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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Use of molecular markers for varietal identification and assessing phylogenetic status of Basmati rice in genus Oryza sativa L.(CCSHAU, 2011) Jyoti; Jain, SunitaMolecular markers provide novel tools for varietal identification, diversity analysis and assessing phylogenetic relationships among various rice groups in genus Oryza. A set of 50 rice genotypes comprising of seven japonica rice varieties, six traditional Basmati, thirteen cross-bred Basmati and 24 indica rice varieties was investigated using 54 markers (28 on chromosome 8 and 26 on rest of the chromosomes); data obtained has been used to assess the phylogenetic status of Basmati rice in genus Oryza sativa L. A total of 217 alleles were detected, with an average of 4.01 alleles per locus. Number of alleles per locus (3.5 alleles) for markers on chromosome 8 was less than the mean value (4.58 alleles) based on 26 SSR markers on rest of eleven chromosomes of rice. Eleven of these alleles were unique, present in only one genotype. Null allele was observed at only one locus (RM408) in Super Basmati. The number and size of alleles and Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) values ranged between 2-7, 83-381 bp and 0.074-0.810, respectively. An average PIC of 0.55 per locus was obtained, which confirms that markers used in this study were highly informative. Genetic relationships generated using the whole genome marker data as well as allelic profile on chromosome 8 and rest of eleven chromosomes separately placed 50 rice genotypes in three distinct clusters. Seventeen of the nineteen Basmati rice varieties (except two cross-bred Basmati rice varieties, Sabarmati and Improved Sabarmati) formed a separate cluster quite distinct from the indica and japonica rice clusters. Interestingly, mean similarity indices obtained from chromosome 8 dataset placed Basmati rice cluster at equal distance from japonica and indica rice types. However, whole genome as well as rest of the genome marker datasets placed Basmati group closer to indica rice varieties than japonica. Chromosome 8 dataset showed a positive correlation (Mantel test, r = 0.631) with the rest of the genome dataset, indicating a higher level of similarity between the two. All the traditional and crossbred Basmati rice varieties and two aromatic japonica varieties shared the same BAD2 alleles at the aroma locus, indicated the distinctness of the aroma locus. While the present study gives support to the hypothesis that japonica genotypes may have contributed towards the evolution of chromosome 8 or a part of chromosome 8 in Basmati rice, it also indicate the active flow of genes from indica rices during the course of parallel evolution in northern Indian sub-continent. The study also demonstrates the distinctness of TB from other rice types (indica and japonica) and also provides a number of novel SSR markers which can be used to differentiate within/among the various rice groups at commercial level. It was observed that the amplified products differing in ≥12bp can be separated on 3% agarose gels for varietal identification in Basmati rice, which is faster, much cheaper and relatively simple method compared to the advanced molecular methods already available for the purpose.ThesisItem Open Access Expression profiling of iron homeostasis gene(s), and antioxidant system in rice (Oryza sativa L.)(CCSHAU, 2016) Saini, Ritu; Jain, SunitaIn the present investigation, biochemical and molecular changes in root and shoot tissues of six rice varieties (Govind, Super, HKR120, Pusa1121, HBC19 and Palman579) differing in grain iron concentration (35- 400 μg/g) were studied in response to varied iron concentrations at vegetative and reproductive stages. Plants were grown in pots in the net house and treated twice with Yoshida solution containing different iron concentrations (0, 0.1 mM, 0.5 mM EDTA-Fe II). Fe content in roots, shoots and grains increased with increase in Fe concentration. Roots of HBC19 and Palman579 and lower and upper shoots of PUSA1121 contained higher iron. Highest iron in dehusked grains was recorded in Palman579 followed by HBC19, PUSA1121, HKR120, Super and Govind. Production of toxic super oxide radical (O2 - ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (MDA), an indicator of cell membrane damage, enhanced in all the varieties with increase in Fe concentration and increase being higher in the low Fe (Govind and Super) than medium (HKR120 and PUSA1121) and high Fe content varieties (HBC19 and Palman579). Antioxidative metabolites’ contents (ascorbic acid and glutathione) and activities of antioxidative enzymes [super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR)] invariably increased with increasing iron treatment in both root and shoot. The activities remained significantly low in the low grain Fe content varieties, Govind and Super, as compared to medium and high Fe varieties. A significant positive correlation was observed between the per cent change in H2O2 content and SOD, CAT and POX activities, between percent change in ascorbate and APX and between glutathione content and GR activities. Two SOD, one CAT, three POX and two APX isozymes were common to all six varieties. One more isozyme each of SOD and APX appeared only in medium and high iron varieties. One CAT, two POX and one APX isozymes had differential pattern with respect to varieties and iron treatments in both the tissues and stages while one isoform of SOD, POX and APX was unique to HBC19 shoots at 0.5 mM Fe treatment. Maximum grain yield was recorded at 0.1 mM iron concentration as compared to control and high iron treatment. Relative expression of genes involved in iron homeostasis [Nicotinamine synthase 1 (OsNAS1), Nicotinamine synthase 2 (OsNAS2), Nicotinamine synthase 3 (OsNAS3), Iron-regulated transporter 1 (OsIRT1) and Yellow stripe like 2 (OsYSL2)] was analyzed in Govind, PUSA1121 and Palman 579; expression of these genes except OsYSL2 was higher in root tissues of Govind. In the shoot tissues, expression of OsNAS1 and OsNAS2 was maximum in Govind while that of OsNAS3, OsYSL2 and OsIRT1 was more in PUSA1121 and Palman579. Expression of all the genes except OsYSL2 in root tissues was up-regulated with increase in iron concentration.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical And Molecular Marker Analysis Of CSR10 (SALT Tolerant,Indica) X HBC19 (Taraori Basmati) Derived Recombinant Inbred(Department Of Biochemistry College Of Basic Sciences And Humanities CCS Haryana Agricultural University : Hisar, 2010) Bhanker,Vinita.; Jain,Sunita.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical Characterization of Pearl Millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] Genotypes for Identifying Off-Odour Factors(CCSHAU, 2015) Sharma, Bunty; Chugh, L.K.Thirty four pearl millet inbreds grown during kharif 2012 and kharif 2013 were analysed for fat content, total phenols content, activities of peroxidase, lipoxygenase and lipase. Significant variation was observed in all the parameters during both the seasons. These genotypes also showed wide variation in development of FA in flour (prepared from grains of each inbred harvested during these seasons) stored for 30 days under ambient conditions. Five contrasting genotypes for each parameter were identified based on mean performance recorded during two seasons. However, these genotypes were statistically at par in respect of off odour developed and were not distinguishable from each other. Positive correlation was found between fat content and phenol content (r = 0.401 for kharif- 2012 and 0.383 for kharif-2013). Built up of fat acidity was also related to fat content (r = 0.960 for kharif-2012 and 0.867 for kharif-2013), phenol content (r= 0.409 for kharif-2012 as well as kharif- 2013) and lipase (r = 0.706 for kharif-2012 and 0.732 for kharif-2013). Development of off odour was not related to either the contents (fat % and total phenols) or enzyme activities (peroxidase and lipoxygenase). Lipoxygenase (LOX) from pearl millet genotype HBL 0843-2 was purified using ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel filtration chromatography and ion exchange chromatography using Sephadex G - 100 and DEAE cellulose respectively, to near homogeneity. Two isoforms of LOX namely LOX 1 and LOX 2 were yielded after purification. The purified isozymes LOX 1 and LOX 2 had molecular weight of 85 kDa and 79 kDa respectively as determined by gel filtration through Sephadex G-100. The yield of LOX1 and LOX 2 was 28 and 24 %, respectively. The two isozymes LOX 1 and LOX 2 were purified with 56 and 40 fold respectively. LOX1 exhibited maximum activity at pH 4.5 and 25 °C while LOX 2 exhibited maximum activity at pH 4.8 and 25 °C. LOX 1 and LOX 2 showed thermostability at 35 °C when incubated for 30 minutes and after this temperature the activity started declining. Both isozymes were stable in the pH range of 7–7.8. LOX 1 showed more stability at pH 7 while LOX 2 at pH 7.5. LOX 1 and LOX 2 had km value for linoleic acid 0.86 uM and 0.57 uM, respectively. Activity of both isozymes was highly inhibited by vitamin E, ascorbic acid and trolox. LOX 1 showed 66 and 78 % inhibition and LOX 2 had 61 and 69% inhibition with ascorbic acid and vitamin E, respectively. Monovalent ions Na+ and K+ were found to have deleterious effects on the activity.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical evaluation of drought resistance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)(CCSHAU, 2015) Ekta; Singal, H.R.The present study was carried out to evaluate drought induced changes in chickpea genotypes and their F3 progeny lines. The chickpea genotypes viz. drought sensitive (HC-1) and drought tolerant (ICC-4958 and RSG-931) were grown under both irrigated and drought conditions and the progeny lines of the crosses viz. HC-1×ICC-4958 and HC-1×RSG-931 were grown under drought condition created by withholding irrigation. The effect of drought stress was observed on oxidative stress, membrane integrity, antioxidative system, osmolytes accumulation and protein profile in relation to changes in plant water status in leaves and roots at 50% flowering and 50% podding stages. The water potential of leaves, osmotic potential and RWC of leaves and roots decreased in all the genotypes. However, the magnitude of reduction in RWC was more in drought sensitive genotype. Similarly, the reactive oxygen species (superoxide radicals and H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (MDA content and LOX activity) increased in response to water deficit and the increase was more in both the tissues (leaves and roots) of sensitive genotype at both the stages (50% flowering and 50% podding). Drought stress resulted in increase in the activities of SOD, POX, GR in all the genotypes, but the increase was more in both the tolerant genotypes. Contrarily, reduction in CAT activity was observed in both the tissues at both the stages in all chickpea genotypes. Likewise, APX activity declined in leaves of both the drought tolerant genotypes only at 50% flowering stage, but in roots its activity increased at both stages. Ascorbic acid and glutathione content were found to be more in both the tissues of all the chickpea genotypes under water limiting condition, however, the percent increase was more in tolerant genotypes. Decline in osmotic potential in both the tissues may be due to accumulation of proline and total soluble sugars. Further, increase in pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity and decline in proline oxidase activity observed in leaves and roots of all the chickpea genotypes under stress condition is in agreement with higher proline levels. Decrease in protein content was observed in both the tissues. However, new protein bands appeared under drought stress in all genotypes as revealed by SDS-PAGE. Among the progeny lines of both the crosses, the lines I-6, I-7, I-14, I-16, R-2, R-9 and R- 10 showed better performance in terms of physiological and biochemical parameters as compared to their drought tolerant parent, under drought stress condition and hence, are the promising lines which may be used in plant breeding programmes aimed at developing drought resistant varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical And Molecular Charaterzation Of Jatropha Curcas For Frost Tolerance(College Of Basic Sciences And Humanities CCS Haryana Agricultural University : Hisar, 2011) Arora,Ruby.; Singal,H.R.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical Changes In Ber (Ziziphus Mauritiana Lamk.) Fruits During Ripening, Post Ripening And Storage(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2010) Praduman; Malhotra, SarlaThesisItem Open Access Effect of drought stress on starch metabolism in late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during grain development(CCSHAU, 2013) Mahla, Reena; Madan, ShashiThe present investigation was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress on starch metabolism in late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during grain development. The four genotypes i.e. two tolerant (WH 1021 and WH 1080) and two susceptible (WH 711 and HD 2687) were raised in late sown conditions under irrigated and drought stress conditions. Drought stress was created by withholding the irrigation at anthesis stage. Analysis of data reavealed that during grain development, starch metabolising enzymes i.e. sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, soluble starch synthase, starch branching and starch debranching enzyme increased in all genotypes and reached their peaks but their maximum peak values and time at which they reached were different in different genotypes. Increase in sugar content was found under drought stress conditions in comparison to irrigated conditions at different days after anthesis. Water stress caused a marked reduction in starch content of grains. In all genotypes level of ADP-glucose and UDP-glucose increased up to 21st DAA and then declined. Physiological parameters like relative water content, osmotic potential, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, cell membrane thermostability and canopy temperature depression declined under drought stress conditions over irrigated conditions. Quality parameters like moisture content and crude fibre decreased whereas, sedimentation value, gluten, protein content and grain hardness increased under drought stress condition over irrigated conditions. Yield parameters like grain number per spike, grain weight, number of productive tillers, biomass per plot and grain yield decreased under drought stress. The reduction in physiological, biochemical, yield and grain quality traits was found to more pronounced in the susceptible genotypes in comparison to the tolerant ones. WH 1021 was adjudged to be most tolerant genotype.ThesisItem Open Access Drought stress related biochemical changes in antioxidant metabolism and quality attributes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CCSHAU, 2016) Dommalapati, Sudhakara Rao; Madan, ShashiThe present investigation was conducted to study the effect of drought stress on antioxidant and proline metabolism in leaves and developing grains of two wheat varieties viz. WH 1105 and WH 1025. Drought stress was imposed by giving pre-sowing irrigation only and samples were taken at seven days interval from 7th to 28th days after anthesis. The results showed that during grain development, activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase increased more in WH 1025 under drought stress than WH 1105. Antioxidant metabolites such as ascorbate, glutathione, proline and hydrogen peroxide content increased under drought stress in leaves and developing grains while the carotenoid content decreased. The enhancement of antioxidant metabolites was also reflected in concomitant enhancement of total antioxidant activity. Isozyme pattern of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase altered under drought stress with enhanced intensities in leaves and developing grains from 7th to 28th days after anthesis. Alteration in proline level under stress was due to changes in the activities of enzymes involved in proline metabolism. Proline synthesizing enzymes such as Δ1 pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and Δ1 pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase were also increased under drought stress; however proline degrading enzyme, proline oxidase activity decreased. Physiological parameters related to flag leaf membrane injury like lipoxygenase, malondialdehyde increased while leaf membrane stability, leaf lipids and total soluble protein content decreased under drought stress. Physiological parameters such as relative water content, osmotic potential, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence gradually decreased under drought stress while canopy temperature increased. Quality parameters like grain appearance, hectolitre weight, grain hardness, crude fibre, total sugars and starch content decreased under drought stress, but sedimentation value, crude protein and gluten content increased. Phenological parameters like days to heading, days to anthesis, days to maturity and grain filling duration declined under drought stress. Yield attributes such as grain number per spike, grain weight per spike, test weight and grain yield per square meter decreased under the influence of drought stress. The reduction in physiological, biochemical, yield and grain quality traits was found to be more pronounced in WH 1105 in comparison to WH 1025. Drought susceptible index found to be less in WH 1025 than WH 1105.