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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar

After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960. The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.

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20051
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Subject: Food Technology × Author: Mallik, Arpita × Start date: 2000 × Thesis Type: M.Tech. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of bengal gram (Cicer arietinum L.) based wari and its fermentation kinetics
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-01) Mallik, Arpita; Agrawal, Y.C.
    ‘WARI’ is a legume based traditional fermented food of northern India. It is manufactured from Urd (black gram) or Moong (Green gram) dhal according to the traditional, technologically less advanced methods, and is produced at home or cottage industry level. Partial fermentation could take place naturally during sun drying. The Bengal gram dhal (Cicer arietinum L.), commonly known as ‘chana-dhal’, was not being used in WARI making and no studies have been reported. ‘Chana-dhal’ is cheaper than Urd and Moong dhal and could therefore be a better raw material for WARI if acceptable to consumer. The objectives of this research, therefore, were to develop a process for Bengal gram based WARI in view of organoleptic properties, to investigate the effect of fermentation temperature, and to study its fermentation kinetics. WARI were prepared from Bengal gram and Black gram dhal blends (100:0, 80:20 and 60:40) following the traditional procedure without extra fermentation and with 12 hr pre-drying fermentation at room temperature. The quality determinants of WARI were rehydration ratio and sensory characteristics in its two forms – dehydrated and rehydrated ready-to-serve. The sensory characteristics for dehydrated WARI were – color, appearance, odor and acceptability to purchase and for rehydrated ready-to-serve WARI were – color, appearance, taste, flavor and overall acceptability. The sensory data were analysed statistically using one-way Analysis of Variance. The effect of fermentation was then studied at room temperature, 30, 35 and 40°C temperature. Fermentation kinetics was studied in respect of the changes in fermented volumes with time and kinetics model was developed. It was observed that Bengal gram based WARI were possible to be made with consumer acceptance. The statistical analysis revealed that these could be made from Bengal gram dhal or its blends with Black gram dhal provided the batter was fermented before the drying of WARI. The process recommended for better quality WARI however was to make WARI from 100% Bengal gram dhal using pre-drying fermentation at 35 or 40°C for 8 or 3.5 hr respectively at which time, the corresponding batter volume expanded to about 2.3-2.4 times the original. The flavor and overall acceptability of WARI in its rehydrated ready-to-serve form and the rehydration ratio was the only quality determinants, which significantly influenced by different process conditions at 5% probability level. If the fermentation were to be carried out at room temperature, it should be initiated in the morning during warmer days and could be initiated at the night on hot summer days, so that the room temperature is 29°C or above. The maximum fermented volumes were about 1.8-2.4 times the original for chana dhal batter and for its blend with 20% Black gram, these were about 2.2-2.6 times depending upon the fermentation temperature. The fermentation kinetics of WARI batter represented by the changes in fermented volume followed the normal growth cycle pattern of microorganisms. The model for the fermentation kinetics of the WARI was developed in the form of growth kinetics of microorganisms during exponential phase of growth: V = V0 e μt where, V = volume of WARI batter at any time t, ml; V0 = initial volume of WARI batter, ml; μ = Specific Fermentation Rate, (1/hr), Table 4.24; t = time of fermentation, hr, when lag phase is negligible or nil; or t = (time of fermentation – duration of lag phase), when lag phase duration is long. The values of model parameter μ were determined from the fermented volume change data and are reported in Table 4.24. The model predicted the fermentation kinetics very well.