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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of blossom thinners on plant growth, fruit retention and quality of plum (Prunus salicina Lindle) cv Kala Amritsari(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-01) Bhatt, Siddharth Shankar; Dimri, D.C.The present investigation was carried out at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District-Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand in the year January- July, 2015 and 2016. The experiment was conducted on 8 years old healthy fruit bearing trees of plum cultivar ‘Kala Amritsari’ having uniform size and vigor. Investigation was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and 16 treatments namely; GA3 (25 ppm), GA3 (50 ppm), GA3 (75 ppm), NAA (25 ppm), NAA (50 ppm), NAA (75 ppm), BA (25 ppm), BA (50 ppm), BA (75 ppm), ethephon (100 ppm), ethephon (150 ppm), ethephon (200 ppm), ATS (1.0%), ATS (1.5%), ATS (2.0%)and control (water spray).Observations were recorded on plant growth, flowering, fruit set, fruit physico-chemical and plant physiological parameters. Findings of the present investigation revealed that ATS @ 1.5% recorded maximum extension of shoot growth (32.61 cm), highest number of leaves (34.25) and maximum size of leaves (12.36 cm2) while, highest number of damaged leaves was observed under ATS @ 2.0 % (8.30). In respect to flowering and fruit set parameters the treatment control recorded highest bloom density (50.66%), number of flowers retained (43.36) and number of flower per cluster (8.03). Ethephon @ 150 ppm (80.73 days) however, took least number of days to maturity. The highest initial fruit set (43.70%) though was calculated under the control treatment but maximum fruit retention (34.39%) was counted for ATS @ 1.5% with least fruit drop (65.61%) resulting in highest yield per tree (34.14 kg). Application of the treatment ATS @ 1.5% was found superior among all blossom thinners in enhancing maximum fruit length (4.14 cm), highest fruit width (3.06 cm), maximum fruit weight (21.53 g) and highest fruit volume (22.10 ml). The highest pulp weight (21.35 g) and least stone weight (0.84 g) was also measured under ATS @ 1.5% which as a result calculated highest pulp: stone ratio (27.94). Among different chemical blossom thinners sprayed maximum total soluble solids (12.64), least titrable acidity (0.58), highest ascorbic acid (9.11 mg), maximum total sugar (6.29%) and highest total carotenoides content (10.87 mg) was estimated when ATS @ 1.5% was applied at post bloom stage. Plant physiological parameters was also affected with ATS @ 1.5% which calculated least Chlorophyll ‘a’ content (1.54 mg) and Chlorophyll ‘b’ content (0.88 mg). Based on the present investigation it can be concluded that ATS @ 1.5% was found to be most effective blossom thinner in enhancing plant growth, yield and physico-chemical attributes in plum cv. ‘Kala Amritsari’ under tarai region of Uttrakhand.ThesisItem Open Access Standardization of water, N and K levels in high density litchi orchard cv. Rose Scented under drip fertigation(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-12) Tyagi, Manu; Singh, C.P.The present study entitled “Standardization of water, N and K levels in high density litchi orchard cv. Rose Scented under drip fertigation” was carried at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar during the year 2015-16 and 2016-17. In the study, litchi trees planted at a spacing of 5 m × 5 m were subjected to drip fertigation with or without mulch along with one control. There were twelve treatment combinations including drip irrigation at 50 per cent, 75 per cent and 100 per cent of estimated water requirement and fertigation 1:0.5 and 1:1 N/K ratio of recommended dose. On the other hand, the control involved surface irrigation with soil application of fertilizers at recommended dose (i.e. 600 g N, 300 g P and 600 g K). All other cultural practices were kept uniform in the entire course of study. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design comprising three replications. The effect on vegetative, floral, yield and fruit quality attributes was studied. The investigation revealed no significant effect of drip fertigation on vegetative growth. But, significant effect on fruiting, yield and other quality attributes was found. The study found significant influence of drip fertigation on leaf mineral nutrient content. The fruit drop and retention percentage also varied significantly due to the effect of mulch and fertigation. Further, minimum fruit cracking, maximum fruit number and yield were witnessed under the treatment combination MDI3F2 (i.e. mulch with drip irrigation at 100 per cent level and fertigation at 1:1 N/K of recommended fertilizer dose). In terms of fruit quality, again the treatment combination MDI3F2 was found superior with maximum fruit weight, edible portion (per cent), T.S.S, ascorbic acid and total sugars. It was followed by the treatment combination MDI2F2 (i.e. mulch with drip irrigation at 75 per cent level and fertigation at 1:1 N/K of recommended dose) which also registered maximum water use efficiency. Overall, the study revealed that application of mulch with drip irrigation at 100 per cent level and fertigation at 1:1 N/K of recommended fertilizer dose (MDI3F2) is most superior over other treatments but in economical terms, the treatment combination MDI2F2 is most profitable.ThesisItem Open Access Response of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) cv. red June to different nitrogen regimes through neem coated urea and foliar application of calcium under Kumaun Hills of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-12) Pande, Kamal Kumar; Dimri, D.C.The present investigation was conducted in two consecutive year’s viz., 2016 and 2017 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra (ICAR- VPKAS, Almora) Kafligair- Bageshwar (Uttarakhand). Six years old peach cv. Red June trees raised on seedling rootstocks and planted at 3m x 3m spacing were selected for the study. There were ten treatments i.e., 375g N per tree + 0.5% Ca Cl2 (T1), 375g N tree-1 + 1.0% Ca Cl2 (T2), 375g N tree-1 + 1.5% Ca Cl2 (T3), 500g N tree-1 + 0.5% Ca Cl2 (T4), 500g N tree-1 + 1.0% Ca Cl2 (T5), 500g N tree-1 + 1.5% Ca Cl2 (T6), 625g N tree-1 + 0.5% Ca Cl2 (T7), 625g N tree-1 + 1.0% Ca Cl2 (T8), 625g N tree-1 + 1.5% Ca Cl2 (T9), 500g N tree-1 + Water spray as control (T10). Calcium chloride sprays were applied thrice; first at petal fall stage and other two at 25 days interval. Whole of the nitrogen was applied through neem coated urea. Each treatment was replicated thrice with one tree served as a treatment unit. The experiment was conducted in RBD. The observations were recorded for vegetative growth, fruit yield, quality, storability at ambient conditions, leaf and soil nutrient status and economic analysis was also worked out. The maximum annual shoot growth extension, increase in trunk girth and weight of pruning wood were measured under T8 with the respective values of 60.53 cm, 2.17 cm, 4.07 kg in 2016 and 63.07 cm, 2.67 cm, 4.20 kg in 2017. The highest fruit yield was obtained under T5 (23.92 kg tree-1 in 2016 and 24.64 kg tree-1 in 2017) and statistically it was at par to T2 and T6 in first year and T2, T3 and T6 in second year. The lowest fruit yield of 17.41 kg tree-1 in 2016 and 18.52 kg tree-1 in 2017 was recorded in treatment T7. Fruit firmness at harvest did not show significant change under various treatments during both the year of study. However, T2 and T5 came out as the treatments having maximum fruit firmness. The maximum TSS (11.27 0Brix in 2016 and 11.10 0Brix in 2017), TSS – Acid ratio (11.82 in 2016 and 11.45 in 2017), total sugars (7.877% in 2016 and 7.760% in 2017) and ascorbic acid (3.747 mg/100 g in 2016 and 3.700 mg/100 g in 2017) were estimated under treatment T2. The maximum calcium pectate content was estimated under T3 (0.953% in 2016 and 0.965% in 2017) and statistically it was at par to T2. All the antioxidant assays viz., total polyphenols, DPPH radicals, ABTS radicals and total antioxidant activity affected adversely with increase in nitrogen fertilization levels. The maximum pectin methyl esterase activity (22.240 units and 22.573 units in 2016 and 2017, respectively) was estimated under control (T10), while the minimum was found in treatment T2 that remained statistically at par to T3. The treatment T2 and T3 favourably maintained fruit firmness during the course of storage at ambient conditions with mean values of 0.948 kg/mm2 and 0.949 kg/mm2 in 216 and 2017, respectively, while the minimum fruit firmness on all the storage intervals was measured under control (T10). Treatment T2 also showed better organoleptic acceptability and good storability at ambient conditions. The applied treatments also affected the leaf nutrient status (N, P, K and Ca) significantly. However, among soil nutrients, the significant change was only estimated for available soil N. The application of calcium chloride @ 1.5% caused marginal leaf scorching, while other two concentrations (0.5% and 1.0%) were safe. The highest benefit - cost ratio was computed in treatment T2 (2.99), whereas the minimum was estimated with T10 (1.71). Therefore, nitrogen application @ 375 g per tree through neem coated urea and three foliar application of 1.0 per cent calcium chloride along with traditionally practiced doses of 40 kg tree-1 FYM, 250 g phosphorus tree-1 and 500 g potassium tree-1 may be recommended for full grown peach cv. Red June trees under Kumaun Hills of Uttarakhand, where most of the peach orchards are managed under closer spacing.ThesisItem Open Access Response of organic formulations on yield and quality of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cv. Rose Scented(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-11) Bhat, Sandhya; Lal, R.L.The experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, during the year 2016 and 2017. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. The experimental trees were thirty years old, planted in square system at 10m x 10m spacing and received uniform cultural practices during the period of investigation. Ten treatments consisting of different organic formulations (FYM (200, 100, 75, kg/tree), Vermicompost (100, 50, 37.5 kg/tree), cow urine and vermiwash (10% foliar spray), Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens (10 g/kg), Nutrisol (2.5 ml/l), Chemical control ( NPK – 1200:500:600 g/tree) + (Micronutrients: ZnSO4 – 0.5% + Boric acid – 0.2% + MnSO4 – 1% + CaCl2 - 0.6%) and absolute control. Different treatments involving the use of organic formulations had a significant effect on yield and quality. The present investigation have shown that the application of T6 (FYM 100 kg/tree + Vermicompost 50 kg/tree + 10% Cow urine/tree + 10% Vermiwash/tree + Nutrisol 2.5 ml/l) was most effective in enhancing the flowering and fruiting characters, physical characters of the fruit i.e., fruit weight, fruit length and fruit diameter, fruit volume and yield and also chemical quality parameters of the litchi fruit i.e. TSS, acidity ascorbic acid, total sugars, reducing sugars and non reducing sugars, soil and leaf N, P, K and in minimizing the fruit drop and fruit cracking. On the basis of post harvest life of the litchi, treatment T6 (FYM 100 kg/tree + Vermicompost 50 kg/tree + 10% Cow urine/tree + 10% Vermiwash/tree + Nutrisol 2.5 ml/l) showed the maximum shelf life of 14 days. The highest gross return and net return was obtained with the treatment T6 (FYM 100 kg/tree + Vermicompost 50 kg/tree + 10% Cow urine/tree + 10% Vermiwash/tree + Nutrisol 2.5 ml/l). While the application of T8 ((FYM 75 kg/tree + (Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens)10 g/kg + Vermicompost 37.5 kg/tree + (Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens)10 g/kg + 10% cow urine + 10% vermiwash + (Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens)10 g/kg)) improved the vegetative characters of the tree, soil and leaf Zn and B content.ThesisItem Open Access Improving vase life of Rosa hybrida L. using herbal extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Mishra, Pragnyashree; Santosh KumarThesisItem Open Access Effect of plant bioregulators on breaking corm dormancy in gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. Punjab Morning(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2016-12) Singh, Digendra; Bhuj, B.D.The present investigation was carried out at Model Floriculture Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District- Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. The first experiment was carried out from October 2014 to April 2015 and the second experiment was carried out from April 2015 to October 2015. Investigation was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with 13 treatment and three replications. Observations were recorded on various parameters like sprouting, vegetative growth, flowering, corms and cormels attributes. GA3 (150 ppm) was found effective for earlier sprouting (14.79 days), maximum plant height (82.03 cm), number of leaves (8.24) while the maximum number of tillers/plant (1.88) was exhibited by T6 (BA 150 ppm). Regarding flowering characters, the treatment T3 (GA3 150 ppm) responded best especially in commercial traits like days required for first floret showing colour (82.11 days), spike length (101.14 cm), rachis length (25.93 cm), number of floret/spike (16.45), diameter of 2nd floret (8.68 cm) and duration of flowering (22.17 days) while the maximum spike yield [281.50 (‘000’/ha)] was exhibited by T6 (BA 150 ppm). In respect of corms characters, there were significant effects of various plant bioregulators. The maximum number of corm/plant (3.03) was recorded in T6 (BA 150 ppm) while maximum weight of corm (29.19 g) was found in T9 (ethrel 750 ppm). Maximum cormels yield (4.03 t/ha) was found in T12 (thiourea 3%) while the maximum corms yield (10.66 t/ha) was registered in T4 (BA 50 ppm). On the basis of present findings, it may be concluded application of GA3 150 ppm is beneficial for breaking dormancy & enhancing economical characters of gladiolus.ThesisItem Open Access Classification of different varieties and new accessions of mango (Mangifera indica L.) based on qualitative traits and assessment of genetic diversity(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2016-10) Narvariya, Satyendra Singh; Singh, A.K.The present investigation was carried out in different varieties of mango during the years 2014 and 2016 at GBPUA&T, Pantnagar with objectives of characterization and grouping of genotypes based on qualitative traits and to assess the genetic variability and diversity in different varieties using principal component analysis (PCA) and D2 statistics. The experimental materials were evaluated under Randomized Block Design with three replications. The observations were recorded on morphological and physico-chemical characters covering 25 qualitative & 27 quantitative traits and the data were analyzed by appropriate statistical and Biometrical tools. The morphological qualitative traits showed wide variations among different mango varieties. Analysis of variance showed adequate amount of genetic variability among different varieties for most of the characters. The fruit characters namely fruit weight, length, width, pulp weight and pulp: stone ratio varied from 20.07-420.65 g, 3.48-13.28 cm, 2.81-8.70 cm, 13.15351.64 g and 2.50-10.33, respectively. The TSS, total sugar, non reducing sugar and total carotenoids varied from 12.06-22.320B, 11.36-20.69 %, 8.32-14.62 % and 1.78-9.23 mg/100 g, respectively. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were found higher for number of fruits per tree at harvesting, yield per tree, total carotenoid, pulp weight, fruit weight, peel weight, stone weight and pulp: stone ratio, while these were moderate to low for remaining traits. High heritability coupled with moderate to high genetic advance was found for most of the characters, while lower genetic advance recorded for leaf length and leaf width. The genotypic correlation coefficient was higher than phenotypic correlation coefficient for most of the characters and yield per tree showed significant positive correlation with fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, stone length, stone width, pulp weight, pulp: stone ratio, ascorbic acid, number of fruits per tree and total carotenoids, while negative with acidity. The assessment of genetic divergence revealed sufficient variability among the different varieties of mango. Principal component analysis indicated that first ten components accounted for more than 86.07 % of the total genetic variation. The characters contributing more positively with PC1 and exhibited maximum variability among the varieties for leaf area, leaf length, yield per tree, fruit weight, size, stone weight, stone size, peel weight and total sugar. Cluster analysis using D2 statistics grouped different mango varieties into seven clusters during both the years as well as on the basis of pooled data of two years. Therefore, it would appear logical to affect crosses between varieties belonging to the clusters separated by high estimated statistical distance. In pooled analysis, the inter-cluster average D2 value was found maximum (513.38) between cluster III with eight varieties and VII with a single variety. The promising clusters were identified on the basis of cluster mean value of pooled analysis for desirable traits viz., cluster III for maximum duration of fruit maturity, fruit weight, fruit size, stone weight, stone size, pulp and peel weight; cluster IV for higher yield per tree, length and width of inflorescence and cluster VI for TSS, reducing sugar, non reducing sugar, total sugar and total carotenoids. Therefore, it may be concluded that morphological qualitative traits can be used for proper characterization, grouping of genotypes and varietal identification. Results of PCA and D2 analysis indicated substantial variation among the varieties and new accessions of mango with respect to different morphological and physico-chemical quantitative traits, which may help the mango breeders for future breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access Iron chlorosis remediation in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch](G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-09) Singh, Saurabh Kumar; Singh, P.N.The present investigation was carried out at Horticulture Research Centre (H.R.C.), Patharchatta, and Department of Horticulture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand) to find out effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PBAT-27) inoculation and foliar spray of FeSO4.7H2O (0.5%) on low chill peach cultivars for managing iron chlorosis, during 2014-15 and 2015-16 growing season. Two separate experiments were planned. In first experiment, one year old plants of low-chill peach cv. Pant Peach-1 were selected for pot experiment. The experiment consisted of eight treatments viz. control (water spray), Pseudomonas fluorescens (PBAP-27), FeSO4. 7H2O (0.5%) spray once, FeSO4. 7H2O (0.5%) spray twice, FeSO4. 7H2O (0.5%) spray thrice, Pseudomonas fluorescens (PBAP-27)+FeSO4.7H2O (0.5%) spray once, Pseudomonas fluorescens (PBAP-27)+FeSO4.7H2O (0.5%) spray twice, Pseudomonas fluorescens (PBAP-27)+FeSO4.7H2O (0.5%) spray thrice with four replications in Completely Randomized Design. In second experiment, the experiment was conducted on seven year old trees of peach cv. Flordaprince. The experiment was laid out in Splitplot Design with 8 treatments viz. No inoculation+ No foliar spray, No inoculation+ Foliar spray of FeSO4. 7H2O (0.5%) once, No inoculation+ Foliar spray of FeSO4. 7H2O (0.5%) twice, No inoculation+Foliar spray of FeSO4. 7H2O (0.5%) thrice, Inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PBAP-27)+ No foliar spray, Inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PBAP-27)+Foliar spray of FeSO4. 7H2O (0.5%) once, Inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PBAP-27)+Foliar spray of FeSO4. 7H2O (0.5%) twice, Inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PBAP-27)+Foliar spray of FeSO4. 7H2O (0.5%) thrice, and each treatment was replicated four times. The results, in both experiments, showed significant variation in plant height, number of leaves per shoot, chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ total chlorophyll, active iron, total iron, ferric iron, manganese content of leaves and iron: manganese ratio of leaves among the different treatments. In addition to growth and biochemical parameters, in second experiment, flowering, fruit set, yield and fruit quality parameters were also studied. A significant variation in fruit drop, number of fruits per tree, fruit yield, fruit length, fruit breath, increasing fruit weight, fruit volume, stone weight, pulp weight, TSS of fruit, acidity of fruit, ascorbic acid content in fruit pulp and T.S.S and acid ratio of fruit with the inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PBAP-27) and Foliar spray of FeSO4.7H2O (0.5%). It is concluded that the inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescence and foliar spray of ferrous sulphate were effective for application of iron to plants suffering from chlorosis under the iron limiting condition of soil.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of genetic diversity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-08) Rawat, Monisha; Singh, Dhirendra