Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar

After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960. The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.

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Open Access
Structural and functional development of immunity in chicks
(Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology;Pantnagar, 2002) Mishra, Uma Kanta; Singh, G.K.
Open Access
Structural And Functional Development Of Adoptive Immunity In Chicks
(Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology;Pantnagar, 2004) Dhote, Balwinder Singh; Singh, G.K.
Open Access
Gross morphometric, light-and electron microscopic studies on the small intestine of the Kadaknath fowl
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-04) Kalita, Pranab Chandra; Singh, G.K.
The present study was aimed at promotion and advancement of the knowledge with respect to the gross morphometry, histology, histochemistry and electron microscopy of the small intestine in Kadaknath breed of poultry from the day of hatch to day 112. The changes in intestinal size and morphology with age were different in the three intestinal segments examined. The duodenum, jejunum and ileum increased in weight and length as age advanced. Histologically the mucosa of entire small intestine showed villi of variable shapes and sizes according to age. The cells which formed the surface of villi and glands were arranged in simple columnar epithelium comprised of the chief or main epithelial cells, the goblet cells and the enterochromaffin cells. The chief cells of the glands of Lieberkuhn differed from those of the villi. The goblet cells in the duodenal villi of the Kadaknath fowl were always in the form of a neatly shaped goblet. Argentaffin cells were present both in the villi and the glands and were most numerous in the glands. Frequency of argentaffin cells increased in 56 and 112 day old birds. Globular Leucocyts (GL) were also observed in the basal half of the intestinal epithelium, lying between the epithelial cells. The lamina propria was composed of loose connective tissue which had very few large collagen fibers but possessed a network of fine reticular fibrils, which were associated with the reticular networks of the blood vessels and muscle fibers. The muscularis mucosae consisted of a layer of longitudinally oriented smooth muscle fibers, which passed inwards into the corium of each villus. The submucosa was so poorly developed as to be almost non-existent. The tunica muscularis consisted of a well developed inner circular muscle layer and a weakly developed outer longitudinal muscle layer. There was greater density of collagen fibers in the tunica serosa layer of 112 day old birds. The depth of crypts of Lieberkuhn decreased considerably and there was decrease in the density of argentaffin cells in the middle segment of the small intestine. There was gradient increase in the goblet cell count upto 14 days of age in the ileum. Histochemically, the intestinal goblet cells showed very strong PAS reaction in 14 days old birds, the intensity of which increased towards ileum. Alcian-Blue stain revealed strong reaction of acid mucin in the villi as well as gland epithelium of the ileum of 14 day old birds. Modified Giemsa stain for argentaffin granules revealed varied occurrence of granules per cell. Pronounced activities of all the enzymes studied (viz. alkaline and acid phosphatase, ATPase, glucose-6-phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase) were found in the villous epithelium of 14 to 112 day old birds. The SEM study revealed, finger-like villi in day old chicks in each intestinal segment. The villi developed to a plate-like pattern in duodenum and jejunum, whereas in ileum the villi were low and narrow tongue like by day 28 of age. By day 112 of age, the villi developed to a common wave like pattern in all the three segments. Structural variations among similar types of cells were not observed in the different parts of the small intestine under TEM study. Ultrastructurally, the duodenal villous epithelium at day 1 revealed chief cells having basally located oval nucleus and prominent nucleolus. Globule leucocytes and lymphocytes were sandwiched between the epithelial cells throughout the intestine in all the three groups under study. Mast cells were located in the lamina propria just beneath the epithelium, but never populated the intestinal epithelium. The argentaffin cells were almost always seen between the bases of the epithelial cells, on or near the basal lamina. These cells never reached the intestinal lumen. The results obtained indicate that the changes observed in different age groups may contribute significantly in satisfying the functional requirements of the indigenous poultry breed during development.
Open Access
Light and ultrastructural studies on the blood cells of pig (Sus scrofa)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2010-08) Mehta, Suresh; Singh, Ishwar
The present study was conducted on blood cells of ten healthy pigs. The erythrocytes were non nucleated and 5.7±0.17 μm in size. The neutrophils were round in shape and 12.00±0.44 μm in size. The eosinophils were round in shape and were 12.25±0.28 μm μm in size. The basophils were the largest leucocytes and measured13.25±0.24 μm in size. The small, medium and large sized lymphocytes were 7.44±0.23 μm, 9.65±0.16 μm and 12.05 ±0.23 μm in size, respectively. The monocytes were round in shape and measured 13.20±0.27 μm in size. The neutrophils showed positive reaction for alkaline phosphatase, cytochrome oxidase and beta glucuronidase. The eosinophils revealed positive reaction for glycogen, general lipid, alkaline phosphtase, peroxidase, nonspecific esterase, beta glucuronidase and arylsulphatase. Basophils showed positive reaction for mucopolysaccharides, peroxidase and non-specific esterase. Lymphocytes and monocytes were positive for succinate dehydrogenase. Under scanning electron microscope erythrocytes were biconcave disc in appearance. There were four types of leukocytes. The platelets appeared irregular in out line with cytoplasmic processes. Ultrastructurally cytoplasmic granules of the neutrophils were varied greatly in shape, size and density. Eosinophils were round in outline and had four types of cytoplasmic granules distributed homogeneously thought out the cytoplasm. The basophils were roughly spherical in outline with pleomorphic electron dense cytoplasmic granules in the cytoplasm. Lymphocytes were almost round in outline with comparatively long cytoplasmic processes and pseudopodia. The monocytes showed large number of variable sized cytoplasmic processes and characterized by large number of pinocytic vesicles and vacuoles. The platelets were non-nucleated and cytoplasm had different types of double membrane bound granules.
Open Access
Cytomorphological, cytochemical, cytoenzymic and ultrastructural studies on blood cells of Equus asinus
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2011-07) Meena Mrigesh; Singh, Ishwar
The present study was conducted on blood cells of ten apparently healthy donkeys. The erythrocytes of donkey were 6.0±0.20 m in size. The neutrophils were round in shape and 11.75 ± 0.40m in size containing 2 to 5 nuclear lobes. The eosinophils were measured 13.35 ± 0.3m in size and appeared mulberry shape. The basophils were the largest cells among leukocytes and measured 13.85 ± 0.25m in diameter. The lymphocytes were of three different size i.e. small (mean diameter 5.8 ± 0.11 m), medium (mean diameter 7 ± 0.15 m) and large (mean diameter 9.4 ± 0.20 m). The monocytes were round in shape and measured 13.5 ± 0.17 m in size. The platelets were round, oval, fusiform and elliptical in shape. Only a few reticulocytes, siderocytes and basophilic erythrocytes were observed. The neutrophils were showing positive reaction for Periodic acid Schiff’s stain (PAS), acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphtase, beta glucuronidase, arylsulphatase. The eosinophils revealed positive reaction for PAS, Sudan black B, alkaline phosphtase, cytochrome oxidase, peroxidase, arylsulphtase and beta glucuronidase. Basophils were showing positive reaction for toluidine blue (1%) and PAS stains. Lymphocytes showed positive reaction for acid phosphtase. Lymphocytes and monocytes showed positive reaction for succinate dehydrogenase. Under scanning electron microscope erythrocytes were biconcave disc in appearance. The leukocytes were of three types. The platelets appeared irregular in out line with cytoplasmic processes. Ultrastructurally the granules of neutrophils varied in shape, size and electron density. Granules of eosinophils were mostly large, globular and electron dense. The basophils were roughly spherical in outline with pleomorphic electron dense granules in the cytoplasm. The lymphocytes were small, medium and large in sized. The monocytes were characterized by mitochondria, a few azurophilic granules and large number of pinocytic vesicles and vacuoles. The platelets had microtubules and different types of membrane bound granules.