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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Study of agricultural credit advanced by lead Bank in Hisar district of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2011) Astha Rani; V. K. SinghThis study aims to study the agricultural credit advanced by Lead bank in Hisar district. The study is carried out on the secondary data obtained from Lead bank (Punjab national bank) of Hisar district for a period of years from 2004-2005 to 2010-11. The primary data was collected from branches with maximum credit advancement in urban and rural area and schedule was prepared to take data from farmers and bank officials. The results of the study reveals that there has been increasing trend in loan advanced and loan deposits for the period from 2004-05 to 2010- 2011. However, there has been increase in total agricultural advances and total priority sector lending for the same period but Percentage to total advances was decreasing. The negative growth rate of -5.42 per cent in overdues was observed for the period from 2004-05 to 2010-11 which indicates high recovery for the years. Pattern of borrowing, amount demanded and loan advanced by rural and urban branches of Lead bank during the year 2009-10 reveals a gap of total 2.7 per cent in loan demanded and loan advanced in crop loans while gap of 9 per cent is observed in farm machinery loan. Likewise in urban branch gap of 3.1 per cent is observed in loan demanded and loan advanced in crop loans while a gap of 3.2 per cent is in loan demanded and loan advanced for farm machinery. Further it is evident from the data that rural branch has recovery at 71.16 per cent and 87 per cent was observed in urban branch. Problems faced by farmers in obtaining loans is discussed at the last and appropriate suggestions are given for policy implications.ThesisItem Open Access An economic analysis of mushroom production and consumption pattern in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2010) Jat, Mukesh Kumar; Chauhan, R.S.The study was conducted in Sonepat and Kurukshetra districts of Haryana during the year 2008-09 with the following objectives. 1. To compare the cost and return of different methods of mushroom production. 2. To study the marketing efficiency of different marketing channels. 3. To examine the consumption pattern of mushroom. 4. To estimate the employment generation through mushroom enterprise Sonepat and Kurukshetra districts were purposively selected for study as Sonepat is the highest producer of mushroom in the state and Kurukshetra is an emerging district. For this study, 120 mushroom growers were selected from the twelve villages of both districts. 40 mushroom growers each from the three different growing methods viz. paddy straw, wheat straw and pasteurization, were selected and deta obtained from these farmers were used to compare the cost and return of the selected methods. Tabular analysis, depreciation and interest, ratio analysis, returns and economic feasibility were adopted to determine the cost structure, returns, profits and efficiency of methods. The marketing efficiency was calculated on the basis of size of mushroom growers for different marketing channels and Shepherd’s formula was used to analyse the efficiency. The consumption pattern was analyzed for rural and urban areas on the basis of income level and employment effect was studied based on the number of hired and family labours engaged in the production process. The findings of the study reveal that the proportion of fixed cost to the total cost was lowest on pasteurization method of mushroom production (22.68 percent) followed by wheat straw (29.74 percent) and paddy straw (35.82 percent) which indicated comparatively lower initial capital investments under pasteurization farms. The total cost of production in the three methods viz. paddy straw, wheat straw and pasteurization were Rs. 265000, Rs. 312367 and Rs. 320322 respectively while the gross returns were Rs. 401625, Rs. 411840 and Rs. 468125 respectively and the net returns per kg of mushroom were Rs.17.85, Rs. 12.75 and Rs. 16.89 respectively. The higher gross return on pasteurization irrespective of higher total costs was due to the higher production in this method than the other two methods and the higher net returns per kg. was in paddy straw method due to less cost of compost. The benefit-cost ratio (1.52) was the highest for Paddy straw method whereas the pay-back period (1.49 years) was the lowest in pasteurization method. Channel І (producer- wholesaler- retailer – consumer) was the most common channel while the most efficient channel was channel- ІV (producer- consumer) in terms of less marketing costs and higher producer’s share in consumer’s rupee. Consumption pattern showed a positive relationship with the level of income in both rural and urban areas. Mushroom enterprise proved to be labour intensive providing employment to family labour as well as hired labours. Key words: - 1. Mushroom, Production, Consumption 2. Economic analysis 3. HaryanaThesisItem Open Access Development and performance evaluation of tractor drawn inclined cell plate type Bt. cotton planter(CCSHAU, 2010) Sharma, Vineet Kumar; Sharma, D.N.India, the largest cotton growing country in the world, where 60 million people are impacted by cotton has seen that in 2007 the Bt. cotton area has soared to 6.2 million hectare grown by 3.8 million small and resource poor farmers. Planting of cotton and other bold seeded crops where row to row as well as plant to plant distance is essential for the seed saving and better crop production. The seeds are sown in line at depth of 30-40 mm with two seeds per hill maintaining the desired spacing between row and plants. In inclined cell plate type planter seed sowing produced more consistent row to row distribution of seeds and a numerical reduction in plant stand variability. Thus, there is a need to develop an inclined cell plate type precision planter for Bt. cotton for saving of seed and labour. The performance evaluation of seed metering inclined cell plate under laboratory conditions was carried out on existing Bt. cotton planter in term seed rate, cell fill percentage, seed distribution pattern, seed to seed distance and soil cover over the seed. The seed rate obtained with seed hopper in level position and at speed ratio of 3:1 were 1.75kg/ha, 2.40kg/ha and 2.65kg/ha in large medium and small seed size categories respectively. These seedrateS are quite close to the recommended seed rates of Bt. cotton varieties.Based on the results of lab. study the optimum speed ratio of 3:1, seed release height of 30 cm inclined cell plate type metering roller and shoe type furrow opener were selected and improved prototype of Bt. cotton planter was developed. The performance evaluation of improved prototype Bt. cotton planter was carried outunder field condition and compared existing inclined plate type cotton planter. The effective field capacity of both machine were 0.73ha/h and 0.71ha/h at average operating speed 4.1 and 3.8 km/h respectively. Time lost in turning of both planters was 35 and 37sec/turn and the field efficiencieswere 59.34 and 58.77 % respectively. The seed germination (No. of plants /10m furrow length) observed by the use of improved Bt. cotton planter were 10-19 plants (7days after planting), 16-21 plants (15 days after planting) and 16-19 plants (21days after planting) of Bt. cotton crops. In comparison to this the seed germinations of 11-14, 12-17 and12-16 plants 7DAS, 15DAS and 21DAS were recorded with existing planter. The distribution of plants in row and crop response at farmer’s field indicated that mean plant spacing observed was 71.8 cm with a quality of feeding index 75.57% with the use of improved Bt. cotton planter compared to 77.6cm mean spacing recorded on existing cotton planter with quality of feeding index as 68.81%.The missing index and multiplying index recorded in improved Bt. cotton planter were 15.45 % and 8.88% respectively, while, 22.86% and 8.33 % in existing cotton planter.ThesisItem Open Access A study on impact of agricultural inputs on agricultural production in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2010) Karki, Suma; Mehta, V. P.This study aims to analyze the impact of inputs on agricultural production by estimating the trends in input use, area, production and productivity of major crops of the state and the impact of the inputs on Agricultural Gross Domestic Product (AGDP). The study is carried out on the secondary data obtained from the Statistical Abstracts of Haryana, published by the Department of Economics and Statistical Organization, Government of Haryana, Chandigarh for a period of twenty years from 1988-89 to 2007-08.The period of twenty years is divided into three period, period-I of first 10 years from 1988-89 to 1997-98, period-II of later 10 years from 1998-99 to 2007-08 and an overall period of 20 years from 1988-89 to 2007-08. The trends were analyzed by calculating both simple and compound growth rates and for estimating the impact regression analysis by linear and Cobb- Douglas method of production function was carried out. The results of the study reveal that almost all inputs use viz. irrigation, area under HYV’s, fertilizers, tubewells and pumpsets, credit, tractors and budget on agriculture by government has increased during the study period. The use of pesticide however has decreased over the years. When we take the area under major crops into consideration the area under rice, wheat, total cereals, total foodgrains, oilseeds, sugarcane and cotton has increased while that of jowar, bajra, maize, barley, gram and pulses has decreased. The growth rates in terms of yield are positive for most of the crops except for jowar, gram and oilseeds. Crops viz. rice, wheat, bajra, total cereals, total foodgrains, oilseeds, sugarcane and cotton have positive growth in production but crops jowar, barley, gram and pulses have negative growth. The linear regression analysis reveals the significance of pesticides and tubewells and pumpsets on AGDP while that of Cobb- Douglas type of analysis shows the significance of only tubewells and pumpsets on AGDP. The impact of pesticides is negative while that of tubewell and pumpsets is positive.ThesisItem Open Access An analytical study of agricultural credit advanced by primary cooperative agricultural and rural development bank of hisar(CCSHAU, 2011) Sheoran, Rahul; Mehta, V.P.The objectives of present study were to study the performance of loan advanced by the bank, to examine the loan utilization pattern of the loanee farmers, to study the impact of loan waiver scheme on recovery of credit. Results revealed that the number of membership, borrowings, working capital, loan outstanding, loan advanced, overdues and cost of management of the PCARBD has increased over the study period. The amount of share capital has decreased over the study period. The share of owned funds to total working capital was very small in proportion. The PCARDB is highly dependent on borrowed funds from higher financial institutions for undertaking various credit and service activities. The unit transaction cost increased over time due to increase in cost of management. The major proportions of loans were given to minor irrigation purpose which ranges from 19.34 to 56.09 percent. The amount of overdues and number of defaulters has increased because of the loan waiver scheme. Farmers preferred loan in the form of cash than in kind so as to spend it according to their own requirements. Poor financial position and urgent need compelled the farmers to divert some portion of their loan for some other unspecified purposes. The farmers do not intend to make repayment hoping to get interest or part of principal amount remitted on account of political promises. The irregular payment or no payment shall certainly lead to improper functioning of the bank as these may starve of finance and further lending to needy borrowers affected adversely.ThesisItem Open Access An economic analysis of tractorisation in Sirsa district of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2011) Kuldeep Chand; Suhag, K. S.The present study was carried out in Dabwali and Sirsa tehsils of Sirsa district of Haryana with the objectives of examining the magnitude and utilization pattern of tractors, testing economic viability of tractor, studying factors affecting demand of tractors in Haryana and identification of problems in the purchase and use of tractors. From each selected tehsil two villages (Choutala and Asakhera from Dabwali and Randhawa and Arniawali from Sirsa tehsil) were selected randomly and further 20 tractor owner farmers from each village were selected to comprise a sample size of 80 tractor owner farmers. A consistent increase in the number of tractors has been observed in Haryana state. Panchkula (232.78) had maximum number of tractors per 1000 hectares of cultivated land. The average annual use of tractors was found 784.41 hours, out of which for 321.90 hours (41.04 per cent) the tractors were used for own work and for 462.51 hours (58.96 per cent) the tractor was used for hired out operations. Tillage was the major agricultural operation in respect of use of tractor. Total cost of tractor was ` 209795.33 per tractor per year, of which variable cost accounted for ` 121519.50 per tractor per year (57.92 per cent) and fixed cost accounted for ` 88275.83 per tractor per year (42.07 per cent of total cost). The total cost of tractor per hour was estimated to be ` 267.45. Total returns from the tractor use were ` 397791.79 per tractor per year, of which average returns from owned operations accounted for ` 149646.42 (37.61 per cent of total returns) and average returns from hired out operations accounted for ` 248145.37 (62.38 per cent of total returns). Benefit cost ratio for tractor investment was 1.89, net present worth was ` 1280418.42, internal rate of return was 37.03 per cent and payback period was 4 years which indicate viability of investment in tractor. Sensitivity analysis by raising total cost and total returns by 5 per cent and 10 per cent showed that even after increase in cost, investment in tractor remains viable. Out of eight explanatory variables, gross irrigated area, area under high yielding varieties, cropping intensity and price of tractor were found significant and affected the demand of tractors. These factors contributed for 90.74 per cent variation in tractor demand. The total number of tractors in Haryana were estimated to be 5,17,424 for the year 2029-30. There were two financial (lack of essential matching implements/machineries and their use and operator/user should be capable of doing minor repairs), one infrastructural (small land holding) and two economic and financial problems (cost of new tractor is high and tractor is used for only few days in a year) which were the major problems faced by the farmers in the purchase and use of tractor.ThesisItem Open Access An economic analysis of existing farming systems in Kurukshetra district of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2011) Saini, Sunil; Pannu, R. S.The present study was carried out in Thanesar and Pehowa blocks of Kurukshetra district of Haryana with the objectives to study the existing farming system, to examine the comparative economics of different farming systems and to identify the constraints in adoption of different farming systems. From each selected block three villages (Jyotisar, Sunder pur and Umri from Thanesar and Alwa, Malik pur and Bohr-seda from Pehowa block) were selected and further 15 farmers from each village were selected to comprise a sample size of 90 farmers. The major farming systems adopted by the farmers were Rice + wheat, livestock, mushroom and bee-keeping based farming systems. In rice cultivation, the maximum benefit cost ratio (1.12) was observed for large farmers followed by medium (1.03) and small farmers (1.02). Benefit cost ratio for wheat crop was found minimum for small (1.01) followed by medium (1. 03) and large farmers (1.07). Potato crop was cultivated by small and medium farmers. The benefit cost ratio was 1.13 for small and 1.15 for medium farmer. Sugarcane crop was cultivated by medium and large farmers. The benefit cost ratio was 1.15 for medium and 1.21 for large farmers. The benefit cost ratio for maize cultivation was 1.82 for small and 1.85 for medium farmers. Sunflower crop was cultivated by small farmers having benefit cost ratio of 1.25. The number of total milch animals was highest for large followed by medium and small farmers. The benefit cost ratio of dairy farming was highest (1.47) for large less for medium (1.42) and lowest for small farmers (1.34). Mushroom cultivation was also to be a profitable enterprise for all the categories of the farmers. The large farmers got highest benefit with benefit cost ratio (1.60) followed by medium (1.27) and least for small farmers (1.14). In bee keeping, the maximum benefit cost ratio was obtained by large (1.83) followed by medium (1.54) and minimum for small farmers (1.27). Scarcity of labour (82.44 percent farmers} and non availability of fertilizers and pesticide (56.66 percent) were the major technical problems faced by the farmers in adoption of different enterprises. Lack of continuity in electricity was found to be major infrastructural problem as reported by 74.44 percent farmers. Economical and financial problems were the main problems faced by the farmers, these includes low income from farming (91.11per cent) followed by lack of credit availability (74.44 per cent) and not receiving remunerative price of their produce (71.14 per cent).ThesisItem Open Access Land market mechanism and its effect on agriculture in NCR (National Capital Region) in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2011) Arvind Kumar; Sharma, U.K.The present study was carried out in Jhajjar and Farukhnagar tehsil of Jhajjar and Gurgaon Districts of Haryana. These districts were purposively selected because of big land traders like Haryana Reliance SEZ Company Limited, Kundli Manesar Palwal Expressway who have already purchased a huge quantum of land in this area. From each tehsil five villages (Dadritoe, Phasour, Palpa, Nimana, Munimpur + Kukrola from Jhajjar and Sultanpur, Mubarkpur, Jhanjrola khera, Kaliawas, Ekbalpur from Farukhnagar) were selected randomly and 12 farmers of land sale were selected from each village. Thus, a total of 120 farmers were interviewed for collection of data for sale transaction in agricultural land during last five years i.e. from 2004-05 to 2008-09. Small groups of farmers had maximum share of land sold as compared to medium and large groups. On an average 498.25 acres (62.53 per cent) of land was sold to Haryana Reliance SEZ Company limited and on KMP Express way. On an average maximum 100 farmers (45.45 per cent) sold their land to repay the debt followed by marriage of their children 37 farmers (16.82 per cent) and house construction 5 farmers (2.27 per cent) showed the least share. Maximum share of money was invested in purchase of agriculture land i.e. 4,003.20 lakhs (59.22 per cent) and in purchase of housing plots 765 lakhs (11.32 per cent). Total area under kharif and rabi crops decreased after sale of land. The decline in area under bajra 64.04 per cent, rice 36.58 per cent and vegetable 48.13 per cent and area under wheat 59.25 per cent, mustard 66.53 per cent, berseem 61.60 per cent and vegetable 71.26 per cent. Socio-economic status of farmers increased after sale of land i.e. 55 per cent were in low category, 31.67 per cent were in medium category and 13.33 per cent were in high category. The farmers of Farukhnagar tehsil were better than Jhajjar tehsil.ThesisItem Open Access Economics of integrated pest management of cotton in Sirsa district of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2012) Dhavale, Vijaykumar Babanrao; V. K. SinghAlthough, IPM approach is creating awareness and interest among the farmers, but its implementation at farm level is not up to the expectation In the backdrop of this, the present study was carried out with objectives to study the resources use pattern, to estimate the cost of cultivation, yield and returns obtained in the IPM and non-IPM farms and to identify the problems faced by the farmer in the adoption of IPM in cotton. Sirsa district was purposively selected because it has highest area under cotton in the state. In Sirsa district Dabwali block was selected. In selected block four villages were selected, from each village 10 IPM and 10 non-IPM respondents were selected. Thus in all, 80 respondents were selected randomly. The primary data for the agricultural year 2011-12 were collected by Survey Method by conducting personal interviews of the selected farmers with the help of specially designed schedules. The findings revealed that the cost of cultivation for IPM cotton (Rs. 66025.48/ha) was near about similar to non- IPM cotton (Rs. 66100.24/ha), the per quintal cost of production of IPM cotton ( Rs. 2934.47) was lower as compared to its non-IPM (Rs. 3305.01)counterpart mainly due to higher productivity of IPM (22.50 qt. /ha) cotton than the non-IPM cotton (20.00 qt. /ha).The gross returns from IPM and non-IPM farm was estimated to Rs.102000 and 90500 per hectare respectively. As indicated by B: C ratio of 1:1.54 for IPM and 1: 1.36 for non-IPM, IPM cotton cultivation was economically more viable than the non-IPM cotton. The regression analysis showed that the influence of plant protection chemicals was found significant statistically in IPM farms. This revealed that the IPM components have contributed to the yield significantly. As far as the constraints were that farmers were unaware about effectiveness of IPM technology, non-availability of IPM material, etc. The cultivation of cotton was found to be profitable with the adoption of IPM technology due to the saving in cost of plant protection on one hand and an increase in yield on the other. This calls for a concentrated effort on the part of state agencies, State Agricultural Universities, and other stake holder in order to make IPM technology popular and useful to the cotton grower in the state. This will go a long way to make cotton cultivation sustainable in future.
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