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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar

After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960. The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.

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Author: Vijay Kumar × End date: 2017 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on evaluation of some phytoacaricides against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Vijay Kumar; Vatsya, Stuti
    A study was under taken with objective of detecting synthetic pyrethroid resistance (deltamethrin concentrations- 0.0003125%, 0.000625%, 0.00125%, 0.0025%, 0.005%, 0.01% and 0.02%-each tested in triplicate) in R. microplus using two in vitro laboratory bioassays namely Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and Larval Packet Test (LPT) collected from different parts of Uttarakhand state {Nainital (Bindu Khatta, Patwadangar, Halduchor), Udham Singh Nagar (Saanp Katani Khatta, Pantnagar Dairy, Nehru Colony, Sitarganj), Pithoragarh (Bin) and Uttarkashi} to generate a baseline data and Azadirachta and Eucalyptus plants were screened for acaricidal activity. The susceptible tick population collected from Bindu Khatta, Nainital displayed an LC50 of 0.00075% Active Ingredient (A.I.) [Confidence Interval (C.I.) 95% 0.0006-0.0009] and LC99 of 0.00533% (C.I. 95% 0.0034-0.0112) in AIT bioassay. The R. microplus population from Nehru colony exhibited the highest LC50 of 0.03192%, (CI 95% 0.0188-0.1026%) followed by Pithoragarh (0.00526%, CI 95% 0.0036-0.0083%), Pantnagar dairy (0.00514%, CI 95% 0.0036-0.0080%), Sitarganj (0.00376%, CI 95% 0.0025-0.0061%), Halduchor (0.00337% CI 95% 0.0025-0.0047%), Saanp Katani Khatta (0.00189% CI 95% 0.0013-0.0026%), Nainital (Patwadangar) (0.00177% CI 95% 0.0012-0.0025%) and Uttarkashi (0.00088%, CI 95% 0.0007-0.0011). The R2 values of 0.994, 0.991, 0.978, 0.974, 0.973, 0.964, 0.962, 0.952 and 0.877 were detected in Bindu Khatta, Uttarkashi, Pithoragarh, Pantnagar Dairy, Nehru colony, Nainital, Halduchor, Sitarganj, and Saanp Katani Khatta populations, respectively. The Nehru colony population of ticks had the highest resistance factor (RF) of 42.55, whereas the Pithoragarh and Pantnagar dairy populations had RF values of 7.01 and 6.85, respectively; Sitarganj, Halduchor, Saanp Katani Khatta and Nainital tick populations were 5.01, 4.49, 2.52, and 2.36 times resistant, respectively. Level IV resistance was found in Nehru colony tick population; level II in Pithoragarh, Pantnagar Dairy, Sitarganj and level I in Halduchor, Saanp Katani Khatta and Nainital R. microplus populations. The population of ticks collected from Uttarkashi and Bindu Khatta were found susceptible to deltamethrin. In LPT bioassay, an LC50 of 0.00074% A. I. (C.I. 95% 0.0005-0.0010) was observed for the Susceptible R. microplus population. The LC50 values were observed to be (0.03524%, CI 95% 0.0248- 0.0607%), (0.00508%, CI 95% 0.0037-0.0073%), (0.00439%, CI 95% 0.0030-0.0067), (0.00393%, CI 95% 0.0021-0.0089%), (0.00365%, CI 95% 0.0025- 0.0054%), (0.00196%, CI 95% 0.0013-0.0029%), (0.00165% CI 95% 0.0012-0.0022%) and (0.00097% CI 95% 0.0006-0.0015) for Nehru colony, Pantnagar Dairy, Sitarganj, Pithoragarh, Halduchor, Saanp Katani Khatta, Nainital and Uttarkashi, respectively. Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus citriodora were selected to know their acaricidal potential against R. microplus ticks. The % yield obtained with, aqueous, methanolic and aqueous-methanolic extract was, 16, 7.48 and 17.56 for A. indica and 13.28, 18.96 and 19.28 for Eucalyptus. The results of AIT using the aqueous, methanolic and aqueous-methanolic extract of both plants revealed a dose dependent decrease in reproductive index (RI) and percent inhibition of oviposition (IO%) generally from concentration 2.5 to 20%. A decrease in egg production was significant (p<0.05) for 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% concentration of the extract. Tick mortality percent of 40 and 70% was observed at 10 and 20 % concentration of methanolic extract solution of A. indica. The results of AIT with E. citriodora revealed that RI and IO% decreased from concentration 1.25 to 20%. The results of AIT using the Neem oil showed that there was dose dependent decrease in RI and IO% in concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 20%. A decrease of 5, 30, 40, 50 and 60% hatching of eggs was observed at 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% concentration of oil, respectively. With Eucalyptus oil, also a dose dependent decrease in RI and IO% for 1.25% concentration was noted. A decrease of 50% hatching of eggs was also observed at 1.25% concentration of oil. Ticks failed to oviposit at 2.5% to 20% concentration. 100% mortality was observed at 2.5% to 20% concentration of oil. In LPT bioassay, an LC50 of 9.333% A. I. (C.I. 95% 6.132-16.983) was observed for the Azadirachta aqueous extract solution against resistant R. microplus population. With E. citriodora aqueous methanolic solution, LC50 of 9.620% A. I. (C.I. 95% 4.491-17.148), methanolic LC50 of 14.492% A. I. (C.I. 95% 13.210-16.060) and aqueous LC50 of 17.556% A. I. (C.I. 95% 2.916.210-18.817)}. E. citriodora oil exhibited LC50 of 11.634% and neem oil an LC50 of 22.818% against larvae of R. microplus population. In LIT, no mortality of R. microplus larvae was recorded at any concentration of A. indica and E. citriodora extracts except at 20% concentration of neem aqueous solution (85%). Several phytoconstituents were revealed on phytochemical analysis of A. indica [alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, sterols, tannins and triterpenes] and E. citriodora [alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugar, saponins, tannins and triterpenes]. Based on results of laboratory bioassays, it is possible to conclude that the oils of A. indica and E. citriodora caused a negative effect on reproduction and hatchability against deltamethrin resistant R. microplus while Eucalyptus oil even resulted in mortality of ticks. The use of these oils shows great potential for the future as an alternative biocontrol method for R. microplus. These can be incorporated as part of an integrated control programme for ticks.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on evaluation of some phytoacaricides against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Vijay Kumar; Vatsya, Stuti
    A study was under taken with objective of detecting synthetic pyrethroid resistance (deltamethrin concentrations- 0.0003125%, 0.000625%, 0.00125%, 0.0025%, 0.005%, 0.01% and 0.02%-each tested in triplicate) in R. microplus using two in vitro laboratory bioassays namely Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and Larval Packet Test (LPT) collected from different parts of Uttarakhand state {Nainital (Bindu Khatta, Patwadangar, Halduchor), Udham Singh Nagar (Saanp Katani Khatta, Pantnagar Dairy, Nehru Colony, Sitarganj), Pithoragarh (Bin) and Uttarkashi} to generate a baseline data and Azadirachta and Eucalyptus plants were screened for acaricidal activity. The susceptible tick population collected from Bindu Khatta, Nainital displayed an LC50 of 0.00075% Active Ingredient (A.I.) [Confidence Interval (C.I.) 95% 0.0006-0.0009] and LC99 of 0.00533% (C.I. 95% 0.0034-0.0112) in AIT bioassay. The R. microplus population from Nehru colony exhibited the highest LC50 of 0.03192%, (CI 95% 0.0188-0.1026%) followed by Pithoragarh (0.00526%, CI 95% 0.0036-0.0083%), Pantnagar dairy (0.00514%, CI 95% 0.0036-0.0080%), Sitarganj (0.00376%, CI 95% 0.0025-0.0061%), Halduchor (0.00337% CI 95% 0.0025-0.0047%), Saanp Katani Khatta (0.00189% CI 95% 0.0013-0.0026%), Nainital (Patwadangar) (0.00177% CI 95% 0.0012-0.0025%) and Uttarkashi (0.00088%, CI 95% 0.0007-0.0011). The R2 values of 0.994, 0.991, 0.978, 0.974, 0.973, 0.964, 0.962, 0.952 and 0.877 were detected in Bindu Khatta, Uttarkashi, Pithoragarh, Pantnagar Dairy, Nehru colony, Nainital, Halduchor, Sitarganj, and Saanp Katani Khatta populations, respectively. The Nehru colony population of ticks had the highest resistance factor (RF) of 42.55, whereas the Pithoragarh and Pantnagar dairy populations had RF values of 7.01 and 6.85, respectively; Sitarganj, Halduchor, Saanp Katani Khatta and Nainital tick populations were 5.01, 4.49, 2.52, and 2.36 times resistant, respectively. Level IV resistance was found in Nehru colony tick population; level II in Pithoragarh, Pantnagar Dairy, Sitarganj and level I in Halduchor, Saanp Katani Khatta and Nainital R. microplus populations. The population of ticks collected from Uttarkashi and Bindu Khatta were found susceptible to deltamethrin. In LPT bioassay, an LC50 of 0.00074% A. I. (C.I. 95% 0.0005-0.0010) was observed for the Susceptible R. microplus population. The LC50 values were observed to be (0.03524%, CI 95% 0.0248- 0.0607%), (0.00508%, CI 95% 0.0037-0.0073%), (0.00439%, CI 95% 0.0030-0.0067), (0.00393%, CI 95% 0.0021-0.0089%), (0.00365%, CI 95% 0.0025- 0.0054%), (0.00196%, CI 95% 0.0013-0.0029%), (0.00165% CI 95% 0.0012-0.0022%) and (0.00097% CI 95% 0.0006-0.0015) for Nehru colony, Pantnagar Dairy, Sitarganj, Pithoragarh, Halduchor, Saanp Katani Khatta, Nainital and Uttarkashi, respectively. Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus citriodora were selected to know their acaricidal potential against R. microplus ticks. The % yield obtained with, aqueous, methanolic and aqueous-methanolic extract was, 16, 7.48 and 17.56 for A. indica and 13.28, 18.96 and 19.28 for Eucalyptus. The results of AIT using the aqueous, methanolic and aqueous-methanolic extract of both plants revealed a dose dependent decrease in reproductive index (RI) and percent inhibition of oviposition (IO%) generally from concentration 2.5 to 20%. A decrease in egg production was significant (p<0.05) for 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% concentration of the extract. Tick mortality percent of 40 and 70% was observed at 10 and 20 % concentration of methanolic extract solution of A. indica. The results of AIT with E. citriodora revealed that RI and IO% decreased from concentration 1.25 to 20%. The results of AIT using the Neem oil showed that there was dose dependent decrease in RI and IO% in concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 20%. A decrease of 5, 30, 40, 50 and 60% hatching of eggs was observed at 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% concentration of oil, respectively. With Eucalyptus oil, also a dose dependent decrease in RI and IO% for 1.25% concentration was noted. A decrease of 50% hatching of eggs was also observed at 1.25% concentration of oil. Ticks failed to oviposit at 2.5% to 20% concentration. 100% mortality was observed at 2.5% to 20% concentration of oil. In LPT bioassay, an LC50 of 9.333% A. I. (C.I. 95% 6.132-16.983) was observed for the Azadirachta aqueous extract solution against resistant R. microplus population. With E. citriodora aqueous methanolic solution, LC50 of 9.620% A. I. (C.I. 95% 4.491-17.148), methanolic LC50 of 14.492% A. I. (C.I. 95% 13.210-16.060) and aqueous LC50 of 17.556% A. I. (C.I. 95% 2.916.210-18.817)}. E. citriodora oil exhibited LC50 of 11.634% and neem oil an LC50 of 22.818% against larvae of R. microplus population. In LIT, no mortality of R. microplus larvae was recorded at any concentration of A. indica and E. citriodora extracts except at 20% concentration of neem aqueous solution (85%). Several phytoconstituents were revealed on phytochemical analysis of A. indica [alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, sterols, tannins and triterpenes] and E. citriodora [alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugar, saponins, tannins and triterpenes]. Based on results of laboratory bioassays, it is possible to conclude that the oils of A. indica and E. citriodora caused a negative effect on reproduction and hatchability against deltamethrin resistant R. microplus while Eucalyptus oil even resulted in mortality of ticks. The use of these oils shows great potential for the future as an alternative biocontrol method for R. microplus. These can be incorporated as part of an integrated control programme for ticks.