Loading...
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
Browse
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access Organic nutrient management in soybean-wheat cropping system under conservation agriculture(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Verma, Gaurav; Dhaka, A. K.Globally, intensive tillage and imbalanced nutrition challenged the sustainability and profitability of crop production and soil health. There is ample scope to boost the crop productivity and soil health by adopting organic and conservation agriculture. Hence, this study was conducted during 2020–21 and 2021–22 at Agronomy Research Farm of the Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana, Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India) to study “Organic nutrient management in of soybean-wheat cropping system under conservation agriculture” The experiment comprised of four tillage and residue management practices in main plots and five organic nutrient management packages in sub plot was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Two years study resulted that among tillage and residue management practices, crops under soybean-wheat rotation sown under zero tillage along with residue retention (3 t/ha) recorded significantly higher growth parameters, seed yield (16.34 and 54.48 q/ha for soybean and wheat, respectively) and net return (53.62×103 and 148.12×103 ₹/ha for soybean and wheat, respectively), which was closely followed by conventional tillage + residue retention (3 t/ha). Among the organic nutrient management packages, significantly higher yield attributes number of pods/plant (69.8) in soybean and grains/spike (50.1) in wheat and seed yield (16.35 and 53.53 q/ha for soybean and wheat, respectively) were recorded under application of RDF through fertilizers closely followed by RDN given through vermicompost or FYM + biofertilizers + three foliar application of each cow urine (10%) + panchgavya (5%) + jeevamrut (500 l ha-1). However, RDN through FYM or vermicompost + biofertilizers + three foliar application of each cow urine (10%) foliar application + panchgavya (5%) + jeevamrut (500 l ha-1) was found economically profitable over RDF given through fertilizers. Crop rotation based finding concluded that sowing of crops in soybean-wheat rotation with zero tillage along with residue retention (3 t/ha) and fertilized with recommended dose of nitrogen given through FYM + three foliar spray of each cow urine (10%), panchgavya (5%) and jeevamrut (500 l ha-1) was found most profitable having highest system net return (271.49×103 ₹/ha) and system profitability (756.56 kg/ha/day) with increase of 14.0 and 29.1 percent, respectively over crops sown with conventional tillage without residue and fertilized with recommended dose of fertilizers. Hence, it may be concluded that combined application of ZT+R (3 t/ha) and organic package N5 or N4 is a better option for obtaining higher yield, sustainable soil health, improved energy use efficiency and better economics of soybeanwheat cropping system.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of herbicides against broad leaf weeds in wheat and their effect on succeeding crop of sorghum(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Dhankar, Amit; AmarjeetThe present investigation entitled “Evaluation of herbicides against broad leaf weeds in wheat and their effect on succeeding crop of sorghum” was studied at Regional Research Station, Bawal of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2019-20 and 2020-21. The objectives of experiment was, to find out most effective and profitable herbicide treatments for control of broad leaf weeds in wheat and their effect on succeeding sorghum crop. The experiment was conducted using WH 711 and HJ 541 variety of wheat and sorghum, respectively, and was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Ten different herbicidal treatments were applied in wheat crop and compared with weedy check and weed free treatment. The treatments were aclonifen 1000 g ha-1 PRE (T1), diflufenican 200 g ha-1 PRE (T2), aclonifen 1000 g ha-1 + diflufenican 200 g ha-1 PRE (T3), pendimethalin 1500 g ha-1 (T4), aclonifen 1000 g ha-1 + pendimethalin 1500 g ha-1 PRE (T5), diflufenican 200 g ha-1 + pendimethalin 1500 g ha-1 PRE (T6), halauxifen + fluroxypyr (RM) 240 g ha-1 PoE (T7), metsulfuron + carfentrazone 25 g ha-1 PoE (T8), 2,4-D Na 500 g ha-1 PoE (T9), 2,4-D ethyl ester 450 g ha-1 PoE (T10), weed free (T11) and weedy check (T12). Major weed species infesting the experimental field were Chenopodium album, Chenopodium murale, Anagallis arvensis, Rumex dentatus, Melilotus indica, Medicago denticulata, Malwa parviflora and Convolvulus arvensis. Among PRE herbicides, aclonifen 1000 g ha-1 + diflufenican 200 g ha-1 (T3) and aclonifen 1000 g ha-1 + pendimethalin 1500 g ha-1 (T5), while among PoE, halauxifen + fluroxypyr (RM) 240 g ha-1 (T7) provided excellent control (>75% WCE) of broad leaf weeds at all stages of crop growth during both years of experiment. Comparatively poor control over different broad leaf weeds was reported from sole application of pendimethalin 1500 g ha-1 (T4), 2,4-D Na 500 g ha-1 (T9) and 2,4-D ethyl ester 450 g ha-1 (T10) during both years. Both formulations of 2,4-D did not vary significantly from each other in controlling different broad leaf weeds in wheat. Lowest weed index of 5.3 and 5.5% during first and second year, respectively was documented in T3 while highest weed index was recorded from weedy check (40.1 and 44.5) followed by pendimethalin (T4) (30.2 and 33.4%). Highest growth parameters, yield attributes and grain yield (6263 and 5481 kg ha-1) of wheat crop were recorded from weed free treatment which was found statistically at par with T3 (5929 and 5179 kg ha-1). Among different PoE herbicides, application of halauxifen + fluroxypyr (T7) provided more control of different broad leaf weeds as compared to other PoE herbicides resulting into higher crop yield during both years. Visual phytotoxicity of scale 1 was recorded on application of different PRE treatments during first year of experiment. Transient crop injury on PoE application of metsulfuron + carfentrazone 25 g ha-1 (T8) was recorded during both years and crop plants recovers completely at 21 days after herbicide application. Maximum net returns and B:C ratio was calculated from T3 (₹ 83542, 69200 ha-1 and 2.27, 1.99) followed by T5 (₹ 79213, 66133 ha-1 and 2.20, 1.95) and minimum from weedy check (₹ 36290, 20147 ha-1 and 1.59, 1.31) during first and second year, respectively. All herbicide treatments employed in wheat crop, irrespective of their time of application did not show any residual carryover effect on succeeding fodder sorghum crop as evident from recorded plant population, growth parameters and fodder yield of sorghum crop. This might be due to rapid chemical and microbial degradation of herbicides through application of five flood irrigation to wheat crop and occurrence of 106.0 and 67.2 mm of rainfall between the time of application of PRE herbicides and harvesting of wheat crop during first and second year, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) hybrids to fertility levels under treated sewage water application(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Sandeep; Parveen KumarThe present study entitled “Performance of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) hybrids to fertility levels under treated sewage water application.” was conducted at Research Area, Vegetable Science, CCSHAU, HISAR during Kharif 2021 and 2022 with the objective to study the effect of hybrids and fertility levels on growth, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and economics of pearl millet under treated sewage water application. In the experiment two pearl millet hybrids viz. HHB 67 (Improved) and HHB 299 were taken along with five different fertility levels. Between hybrids, various phenological events viz. boot stage, flowering stage, milking stage and physiological maturity differ significantly while emergence did not differ significantly. Different fertility levels, did not differ significantly in respect of various phenological events viz. emergence, boot stage, flowering stage, milk stage while a significant influence was observed in physiological maturity. The growth parameters viz. [Plant height, total number of tillers plant-1, dry matter accumulation] and yield attributing characters [effective tiller plant-1, ear head length, ear head girth, test weight] and grain, stover yield differed significantly between hybrids and among fertility levels. Between hybrids, HHB 299 recorded higher value of these attributes and yield over HHB 67 (Improved). Among fertility levels, application of 75 per cent RDN + vermicompost @2.5 t/ha + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha resulted in higher yield and yield attributes during both years of study. Hybrid HHB 299 recorded higher NPK content and their uptake over HHB 67 (Improved) in pearl millet grain and stover while integrated nutrient management practices and 100 per cent RDN performed better over control, among fertility levels. Heavy metal content in both pearl millet grain and stover recorded lower in HHB 67 (Improved) over HHB 299 while integrated nutrient management practices resulted in lower heavy metal content in pearl millet grain and stover over 100 per cent RDN and control, among fertility levels. In terms of economics, HHB 299 performed better than HHB 67 (Improved) while higher gross returns was recorded with the application of 75 per cent RDN + vermicompost @2.5 t/ha + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha and higher net returns and B:C was recorded with 75 % RDN + FYM @ 5 t/ha. Hence, for enhancing crop growth characters, yield attributes, yield and monetary returns integrated nutrient management practices should be adopted.ThesisItem Open Access Understanding rice-wheat system performance under pressurized irrigation and conservation agriculture practices(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-05-31) Jatana, Mansukh Singh; Parveen KumarIntensive tillage and open-field residue burning are tremendously propagated in conventional rice–wheat system (RWS) in recent past without much considering the economic profitability, soil health and environmental protection. This study aims at identifying a set of affordable crop management practices to suitably enhance the crop production and farm profitability in RWS with optimal resource use (tillage and residue management) and lower water footprints (higher water use efficacy) in ecologically sustainable manner. The present field experiment “Understanding rice-wheat system performance under pressurized irrigation and conservation agriculture practices” was carried out at the Research Farm of ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal for two years (2019-20 and 2020-21) in rice-wheat rotation involving different tillage [puddled-transplanted rice (PTR), direct-seeded rice (DSR) in rice; conventional (CTW) and zero-till wheat (ZTW) in wheat], irrigation [surface (SIS), drip (DRIP) and sprinkler (MSIS)] and residue management [with (+RM) and without residue mulching (–RM)] options. A total of 4 treatments in rice and 7 treatments in wheat were laid out in a completely randomized block design with four replications. The results revealed that better soil moisture availability throughout the crop growing season in PTR led to improved morphological and physiological traits, ultimately culminating in enhanced yield components [filled grains panicle-1 (17%) and 1000-grain weight (8%)], yield (11%) and quality parameters in comparison to DSR. Notably, the yield penalty (10%) realized under DSR was subsequently compensated by better crop performance (14%) of ZTW. Positive changes in hydro-thermal regimes and better utilization of growth resources in pressurized irrigated residue mulched ZTW (DRIP/MSIS-ZTW+RM) ascertained improved leaf water status (RWC; 5% and 8%), water potential (12% and 7%), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm; 6% and 10%), transpiration rate (E; 14% and 12%), photosynthetic rate (Pn: 7% and 13%), stomatal conductance (gS: 4% and 10%) at vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively resulting in enhanced crop growth and improved yield parameters; thereby attaining 17% higher wheat yields, 53% higher IWUE and 26% higher TWP with better grain quality [(protein; 1.6%) and grain hardiness (2.6%)], in comparison to CTW. Compared to conventional PTR/CTW system (11.61 t ha-1, 653 kg ha-cm-1, 2.81 kg m-3, respectively), adequate soil moisture availability and improved micro-climatic conditions in DRIP-DSR/ZTW+RM led to transformative alterations in morphological and physiological parameters of crop growth resulting in 11.86 t ha-1 grain yields, 1904 kg ha-cm-1 IWUE, and 3.62 kg m-3 TWP in system perspective. Switching from conventional RWS to drip-irrigated DSR/ZTW system receiving rice residue mulching in wheat (DRIP-DSR/ZTW+RM) could be a potential alternative in realizing the reduced tillage operations, rational crop water use and tackling residue burning problem while sustainably conserving the natural resources, improving soil health and rice-wheat performance in western IGPs and similar ecologies elsewhere.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different establishment and moisture conservation practices on wheat under limited irrigated conditions(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-12) Nasir Ahmad Qazizadah; Bhagat SinghA field experiment entitled “Effect of different establishment and moisture conservation practices on wheat under limited irrigated conditions” was carried out at research farm of Wheat and Barley Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana during the rabi seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiment consisted of twenty four treatment combinations comprising, three establishment methods i.e., conventional tillage (CT), zero tillage (ZT) and bed planting (BP) and two irrigation levels i.e., I1-one irrigation applied at CRI stage (I1) and I2-two irrigations applied at CRI and booting stages as main plot treatments and four moisture conservation practices i.e., M0-no mulch, M1-mulch (pearl millet straw @ 4 tonnes ha-1), M2- antitranspirant (kaolin @ 6 % w/v) and M3- mulch (pearl millet straw @ 4 tonnes ha-1) + antitranspirant (kaolin @ 6 % w/v) as sub-plots treatment, were tested in split-split plot design with three replications. The maximum plant height was recorded under BP at 60, 90, 120 DAS and at harvest, which was significantly higher than CT and ZT during both the years. Whereas, significantly higher dry matter accumulation (g m-2) and number of tillers m-2 were recorded in CT as compared to ZT and BP during both the years of study. Plant height, number of tiller m-2 and dry matter accumulation were not influenced significantly by different irrigation levels upto 90 DAS. However, at 120 DAS and harvesting stage plant height, number of tillers and dry matter accumulation were recorded significantly higher when two irrigations were applied to the crop at CRI and booting stage (I2) as compared to one irrigation applied at CRI stage (I1) during both the years of study. Among moisture conservation practices, plant height, number of tillers and dry matter accumulation were significantly higher in the treatment M3 as compared to M0 being at par with M1 and M2 during both the years of study. Crop phenology i.e., days taken to the emergence, booting, heading and to attain the physiological maturity stages did not influence by different crop establishment methods during both the years of study. Among the irrigation levels, crop took significantly more number of days to attain booting, heading and physiological maturity stages when two irrigations were applied to the crop as compared to one irrigation (I1) during both the years of study. Among the moisture conservation treatments, treatments M3 and M1 took significantly more days to attain all the phenology stages as compared to M2 and M0 during both the years of study. Yield attributes, i.e., spike length, spikelet’s spike-1 (cm), number of grains spike-1 and test weight (g) and grain yield were significantly higher under BP method of sowing as compared to CT and ZT during both the years of study. Application of two irrigation (I2) produced significantly more spike length, spikelet’s spike-1, number of grains spike-1, test weight and number of effective tillers m-2 as compared to one irrigation (I1) during both the years of study. Among moisture conservation practices, treatment M3 recorded significantly higher spike length, spikelet’s spike-1, number of grain spike-1, test weight and number of effective tillers m-2 over M0 being statistically at par with M1 and M2 during both the years of study. Whereas, number of effective tillers m-2, biological and straw yield were recorded significantly higher under CT as compared to ZT and BP during both the years. Among irrigation levels, significant higher biological, grain and straw yields were recorded under I2 treatment as compared to I1 during both the years of study. Among moisture conservation treatments, significantly higher biological, grain and straw yields were recorded under the treatment M3 over M0 being statistically at par with M1 and M2 during both the years of study. However, harvest index and attraction index (%) of wheat did not differ significantly among different crop establishment treatments, irrigation levels and moisture conservation treatments. Growth indices i.e., crop growth rate (g/m2/day), relative growth rate (g/g/day), leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (Days) were significant higher under BP method of sowing as compared to CT and BP during both the years of study. Maximum CGR, RGR, LAI and LAD were recorded when two irrigations were applied to the crop, which was significantly higher over one irrigation during both the years of study. At 61-90, at 91-120 and 121 DAS to harvesting stage, treatment M3 recorded significantly higher CGR, RGR and LAI over all other treatments i.e., M0, M2 and M1. At anthesis and 15 days after anthesis, significantly lower canopy temperature was recorded in bed planting over ZT but statistically at par with CT. At anthesis and at 15 days after anthesis, significantly higher canopy temperature was recorded in I1 over I2. Among moisture conservation practices, significantly higher canopy temperature was noticed in M0 over M2, M1 and M3 at anthesis and at 15 days after anthesis. At anthesis stage, significantly higher WUE, RWC, chlorophyll stability index, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll (a+b) were recorded in BP method of sowing as compared to CT and ZT. At anthesis stage, significantly higher RWC, chlorophyll stability index, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll (a+b) was recorded under treatment I2 as compared to I1. Among moisture conservation practices, significantly higher RWC, chlorophyll stability index, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll (a+b) were recorded in treatment M3 over M0, M2 and M1 during both the years. Among the crop establishment, maximum consumptive use of water was recorded in CT followed by ZT and the minimum was recorded in BP. Among irrigation schedules, the maximum consumptive use of water was recorded in I2 and minimum was noticed in I1 treatment. Among the moisture conservation practices, the maximum consumptive use of water was recorded in M0 treatment followed by M2 and M1 and the lowest consumptive use of water was recorded in M3. Maximum WUE was recorded in the I1 treatment whereas, minimum WUE was noticed in the I2 treatment. Among moisture conservation practices, the maximum water use efficiency was recorded in the treatment M3 followed by M1 and M2 and the minimum was recorded in M0 during both the years. Maximum cost of cultivation was recorded in CT followed by BP and ZT during both the years. However, maximum gross returns were recorded in BP followed by CT and ZT during both the years. Maximum cost of cultivation and gross returns were recorded in I2 treatment followed by I1 treatment. Among moisture conservation practices, maximum cost of cultivation and gross returns was recorded in treatment M3 followed by M1, M2 and M0 during both the years. Among the crop establishment methods, wheat sowing by zero tillage brought out the maximum net returns (₹28056 and ₹15879 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.34 and 1.18) as compared to CT and BP during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. Maximum net returns (₹28340 and ₹17410 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.32 and 1.18) were recorded in the treatment I2 (two irrigation) and minimum net returns were recorded by I1 during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. Among the moisture conservation practices, maximum net returns (₹31465 and ₹19515 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.38 and 1.22) were recorded in M2 treatment followed by M0, M3 and M1 during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of different varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under integrated nutrient management system(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-12) Diwedi, Aniket; Thakral, S. KA field experiment was carried out during winter 2017-18 and 2018-19 at RRS, Kaul, Haryana. The experiment comprising of 4 level of varieties in main plots (WH 1080, WH 1025, WH 1142 and WH 711) and 5 levels of nutrient combination in subplots (Control, 100% RDF, 50% RDF + 50% RDF through FYM, 50% RDF + 50% RDF through vermicompost and 50% RDF + 50% RDF through FYM + 50% RDF through vermicompost + biofertilizers (seed treatment) was carried out in split plot design with three replications. The soil of the experimental plot was clay loam in texture and slightly alkaline in reaction with pH 7.9 and EC of 0.27 dS/m. The soil was low in available nitrogen (107.8 kg/ha), high in available phosphorus (25.4 kg/ha), high in available potassium (313.2 kg/ha), copper (1.37 mg/kg), iron (13.45 mg/kg), manganese (2.85 mg/kg) and zinc (1.76 mg/kg) before sowing. The objective of experiment was effect of varieties and nutrient sources on growth attributes, yields and yield attributes, quality, nutrient content by wheat, nutrient uptake by wheat, available OC, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil at harvest, nitrogen removal ratio, nitrogen use efficiency and most profitable nutrient sources and varieties. Significantly higher mean plant population, plant height, LAI, LAD, dry matter accumulation and shoot length were recorded in variety WH 1142 and 100% RDF, respectively. Days taken to 50% heading and 50% anthesis was shorter in variety WH 1025 and in control treatment among nutrient sources. Yield attributes viz. mean number of effective tillers/m2, spike length (cm), number of grains/spike, grains weight/spike (g) and 1000-grain weight were significantly higher in wheat variety WH 1142 and in nutrient sources with 100% RDF. Mean protein and starch content in grain is significantly influenced by application of 100% RDF. WH 1142 gives significantly higher mean grain yield of 4866 kg/ha and 4877 kg/ha, respectively during 2017-18 and 2018-19 over other varieties (WH 1080, WH 1025 and WH 711). Significantly higher mean grain (4736 and 4758 kg/ha) and straw yield (7652 and 7719 kg/ha) were recorded in 100% RDF during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively over other nutrient sources. Application of 50% RDF + 50% RDF through FYM + 50% RDF through vermicompost + biofertilizers (seed treatment) resulted in significantly higher grain and straw yield over other integrated approach. Among interaction effect significantly higher grain and straw yield were recorded in WH 1142 × 100% RDF during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Mean N, P and K content and uptake by grain and straw was significantly higher in variety WH 1142, which is followed by variety WH 711, WH 1080 and WH 1025 during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Available mean N, P and K content in soil at harvest were incresaed in plot receiving 100% RDF as compared to initial status. However significant increase in available mean organic carbon and DTPA-extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil at harvest recorded in treatment receiving 50% RDF + 50% RDF through FYM + 50% RDF through vermicompost + biofertilizers (seed treatment) over initial status of soil. Use efficiency (AE, PE and RE) of nitrogen was significantly higher in 100% RDF, due to higher uptake by crop and higher yields. Highest mean net return (53282 and 56828 Rs./ha) were incurred with variety WH 1142 and among nutrient sources with 100% RDF (51227 and 54019 Rs./ha) during 2017-18 and 2018-19. The higher BCR of wheat was recorded in variety WH 1142 (1.60 and 1.64) over all other varieties and among nutrient sources in 100% RDF (1.59 and 1.61) during 2017-18 and 2018-19.ThesisItem Open Access Agronomic management for maximising the productivity of late sown wheat(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-07) Malik, Sintu; Pawan KumarA field experiment entitled “Agronomic management for maximising the productivity of late sown wheat” was conducted during Rabi season (2018-19 and 2019-20) at research farm, Department of Agronomy, CCS HAU, Hisar. The experiment consisted of six varieties in main plots i.e. WH 1124, WH 1105, HD 3059, HD 2967, WH 1021 and HD 3086, six seeding treatments in sub plots (T1- recommended seed rate (100 kg ha-1), T2- 25% higher seed rate (dry) than recommended with 18 cm row spacing, T3- 25% higher seed rate (dry) than recommended + reduced row spacing (15cm), T4- 25% higher seed rate (soaked) than recommended + reduced row spacing (15cm), T5- 25% higher seed rate (soaked) than recommended + reduced row spacing (15cm) + 25% higher NPK than recommended, T6- 25% higher seed rate (soaked) than recommended + reduced row spacing (15cm) + 25% higher NPK than recommended + 2.5% urea + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at anthesis). The 36 treatment combinations were tested in split plot design with three replications. Based on research investigation, it was found that that HD 3086 and WH 1124 were best varieties for late sowing with T6 (25% higher seed rate (soaked) than recommended + reduced row spacing (15cm) + 25% higher NPK than recommended + 2.5% urea + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at anthesis) seeding treatment being significantly at par with T5 (25% higher seed rate (soaked) than recommended + reduced row spacing (15cm) + 25% higher NPK than recommended). Among the varieties, WH 1124 recorded maximum plant height whereas, other growth parameters, NPK content and uptake were recorded maximum with HD 3086 variety and lowest with WH 1021.The straw yield and biological yield (69.7 and 117.3 q ha-1) was observed highest during 2018-19 compared to 2019-20 where it was recorded maximum with HD 3086 (68.5 and 118.4 q ha-1). Highest net returns were obtained under variety HD 3086 (₹. 50047 and 53293) with B:C of 1.86 and 1.89, respectively, which was statistically at par WH 1124. In case of seeding treatments, T6 recorded highest yield and yield attributes which were found at par with treatment T5.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of mulching and weed control treatments on productivity of cotton and their residual effect on succeeding crops(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-09) Priyanka Devi; Malik, Karmal SinghThe field experiment was conducted during the kharif and Rabi season of 2020, 2021 and 2020-21, 2021-22 respectively at cotton research area, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The soil of the experimental site was slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and available potassium. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with two mulching levels (no mulch and mulching with rice straw @ 7.5 t/ha) and seven weed management levels (Weedy check, weed free, Pendimethalin (PRE) 1.5 kg/ha fb two hoeings at 45 and 90 DAS ,Two hoeings at 30 and 60 DAS fb quizalofop-p-ethyl 62.5 g/ha at 90 DAS, Two hoeings at 30 and 60 DAS fb propaquizafop-p-ethyl 50 g/ha at 90 DAS, Pendimethalin (PRE) 1.5 kg/ha fb one hoeing at 45 DAS fb paraquat 0.5% (protected spray) at 90 DAS and Pendimethalin (PRE) 1.5 kg/ha fb one hoeing at 45 DAS fb glyphosate 1% (protected spray) at 90 DAS) with three replications. It was found that mulching with rice straw @7.5 t ha-1 resulted in significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, seed cotton yields (3189 and 3084 kg ha-1) and its attributes, benefit cost ratio and better weed control in comparison to no mulch respectively in both years. Among weed management levels, significantly lowest plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index , seed cotton yields (1841 and 1757 kg ha-1) and its attributes recorded in weedy check in comparison to other treatments while all other treatments were statistically at par with each other during both years of crop experimentation respectively. Highest weed control efficiency and herbicide efficiency index achieved with application of pendimethalin (Pre) @ 1.5 kg/ha fb one hoeings at 45 fb Glyphosate 1% (Protected spray) at 90 DAS. Lowest benefit cost ratio obtained in weedy check (1.61 and 1.42) during both years of experimentation respectively. However, there was no significant or residual effect of mulching and weed control treatments of cotton on succeeding crops (wheat, barley and mustard) observed.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on multiple herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor and its management through pre and post emergence herbicides in wheat(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-12) Sushil Kumar; Dadarwal, R. SPhalaris minor is the most problematic weed in wheat crops, especially in rice-wheat cropping systems. Haryana, an important grain-producing state, is seeing a significant decline in productivity and profitability as a result of P. minor infestation. After developing multiple herbicide resistance, the threat posed by P. minor has grown. Assessing and quantifying the degree of resistance in P. minor biotypes is essential for the logical recommendation and execution of management techniques. Therefore, pot and field study were performed under the investigation entitled, “Studies on multiple herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor and its management through pre and post emergence herbicides in wheat”. The pot experiment was performed at screen house and field study was conducted at Agronomy Farm, CCSHAU, Hisar (Haryana). The level of resistance in fourteen P. minor biotypes to different herbicides i.e. clodinafop, sulfosulfuron, mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (Ready mix) and pinoxaden at various graded doses i.e. ½ X, X (recommended), 2 X and 4 X was evaluated and quantified in experiment I (pot study). In field experiment, the efficacy of pendimethalin 1500 g/ha, flumioxazin 125 g/ha, flumioxazin + pendimethalin (TM) 125 + 1500 g ha-1, pyroxasulfone + pendimethalin (TM) 127.5 + 1500 g ha-1, metribuzin 315 g ha-1, mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (RM) 14.4 g ha-1, sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron (RM) 32 g ha-1, pinoxaden + metsulfuron (TM) 50 + 4 g ha-1 and clodinafop propargyl + metribuzin 174 g ha-1 applied as pre and post emergence in different combinations. In Experiment 1, most of the biotypes were found highly resistant to clodinafop. Rasidan (Jind) biotype was most resistant to clodinafop with visual control of only 15.5 % at 4X dose of clodinafop followed by Urlana Kalan (Panipat). Recommended dose of sulfosulfuron was not enough to fully control the P. minor biotypes. Rasidan (Jind), Teek (Kaithal) and Kanheri (Fathehabad) biotypes were highly resistant to sulfosulfuron. Beri (Jhajjar) and Nirjan (Jind) biotypes were completely controlled at recommended dose of mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (RM). At recommended dose of pinoxaden Jammu (J & K), Aanta (Panipat), Kharian (Sirsa), Beri (Jhajjar), Ikkas (Jind), Kheri Raiwali (Kaithal), Balambha (Rohtak) and Nirjan (Jind) biotypes were found fully sensitive. All of the investigated biotypes showed resistance to ACCase inhibitors, with more biotypes exhibiting high clodinafop resistance than pinoxaden. However, ALS inhibitors were effective against the bulk of the biotypes. In field experiment, PRE application of flumioxazin + pendimethalin (TM) 125 + 1500 g/ha, pyraxosulfone + pendimethalin (TM) 127.5 + 1500 g/ha fb mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (RM) 14.4 g/ha, sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron (RM) 32 g/ha or pinoxaden + metsulfuron (TM) 50 + 4 g/ha as POE found more effective in reducing weed density and dry weight of P. minor and broadleaved weeds as compared to PRE pendimethalin alone fb application of post emergence herbicides. Application of flumioxazin 125 g/ha alone or in tank mix with pendimethalin 1500 g/ha (PRE) resulted in severe phytotoxicity (yellowing of leaves and stem) to wheat after 2-3 days of 1st irrigation (25-27 DAT). Higher grain yield (5847-5369 kg/ha) of wheat was reported with pyroxasulfone + pendimethalin (TM) 127.5 + 1500 g/ha (PRE) fb POE mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (RM) 14.4 g/ha (60-69.5 % higher than weedy check) and it was statistically at par with pyroxasulfone + pendimethalin (TM) 127.5 + 1500 g/ha was used as PRE fb POE pinoxaden + metsulfuron (TM) 50 + 4 g/ha (59.1-68.6 % higher than weedy check) and pyroxasulfone + pendimethalin (TM) 127.5 + 1500 g/ha (PRE) clodinafop propargyl + metribuzin (RM) 174 g/ha (54.1-64.7 % higher over weedy check) during both the years of study.
