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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Study of genetic parameters and seed quality traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-11) Mathpal, Pallavi; Karnwal, M.K.The present investigation entitled “Study of genetic parameters and seed quality traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.)” was carried out at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during 2020. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design in field with thirty-one genotypes and three replications in rabi season to determine the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and correlation coefficient analysis between yield and its component. ANOVA revealed significant differences among all genotypes for all characters under study. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters under study. High to moderate GCV and PCV was observed for germinative energy, grain yield per plant, harvest index (%), thousand grain weight, first count (%), seedling shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, vigour index I, vigour index II, speed of germination, time to 50% germination, germinative value and peak value. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was exhibited by grain yield, harvest index, thousand grain weight, germination energy, germinative value, seedling shoot length, vigour index II, peak value, first count (%), fresh weight and dry weight. Highly significant and positive correlation of grain yield per plant was observed with biological yield per plant, harvest index, thousand grain weight, vigour index I, vigour index II, seedling length, spike length and number of tillers per plant. Therefore, more emphasis should be given to these characters for improvement of grain yield in wheat through selection programme.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of genetic diversity and variability for yield and its component in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em.Thell)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-10) Annu Kumari; Karnwal, M.K.Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell), also known as Bread Wheat is an allohexaploid crop (2n=6x=42), belongs to family Gramineae. It is known as ‘King of Cereals’ as it is the best staple diet for the people and can be grown in variety of soils and climates. The present investigation was conducted at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, during the Rabi Season 2020-21. The experiment was carried out in the Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD) containing 25 genotypes along with three replications. The observation were recorded for thirteen characters viz., days to 75% heading, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, awn length, productive tillers per plant, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000- grain weight, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant and harvest index. The recorded data were analysed for analysis for variance, variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and clustering of different genotypes. Results revealed that variance was highest for plant height and lowest for grain weight per spike. The coefficient of variability was recorded highest for grain weight per spike and lowest for days to 75% heading. The PCV was greater than GCV for all the characters studied. High value of heritability was recorded for plant height and lowest for biological yield per plant. Grain yield per plant exhibited highest genetic advance in percent of mean and lowest for days to maturity. However, correlation analysis revealed that grain yield exhibited highly significant and positive phenotypic and genotypic correlation with 1000 grain weight followed by harvest index, biological yield per plant and grains per spike. Path coefficient revealed that Harvest index, biological yield per plant, days to maturity, productive tiller per plant, spikelets per spike, plant height, 1000 grain weight and awn length exhibited positive direct effect towards grain yield. However, grain weight per spike, spike length, grains per spike and days to 75% heading showed negative direct effect towards grain yield. All 25 genotypes of bread wheat was grouped into eight clusters with different genotypes based on Mahalanobis D2 statistics. Out of eight clusters, cluster I had 5 genotypes, cluster II had 7 genotypes, cluster III consisted of 3 genotypes, cluster IV consisted of 3 genotypes, cluster V consisted of 2 genotypes, cluster VI included 1 genotype, cluster VII included 2 genotypes and cluster VIII consisted of 2 genotypes. The maximum intra cluster distance was found for cluster VIII (75.935) and cluster VI (0.00) had minimum intra cluster distance. Inter cluster distance was found maximum between cluster I and cluster VIII (619.920) and minimum was found in cluster II and cluster VIII (313.372). The higher inter cluster distance indicated greater genetic diversity between the genotypes of those clusters, while lower values between the clusters suggested that the genotypes of these clusters had lesser genetic diversity. Maximum per cent contribution towards the total genetic divergence was indicated for plant height (25.54) and minimum for days to maturity (0.38).ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of germplasm lines for yield and yield contributing traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-11) Rawat, Vaishali; Anil KumarWheat (Triticum aestivum L.em. Thell) is one of the world’s largest cereal crop. It occupies high, productivity and the prominent position in the international food grain trade. The development of high yielding wheat cultivars is the main objective of any wheat breeding programme in the world. Identification of better genotypes with desirable traits and their subsequent use in breeding programme and establishment of suitable selection criterion can be helpful for successful varietal improvement programme. Analysis of variability among the traits and the association of particular character in relation to other traits contributing to yield of crop would be of great importance in planning a successful breeding programme. The present investigation was carried out in Rabi season, 2020-2021 at N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. The experimental material for the present investigation comprised of 200 germplasm accessions along with four checks, namely, HD 3086, UP 2855, WH 1080 and UP 2865. These genotypes were evaluated in Augmented Block Design and observations were recorded for 14 characters viz., days to 75% heading, days to maturity, flag leaf area, peduncle length, number of tillers per meter, plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield per plot and harvest index. Variance (mean sum of square) was found to be highest for the biological yield followed by grain yield and number of tillers per meter and lowest for spike length. The coefficient of variability was found to be highest for grain yield and lowest for days to maturity. Highest genotypic coefficient of variation was observed for grain yield and lowest for days to maturity. High estimates of heritability in broad sense accompanied with high estimates of genetic advance (GA) as per cent of mean was recorded for the grain yield, which indicated the presence of additive gene effects. Grain yield was positively and significantly associated with the biological yield, number of tillers per meter, harvest index, 1000-grain weight, plant height, flag leaf area, peduncle length, grain weight per spike, spike length, number of spikelets per spike and number of grains per spike and non-significant and negatively correlated with days to 75% heading and days to maturity. The genotypes were grouped into 8 different clusters by non-hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis. Cluster I had 39 genotypes, whereas cluster II comprised of 27 genotypes, cluster III had 39 genotypes, cluster IV had 4 genotypes, cluster V comprised of 14 genotypes, cluster VI had 37 genotypes, cluster VII had 15 genotypes and cluster VIII comprised of 29 genotypes. The intra cluster distance was maximum for cluster IV (23.27) and minimum for cluster I (13.00). The inter cluster distance was found maximum between cluster IV and cluster VII (92.05) and minimum between cluster I and cluster II (18.62). On the basis of findings of the study, five desirable donors for each character were identified on the basis of character mean. KACHU/SAUAL/3/TRCH/SRTU//KACHU [37 ESWYT-111], HD 3226, K 1805, WH 1182 and PRL/2*PASTOR[36 ESWYT-02] ware found to be most promising donor genotypes for grain yield. These genotypes can be used in future breeding programmes to improve the yield potential of the variety. For other characters, genotypes can be picked up from different groups, formed on the basis of their ranking.ThesisItem Open Access Effect on variability, character association and quality traits in gamma rays induced mutants of potential rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-03) Ali, Tabinda; Nautiyal), M.K.The present study was conducted at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, GBPUAT, Pantnagar during the kharif seasons of 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21.In experiment 1the divergence analysis of M2 generation maximum percentage contribution to the total divergence in M2 generation for quantitative traits was made by Number of filled grains per panicle (35.786 %). The genotypes of M2 generation were grouped into five clusters, cluster I being the largest having eight genotypes and cluster V being the smallest having one genotype only. Cluster I had the highest intra cluster D2 value (169.51) followed by cluster IV (169.10) and cluster II (146.27). The highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster III and cluster V (1360.03) followed by cluster III and cluster IV (1296.87), cluster I and cluster V (1235.69) and lastly cluster II and cluster III (1163.80) indicating very clearly that the genotypes of these clusters could be used in hybridization programs. Inter character correlation coefficient at phenotypic level indicates that panicle length has a significant and positive correlation with yield per plant (0.459), panicle length has a significant and positive correlation with thousand grain weight (0.486). Thousand grain weight has a highly significant and positive correlation with yield per plant (0.849). On the analysis of quality traits of M2 generation, Pearson’s correlation revealed that a number of quality traits are having a highly significant and positive correlation with the other quality traits. Divergence analysis resulted in the grouping of genotypes into four clusters. Cluster I has the largest number of genotypes (twelve) whilst cluster IV has lowest number of genotypes (only one). Cluster III has the highest intra cluster D2 value (302.37) followed by cluster II (226.61) and cluster I (216.49). The highest inter cluster D2 value was observed between cluster II and IV (1160.31) followed by cluster III and IV (919.46), cluster I and II (765.10) and ultimately cluster II and III (473.90). The genotypes of these clusters could be used in the hybridization programs. Among various quality traits in M2 generation, highest contribution to diversity was given by head rice recovery percentage (48.599 %) followed by kernel length (24.489 %), gel consistency % (9.919 %) and alkali digestion value (7.517). In M3 generation ANOVA revealed significant differences for all the traits under study. The diversity analysis of quantitative traits of M3 generation revealed that cluster IV had the highest intra cluster D2 value (98.071) followed by cluster I (96.678) and cluster III (92.376).The highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster II and cluster III (1496.967) followed by cluster II and cluster V (1039.585) and cluster III and cluster VI (941.687). This indicates that the genotypes of most distant clusters will serve as potential parents in the hybridization programs.Maximum contribution to the genetic divergence was provided by the trait days to maturity (30.04%) followed by thousand grain weight (27.30%), days to flowering (21.04 %), number of panicles per plant (4.81%) and yield per plant (4.25%). The genotypes were grouped into six clusters with cluster I being the largest having 13 genotypes and cluster V and VI being the smallest clusters, having one genotype each. Inter character correlation coefficients between different characters at genotypic level in M3 generation reveals that panicle length has a significant and positive correlation with yield per plant (0.422) and thousand grain weight has a highly significant and positive correlation with yield per plant (0.828). Direct selection for these traits can lead to enhancement in the yield of grains per plant. Pearson’s correlation has been worked out to find out the correlation among various quality traits. Most quality traits have a highly significant and positive correlation with the other quality traits. The divergence analysis of quality traits in M3 generation on the basis of D2 statistics resulted in the grouping of genotypes into six clusters. Cluster II being the largest (sixteen genotypes) and cluster V and VII being the smallest clusters (one genotype each).In terms of quality in M3 generation maximum intra cluster distance was observed in case of cluster IV (297.19) followed by cluster II (225.49) and cluster III (190.09). Maximum inter cluster distances was observed between cluster III and IV (2322.47), cluster III and V (1336.40) and cluster I and IV (1251.92). Crosses can be made among the genotypes of the most diverse clusters. Maximum contribution to the total diversity in terms of quality is made by head rice recovery percentage (32.75%) followed by kernel length after cooking (27.53 %) and gel consistency (16.08 %). In the phenotypic screening for BLB in M2 generation five resistant types mutants have been found among twenty-one lines namely, UPR-7029- 10 kR, Jhumri selection-3-10 kR, Jhumri selection-3-20 kR, Jhumri selection-7-10 kR and Jhumri selection-7-20 kR. Furthermore, in M3 generation eight resistant types have been screened among the twenty- six lines namely, UPR-7029- 10 kR-12, UPR-7029- 20 kR-4, UPR-7029- 20 kR-2, UPR-7029- 20 kR-3, Jhumri selection-3-10 kR, Jhumri selection-3-20 kR, Jhumri selection 7- 10 kR and Jhumri selection -7 -20 kR dose. In the second experiment Analysis of variance for assessing the effect of the split doses of GA3 on the female parental line revealed that on increasing the dose of gibberellic acid there was a corresponding increase in the plant height. Number of tillers per plant also increased on increasing the dosage of gibberellic acid. Similar trends were observed in case of length of exerted panicle, panicle exertion percentage, number of filled spikelets per panicle, seed setting percentage and seed yield.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of genetic components in biparental progenies using NC-III mating design in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh](G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Chauhan, Charupriya; Verma, S.K.Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] is a kharif season legume crop. The present investigation was undertaken at Pulse Breeding Block of N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India during kharif 2018-19 and 2019-20 crop season. The main objectives of the present study were to study the nature and estimates of gene action by using North Carolina Design III, to study the extent of heterosis and variability parameters among divergent crosses in pigeonpea, and to study morphological and molecular diversity among pigeonpea genotypes. Biparental progenies (BIPs) were developed from four different pigeonpea crosses viz., AH 09-47 x Pusa 2013-1, AH 09-47 x Pusa 2013-2, Pusa 992 x AL 1843 and Pusa 2012-1 x AH 09-38 as per North Carolina Design III during kharif 2018-19. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of BIPs for nine different traits viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, hundred seed weight (g) and seed yield per plant (g), revealed that the families were significantly different from each other in all four crosses, justifying that a sufficient amount of latent genetic variability was released. The genetic analysis of BIPs indicated the importance of both additive, as well as dominance variance for all the nine morphological traits. Seed yield per plant registered a significant and positive correlation with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and hundred seed weight (g) at both genotypic and phenotypic levels among BIPs derived from cross AH09-47 x Pusa 2013-1. Among the BIPs derived from cross AH09-47 x Pusa 2013-2, component traits viz., days to maturity, number of pods per plant and hundred seed weight (g) showed a significant positive association with seed yield per plant (g) at both, genotypic and phenotypic levels. In the BIPs derived from cross Pusa 992 x AL 1843, except for days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant, and plant height, which showed significant and positive phenotypic correlation with seed yield per plant (g) most of the component traits were found to be highly significant and positively correlated with seed yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels.. Except for days to 50% flowering and hundred seed weight (g), seed yield per plant (g) exhibited a significant positive correlation with all the studied traits at both genotypic and phenotypic levels in the BIPs derived from the cross Pusa 2012-1 x AH 09-38. The path coefficient analysis suggested that the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, days to maturity and hundred seed weight (g) for cross AH09-47 x Pusa 2013-1, hundred seed weight (g), days to maturity and the number of primary branches per plant for cross AH09-47 Pusa 2013-2, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and hundred seed weight (g) for cross Pusa 992 x AL 1843 and number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant and number of seeds per pod for cross Pusa 2012-1 x AH 09-38, were most important component characters since these have considerable direct effects towards seed yield per plant (g). None of the crosses derived from all four populations possessed significant heterosis for all the traits over both mid and better parents. Significant desirable heterosis over mid parent was recorded in 26 crosses for days to 50% flowering, 20 crosses for days to maturity, 21 crosses for plant height (cm), 37 crosses for the number of primary branches per plant, 29 crosses for the number of secondary branches per plant, 28 crosses for the number of pods per plant, 28 crosses for the number of seeds per pod, 39 crosses for hundred seed weight (g) and 38 crosses for seed yield per plant (g) throughout the BIPs derived from all four different populations. During the year 2019-20, 75 pigeonpea genotypes were planted in an augmented block design-II with 10 blocks with each block consisting of twelve genotypes including 5 checks viz., UPAS 120, PARAS, Pusa 992, AL 201 and PA 421 to determine the extent of morphological divergence among them by using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The analysis of variance for nine quantitative characters revealed significant differences among genotypes for all the studied characters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, hundred seed weight (g) and yield per plant (g) and also among blocks. Genetic diversity analysis based on HCA grouped the genotypes into six clusters. The genotypes found as most desirable to be exploited as superior donors for different characters includes PA 435 and PA 476 (Early flowering), PA 449, ICPL 98024 and PA 493 (Early maturity), PA 455 (Short plant height), PA 465 (Number of primary branches per plant), PA 288 and PA 426 (Number of secondary branches per plant), RKPV 310-03, PA 288, Pusa 2014-1 (Number of pods per plant), ICPL 85010, PA 444 (Number of seeds per pod), PA 288 and PA 443 (Hundred seed weight) and RKPV 310-03, PA 288 and Pusa 2014-1 (Seed yield per plant). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for seed yield per plant(g), number of pods per plant number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, plant height (cm.) The seed yield per plant exhibited a significant positive correlation with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, plant height (cm), number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and seed yield per plant (g). Path coefficient analysis concludes that the number of pods per plant had the highest positive direct effect on seed yield followed by hundred seed weight (g). The molecular analysis with SSR markers grouped 75 genotypes into15 distinct clusters. Cluster I contained 3 genotypes, cluster II had two genotypes, cluster III was the largest cluster containing a maximum of 40 genotypes, cluster IV had seven genotypes, cluster V had six genotypes, cluster VI had a single genotype, cluster VII and cluster VIII both had two genotypes each, cluster IX had five genotypes whereas cluster X had only one genotype, cluster XI had just two genotypes. Genotypes AL 1843, PUSA 2014-2, ICPL 88039 and ICPL 288 were grouped separately into clusters XII,XIII, XIV and XV respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of genetic variability in exotic germplasm of rice (Oryza sativa L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Amit Kumar; Indra DeoThe present investigation entitled Assessment of Genetic Variability in Exotic Germplasm of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) was undertaken to: (i) evaluate the rice germplasm lines for yield and yield components, (ii) estimate correlation coefficients between different characters, (iii) study direct and indirect effects of yield components on grain yield by path coefficient analysis, and (iv) examine genetic divergence existing in the germplasm collections of the present study. In the present investigation, 299 genotypes of rice germplasm collections, including three checks, showing wide spectrum of variation for various characters, were evaluated in under timely sown and irrigated conditions during Kharif, 2019. The experiment was conducted in augmented design having two blocks at the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Pantnagar. The characters studied were days to 50% flowering, yield/plot, yield kg/h, Plant height (cm), number of tiller/plant, number of filled grain, number of unfilled grain, spikelet fertility (%), 1000 grains weight (g), seed length (mm), seed breadth (mm), L/B ratio. The mean, range, and least significant differences, correlations, path-coefficients and genetic divergence were all calculated using the data from these thirteen characters. The genotype, EC19-100 (8209.32 kg) produced highest grain yield per plant followed by EC19-50 (7403.76 kg), EC19-107 (5948.19 kg), EC19-102 (4987.07 kg) and EC19-19 (5014.85 kg). These five genotypes showed good mean performance for these genotypes. These genotypes could be utilised as parents in a rice hybridization effort aiming at creating high-yielding cultivars. Grain yield per hectare exhibited highly significant and positive correlations with yield per plot and 1000 grain weight and seed length. Path analysis identified Grain yield per plot, followed by spikelet fertility and number of filled grains employed very high order positive direct effects on grain yield per hectare while seed breadth, number of effective tillers per plant, days to 50% flowering and panicle length showed as most important indirect yield components. The Non-hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis grouped 299 genotypes in to eight clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster III and VII (6.125) indicating very high degree of genetic diversity between these two clusters. The lowest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster VI and VIII (1.556), followed by cluster III and VI (1.898) and cluster I and II (1.938). The highest inter-cluster distance was recorded between cluster III and VII (6.125) indicating very high degree of genetic diversity between these two clusters. Thus, crossing of single genotype of cluster III, namely, EC19-19, EC19-65, EC19-107, EC19-108 and EC19-187 with EC19-171, EC19-259, and EC19-283 of cluster VIII is recommended obtaining transgressive segregants for developing high yielding lines of rice. Similarly, crossing of EC19-287 and EC19-271 belonging to cluster VIII with promising genotypes of clusters having very high inter cluster distances from it, namely, EC19-43, EC19-50, EC19-55, EC19-74, EC19-100, EC19-153, EC19-158 and EC19-199 of cluster II is also recommended for isolating desirable segregants.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) accessions based on some morpho-physiological traits(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Sisodiya, Simran; SwatiThe research entitled “Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) accessions based on some morpho-physiological traits” comprised of 130 genotypes (126 germplasm lines + 4 checks) planted in Augmented Block Design at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during Rabi 2020-21. Observations were recorded for sixteen traits viz. days to 75% heading, days to 75% maturity, plant height, peduncle length, spike length, number of tillers per meter, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield per plot, biological yield per plot, harvest index, chlorophyll content at anthesis, chlorophyll content at 15 DAA, NDVI at anthesis and NDVI at 15 DAA. The data was analyzed for variance, variability, heritability, genetic advance and clustering of genotypes in different groups. The analysis of variance displayed significant differences among entries for most of the characters, which depicted the existence of ample amount of genetic variability among the experimental material. Variance (mean sum of square) was found to be highest for biological yield and lowest for NDVI at anthesis and 15 DAA. The coefficient of variability was found to be highest for number of grains per spike and lowest for days to maturity. Observations recorded for analyzing genetic variability parameters revealed that the magnitudes of PCV were greater than those of GCV and ECV for all the traits under study. This indicated that the expression for these traits was least affected by the environment. The highest values for PCV along with GCV were observed for number of grains per spike and number of tillers per meter. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance (GA) were reported for number of grains per spike which depicts the presence of additive gene action in the expression of the trait. High PCV and GCV coupled with high heritability expedite the effective selection for these quantitative traits based on phenotypic performance of genotypes. The genotypes were grouped into 9 distinct clusters by non-Hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis. This indicated existence of genetic diversity in the genotypes evaluated. The maximum number of genotypes (30) was included in cluster-IV followed by 22 genotypes each in cluster-I and cluster-V, cluster-IX included 21 genotypes, cluster-VI comprised of 12 genotypes, cluster-II had 8 genotypes, cluster-VII and cluster-VIII included 6 genotypes each whereas cluster-III had lowest number of genotypes(3). The intracluster distance ranged from 31.787 (cluster-VIII) to 10.466 (cluster-II). The maximum inter cluster distance (60.483) was found between cluster-III and cluster-IV, whereas minimum distance (23.282) was found between cluster-I and cluster-II. Preliminary screening for degree of resistance for Pre-harvest sprouting grouped the 130 barley lines into distinct groups. 44 genotypes were concentrated in grade scale 1 showing resistance towards PHS as they showed no visible in-ear sprouting, while 13 genotypes were grouped in grade scale 7-9 showing high susceptibility with visible sprouting in approximately more than 60% of kernels. Frequency distribution of sprouting index revealed that the lines were commonly skewed with the peak positioned over the highly resistant portion of the distribution thus, indicating that most of the genotypes were resistant to pre harvest sprouting. On the basis of findings of the study, five desirable donors for each character were identified on the basis of character mean. CANELA//LIMON/BICHY2000- 15, CANELA//LIMON/BICHY2000- 16, LACEY/ATILIR, MSEL/CANELA-2 and BLLU/6/P.STO/3/LBIRAN/UNA80//LIGNEE640/4/BLLU/5/ PETUNIA 1 – 2 were found to be most promising donor genotypes for grain yield. These genotypes can be used in future breeding programmes to improve the yield potential of the variety For other characters, genotypes can be picked up from different groups, formed on the basis of their ranking.ThesisItem Open Access Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Mutants Derived by Gamma Radiation in Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp](G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Rohit Kumar; Nautiyal, M.K.insufficient. The present investigation was conducted to induce genetic variability in grain cowpea variety [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] i.e., Pant Lobia-2, grain type, semi spreading, high proteins, and released in 2010 by SVRC Uttarakhand. The objective of this study was to identify and select agronomically desirable cowpea genotypes after mutagenesis using gamma irradiation. The seeds of pant lobia-2 were treated to 25kR (250Gy) doses of Co60 gamma radiation at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai. The experiment was undertaken during Kharif Season in the year 2020-2021 at Breeder Seed Production Centre (BSPC), Pantnagar. Non irradiated plants of pant lobia-2 were used as check variety. M1 generation plants were established on a land previously ploughed, harrowed and ridged. Experiment was laid out as Randomized block design (RBD) and seeds were sown at 45x10cm spacing on 4 meters rows. All necessary cultural practices such as weeding, spraying insecticides were done timely. Observation were recorded on seven qualitative traits viz., growth habit, leaf shape, plant pubescence, flower colour, pod anthocyanin pigment, seed shape and seed colour and twelve quantitative traits viz., plant height (cm), terminal leaf length (cm), terminal leaf width (cm), peduncle length (cm), days to 50% flowering, pod length (cm), number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-grain weight (g), protein content (%) and yield per plant (grams) and protein estimation was done by kjeldahl method in College of Home Science, Pantnagar. Observations were recorded on M2 plants and in each line that were showing variation in characters as compared to check variety, for the estimation of data and six selected mutants named as (TA,TB,TC,TD,TE,TF and CV) were advanced to M3 generation to confirm their mutant phenotype and genetic stability. The data recorded for various quantitative traits were analyzed for analysis of variance (ANNOVA) using OPSTAT developed by O.P. sheoran, at CCS HAU, Hisar. The overall results revealed that there was increase in variability for different characters under observation of the selected mutants. However, the response of gamma radiation on individual mutant (TE) recorded highest protein content (34.05%) more than check variety PL-2. Secondly, Individual mutant (TD) seeds were bold, rhomboid in shape and recorded highest yield per plant (30.93grams) with maximum pod length (19.00cm) in comparison to other selected mutants but number of seeds and protein content was less which showed that protein content was inversely proportional to size of seeds. Among selected mutants (TA,TC,TF) that were early maturing, as a result of which due to short reproductive period it responded better with pod number and number of seeds as it has the advantage for planting in short rainfall areas also they showed better tolerance to drought, and has the ability to escape or tolerate insect damage due to short duration of vegetative period. Individual mutant (TF) recorded maximum number of pods per plant (16.33) with small seed size, along with narrow medium pod length (13.00 cm). Individual Mutant (TA) has got long peduncle and upright pods can be advanced for developing suitable plant type that is suitable for the mechanical harvesting. Individual mutant (TB) was observed with purplish pigmentation onto the pods and main stem as a result may be highly nutritious and rich in anti- oxidants. Selected Mutants (TC,TF,TE) were observed with determinate growth habit, so it has got the advantage of better interculture operations to be carried out in the field, less competition among the plants which leads to increase in yield and productivity. The novel cowpea genotypes selected through the study are valuable genetic resources for genetic enhancement and breeding.ThesisItem Open Access Diallel analysis for grain yield and its components in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-10) Panwar, Laxmi; Anil KumarThe present investigation was carried out during Rabi 2019-2020 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. The investigation was carried out with 7 lines of wheat and their 21 crosses in a half diallel fashion with the objective to study genetic variability parameters, combining ability analysis and heterosis for various yield and yield contributing traits. The experiment was carried out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and observations were recorded on thirteen characters namely, days to 75% heading, days to maturity, number of effective tillers per plant, peduncle length, flag leaf area, plant height at maturity, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant and harvest index. Results revealed that the differences among genotypes were highly significant for all the characters. The values of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters studied. The magnitude of PCV and GCV were higher for the character grain yield/plant, which was 14.464% and 14.366%, respectively. The relative estimates of variance due to SCA were higher than the variance due to GCA for most of the traits studied indicating the predominance of nonadditive gene action. Parent HD 3226 can be marked as the best parent as it combined well for the highest number of quantitative characters followed by UP 3025. Best specific cross based on highest SCA effects in desirable direction for most of the traits was SUP152/6/OASIS/5*BORL95/5/CNDO/R143//ENTE/…[50IBWSN- 1278] x QLD 76. Crosses exhibiting highest SCA effects were HD 3226 × SUP152/6/OASIS/5*BORL95/5/ CNDO/R143//ENTE/…[50IBWSN-1278], HI1579 × KACHU*2//WHEAR/SOKOLL…[14HTWYT147], UP 3025 × HI 1579, UP 3025 × HI 1579, UP 3025 × KACHU*2//WHEAR/SOKOLL…[14HTWYT-147], KACHU*2//WHEAR/SOKOLL…[14HTWYT-147] × SUP152/6/OASIS/5*BORL95/5/CNDO/R143// ENTE/…[50IBWSN-1278], UP 3025 x PBW 766, HI 1579 × KACHU*2//WHEAR/SOKOLL …[14HTWYT147], SUP152/6/OASIS/5*BORL95/5/CNDO/R143//ENTE/…[50IBWSN-1278] x QLD 76, PBW 766 × SUP152/6/OASIS/5*BORL95/5/ CNDO/R143//ENTE/…[50IBWSN-1278], SUP152/6/OASIS/ 5*BORL95/5/CNDO/R143//ENTE/…[50IBWSN1278] x QLD76, SUP152/6/OASIS/5*BORL95/5/CNDO/ R143//ENTE/…[50IBWSN1278] x QLD76 and HD 3226 × SUP152/6/OASIS/5*BORL95/5/CNDO/R143// ENTE/…[50IBWSN-1278] for days to 75% heading, days to maturity, number of tillers per plant, peduncle length, flag leaf area, plant height at maturity, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant and harvest index, respectively. It is advocated that good combiner genotypes could be used in crossing programme and the crosses having significant SCA effects can be utilized for getting transgressive segregants. Cross HD 3226 × QLD 76 on the basis of high estimates of relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis over both the checks (HD 3086 and UP 2855) for the characters biological yield/plant and grain yield/plant was identified as best cross. Cross UP 3025 × HI 1579 on the basis of high estimates of relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis over both the checks (HD 3086 and UP 2855) for the characters number of productive tillers/plant and peduncle length was identified as best cross. So from above investigation we can select best lines and crosses for future studies.