactate and alanine contents decreased, levels of reducing sugar and total sugars increased in both the tissues of all the six rice varieties under aerobic conditions. Significant positive correlation was observed between per cent change in PFK1 activity and other glycolytic (HXK, FBP aldolase and PK) enzymes’ activities, between enzymes and metabolites of fermentative pathway in roots and shoots at all the stages. High basal levels of proline content and proline synthesizing enzymes, pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) were observed in root as well as shoot tissues of aerobic rice genotypes in comparison to lowland rice varieties, however, per cent enhancement was more pronounced in lowland varieties under aerobic conditions. Contrarily, proline oxidase (ProDH), the proline degrading enzyme had lower activity in aerobically grown plants of all the six varieties. Relative expression of P5CS and P5CR genes increased while that of ProDH declined more in MAS26 under aerobic conditions as compared to HBC19 in both the tissues. A positive correlation was observed between proline content and both the enzymes involved in its biosynthesis while there was a negative correlation between proline content and proline oxidase activity. In roots, expression of DRO1 declined in HBC19 (57%) but increased by 41% in MAS26 under aerobic conditions. Higher expression of DRO1, P5CS and P5CR genes and levels of proline in aerobic compared to lowland indica rice varieties may be the potential reasons for the better growth and productivity in aerobic rice under less water conditions.

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

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