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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar

After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960. The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.

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2021 - 20222
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Subject: Veterinary Parasitology × End date: 2022 × Start date: 2020 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on prevalence and biochemical profile of metacestodes in slaughtered food animals of northern india and associated pathological alterations
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2022-06) Patidar, Sachin; Vatsya, Stuti
    A study was designed to know the prevalence and biochemical profile of hydatid cyst in buffaloes and Cysticercus in sheep, goats and pigs and pathological alterations and economic impact of hydatidosis and cysticercosis in slaughtered food animals of different regions of Northern India. The prevalence of cystic echinococcosis and cysticercosis was determined in slaughtered food animals during the period of one year (March, 2021- February, 2022) in different districts in Uttarakhand (Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital, Bageshwar and Almora), Uttar Pradesh (Bareilly, Rampur and Moradabad), Rajasthan (Alwar, Jaipur and Bharatpur) and Madhya Pradesh (Rewa, Jhabua and Ratlam). Of an aggregate of 2255 (buffaloes=456, sheep=237, goats=626 and pigs=936) slaughtered food animals screened for metacestodes, 53 (2.35%) were found positive for cystic echinococcosis (CE) and 180 (7.98%) for cysticercosis with an overall percent prevalence of 10.33% for metacestodes. Of a total of 456 buffaloes screened, 53 were found to harbour hydatid cyst with an overall prevalence of 11.62%. The overall % prevalence rate of CE in area under study of Uttarakhand (n=239) state was found to be 11.30 {Nainital (n=144) -12.50; Udham Singh Nagar (n=44) - 8.51; Bageshwar (n=25) - 8; Almora (n=23) -13.04}; 14.29 in Uttar Pradesh (n=91) {Bareilly(n=43) -18.60; Rampur (n=31) -9.68; Moradabad (n=17) -11.76}; 13.04 in Rajasthan (n=69) {Alwar (n=37) - 10.81; Jaipur (n=13) - 15.38; Bharatpur (n=19) - 15.79}; 7.02 in Madhya Pradesh (n=57) {Rewa (n=30) - 6.67; Jhabua (n=16) - 6.25; Ratlam (11) - 9.09}. The highest prevalence of CE (13.60%) in slaughtered buffaloes was recorded in winter, followed by summer (11.48%) and least in the rains (10.53%). The average prevalence of CE of 33.96%, 47.16% and 18.86% was recorded in liver (single cyst -66.67%; multiple cysts- 33.33%), lung (single cyst - 80%; multiple cysts - 20%) and liver+lung, respectively. The fertility rate of hydatid cysts recovered from slaughtered buffaloes was determined to be 73.58% with 16.98% of the cysts being sterile and 9.43% of the cysts calcified. The viability of protoscolices in fertile cysts of the lungs was 78.95%, compared to 76.92% in cysts collected from the liver. The overall viability of protoscolices was found to be 82.05%. The overall % prevalence rate of Cysticercus tenuicollis in sheep was 18.14 and 19.80 in goats [Uttarakhand - 23.08 in sheep (Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital, Bageshwar, and Almora - 27.27, 22.58, 21.43 and 18.18, respectively) and 20.53 in goats (Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital, Bageshwar and Almora - 21.52, 19.84, 17.65 and 20%, respectively)]; [Uttar Pradesh -15.09% in sheep (Bareilly, Rampur and Moradabad -18.18, 10.53 and 16.67%, respectively) and 19.19% in goats (Bareilly, Rampur and Moradabad - 19.61, 18.92 and 18.18%, respectively)]; . [Rajasthan - 13.72% in sheep (Alwar, Jaipur and Bharatpur - 13.13 and 18.18%, respectively) and 15.79% in goats (Alwar, Jaipur and Bharatpur - 15.79, 11.76 and 19.05%]; [Madhya Pradesh - 18.18% in sheep (Rewa, Jhabua and Ratlam- 19.23, 15.38 and 18.75%, respectively) and 19.61%. in goat (Rewa, Jhabua and Ratlam- 17.39, 20 and 23.08%, respectively)]. The omentum fat region was most prominently infected organ with cysticercosis. The overall mean ±SE concentration values of total protein (g/dl), cholesterol (mmol/L), glucose (mmol/L), creatinine (μmol/L), triglyceride (mmol/L), urea (mmol/L), ALT (U/L), AST (U/L), Ca (mmol/L), Na (mmol/L) and K(mmol/L) of hydatid fluid collected from liver of buffaloes were 0.02±0.02, 0.14±0.06, 1.44±0.04, 49.59±1.27, 0.04±0.00, 5.08±0.22, 6088.33±1.78, 5712.31±1.90, 2.23±0.01, 111.46±1.84 and 7.68±0.06, respectively and the same for collected from lungs of buffaloes were 0.32±0.02, 0.13±0.03, 1.36±0.02, 49.12±1.28, 0.16±0.01, 6.84±0.40, 5241.32±2.80, 4286.06±2.17, 1.25±0.01, 81.37±3.04 and 7.23±0.37, respectively; Cysticercus fluid collected from sheep were 0.70±0.03, 0.23±0.02, 3.76±0.13, 29.19±1.39, 0.21±0.02, 10.36±0.81, 9.47±1.65, 7.17±0.48, 4.38±0.47, 55.56±2.9 and 1.65±0.2, respectively and from goats were 0.72±0.02, 0.30±0.01, 3.17±0.13, 61.74±5.12, 0.19±0.01, 7.75±0.20, 7.12±0.30, 5.72±0.30, 5.41±0.25, 57.44±2.60 and 1.36±0.16, respectively. Histo-pathological alterations observed in the liver of buffaloes harbouring cystic echinococcosis included extensive fibrosis at the periphery of hepatic lobule with degenerative and necrotic changes along with infiltration of leucocytes. Lungs showed extensive infiltrations of leucocytes, hyperplastic changes of brochiolar epithelium, thickning of alveolar septa with fibrosis, atelectic alveoli with bronchiectasis and fibrosis. The livers of goat and sheep having cysticercosis revealed necrosis and degeneration of hepatocytes with dis-orientation of hepatic cords. In mesentery/omentum of goat having cysticercosis, thickening of mesentery/omentum with inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrous tissue proliferation was found. The infected muscles of pigs having cysticercosis revealed necrosis in muscle fiber as well as infiltration of leucocytes. The % economic loss from condemnation of organs due to hydatidosis infection in slaughtered buffaloes was found to be 7.32 (liver- 7.67; lung- 6.14) which amounted to 45,220 ₹ (liver- 36400 ₹; lung- 8820 ₹); due to C. tenuicollis infection in slaughtered sheep and goat was 3.76 {liver (sheep- 4.64; goat- 3.34)} amounting to 8340 ₹ (sheep liver – 3300 ₹; goat liver - 5040 ₹) and due to C. cellulosae infection in slaughtered pig was 1.38 (pork - 1.39; pig heart - 0.74) amounting to 195546 ₹ (pork- 195000₹; pig heart - 546 ₹). Based on the results of prevalence of hydatidosis, it is suggested that there is need for deworming campaign among stray dogs and buffaloes and raise awareness of the disease among butchers. The information generated in the present study will enable a better understanding of epidemiology of cystic echinococcosis and cysticercosis in the areas under study which can be utilized in state or national programmes to manage or eradicate them.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Molecular detection of bovine tropical theileriosis in northern India
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Harit, Aakanksha; Rajeev Ranjan Kumar
    Considering the economic importance and increasing reports of bovine tropical theileriosis caused by Theileria annulata, from different agro-climatic regions of Northern India, an epidemiological study was studied to determine the state-wise, host-wise, age-wise and season wise prevalence of the disease from July, 2020 to June, 2021 using microscopic thin blood smear examination (TBE) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Out of 544 blood samples (383 from cattle and 161 from buffaloes) examined, a total of 158 (29.04%) blood samples were found positive for bovine tropical theileriosis {133 cattle (34.72%) and 25 buffaloes (15.52%)}. State-wise prevalence was found maximum (37.66%) in Haryana (51.06% cattle and 16.66%), followed by 28.63% in Uttarakhand (32.73% cattle and 13.33%), 22.58% in Rajasthan (26.19% cattle and 15% buffaloes) and minimum (21.73%) in Uttar Pradesh (24.05 % in cattle and 16.66% in buffaloes). Overall age-wise prevalence was found maximum (35.22%) in animals of >3 years of age (42.62% in cattle and 18.51% in buffaloes), followed by 27.93% in those between 1-3 years of age (33.33% in cattle and 14% in buffaloes) and minimum (14.85%) in animals <1 year of age (16.90% in cattle and 10% in buffaloes). Seasonal prevalence of bovine tropical theileriosis was found maximum (32.01%) during summer followed by rainy (29.79%) and minimum (19.35%) during winter season. Thin blood smear examination (TBE) for the presence of piroplasm and schizont (KBB) stages, 86 (15.80%) blood samples was positive for theileriosis. KBB was observed in 14 (2.57%), piroplasms in 62 (11.39%) and both KBB and piroplasms in 10 (1.83%). For molecular diagnosis of BTT, allele-specific PCR based on Cytb, β-tubulin and HSP70 gene was conducted. Amplification yielded complete CDS of Cytb, partial HSP70 and β-tubulin gene sequence of length 1092 bp, 275 bp and 450 bp, respectively in all the positive samples. Besides this, nested PCR for T. annulata specific β-tubulin gene was also performed and amplification yielded gene sequence of length 309 bp. The results of the present study showed that PCR assay was 1.83% more sensitive than TBE for large scale epidemiological studies of bovine tropical theileriosis. In order to investigate the genetic variation, Cytb, β-tubulin and HSP70 genes specific PCR products were digested using Alu1, Rsa1 and Taq1 and Alu1 restriction enzymes, respectively. Restriction digestion of Cytb gene specific PCR products generated gene fragments of 365, 225, 207, 105, 98, 82 and 11 bp length. In case of β-tubulin gene, restriction digestion generated four (270bp and 180bp, 286bp and 164bp, 340bp and 110bp, 277bp and 173bp) different patterns. However, in HSP70, Alu1 restriction digestion generated four (143bp, 78bp and 54bp; 107bp, 90bp and 78bp; 182bp, 78bp and 15bp; 125bp, 90bp and 60bp) different patterns and Taq1 restriction digestion generated two (175bp and 110bp, 240bp and 35bp) different patterns. The sequence analysis of all the genes revealed high level of polymorphism when compared with the pre-existing GenBank sequences. All the four isolates of Cytb gene of T. annulata showed four synonymous mutations at codon 78 (Serine), 116 (Threonine), 139 (Leucine), 143 (Phenylalanine) and 290 (Valine) and one non-synonymous mutation at codon 146 (Threonine instead of Alanine). Besides this, Hisar isolate showed a non-synonymous mutation at codon 153 (Alanine instead of Glycine). However, Karnal, Haridwar and Rajasthan isolates showed synonymous mutation at codon 290 (Valine). All the three isolates of β-tubulin gene showed three synonymous mutations at codon 35 (Isoleucine), codon 150 (Tyrosine) and codon 151 (Threonine). Apart from this, Haridwar isolate showed two non-synonymous mutations at codon 37 (Glutamine instead of stop codon) and codon 54 (Phenylalanine instead of Tyrosine). However, Karnal isolate showed a non-synonymous mutation at codon 98 (Leucine instead of Proline) along with three synonymous mutations at codon 35 (Isoleucine), codon 150 (Tyrosine) and codon 151 (Threonine). All the aligned sequences of HSP70 gene showed a non-synonymous mutation at codon 87 (Serine instead of Threonine). However, Hisar, Karnal and UP isolates showed a non-synonymous mutation at codon 51 (Glutamine replaced by stop codon). Phylogenetic analysis of Cytb gene showed two different clades (Haridwar, Karnal and Rajasthan isolates in one clade and Hisar isolate in another clade) under same branch. All the isolates of β-tubulin gene fell into same clade. However, in case of HSP70 gene, Hisar, Karnal and UP isolates shared same clade while Haridwar isolate made a separate node under the same branch. On the basis of present study, it can be concluded that bovines of Northern India are highly susceptible for bovine tropical theileriosis. The findings of various laboratory techniques suggest that AS-PCR may be used to detect latent infection in asymptomatic carriers essentially required for early diagnosis and to save the life of infected animals. The point mutations observed at codon 139, 143 and 146 in Cytb gene of T. annulata may be used to detect buparvaquone treatment failure in animals. As the disease is fatal in nature, so it is suggested that the farmers should consult Veterinarians for proper diagnosis of the disease and minimizing the economic losses.