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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Spatial and temporal analysis of water quality of Ganges system upto Varanasi by using GIS and SPSS tool(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Khan, Shizan; Shiva Prasad, H.J.All living organisms are dependent upon pure oxygen, water, soil etc. in one form or other to maintain metabolic processes that produce energy for growth and reproduction. Due to the rapid increase in urbanization and industries, the air, water, soil and the nature are being polluted due to discharging their wastes into water bodies and contaminate them. Thus present study focus to assess the surface water quality of Ganges system upto Varanasi including area i.e. Uttarkashi, Rudraprayag, Haridwar, Moradabad, Auraiya, Kanpur, Raebareli, and Varanasi by integrating Water Quality Index (WQI) with Geographic Information System (GIS). The level of concentration of various physico-chemical parameters determines the quality of surface water. Therefore the study was undertaken with the aim to assess the surface water quality by analyzing the seasonal variations in physico-chemical water quality parameters. To create the spatial distribution maps of Water Quality Index value Arc GIS is used. The resultant graphs and tables revealed that Moradabad, Auraiya and Kanpur are the most polluted sites for all the three seasons with water quality index value higher than desirable limit for drinking. Overall it is found that quality of surface water of Ganges system since last decade is depleting at fast rate from upstream to downstream.ThesisItem Open Access Study on minimum reinforcement of RC flexural members(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Sahal, Nisha; Verma, V.K.Limit analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) beams usually disregards the non linear contribution of concrete in tension in evaluation of load carrying capacity. This assumption does not lead to safe design condition e.g in case of flexural members that for architectural or other reasons, have a large cross section than that required for strength. With minimum reinforcement, the tensile concrete strength makes a substantial contribution to the definition of peak cracking load, which may turn out to be higher than the ultimate load. For this reason, Codes of other countries impose limitations on minimum steel in order to prevent sudden failure. Most of them consider two parameter concrete grade and steel yield strength. But minimum limit on longitudinal reinforcement given in the Indian code depend only on steel strength and independent of concrete strength. IS Code provided minimum steel for RC flexural members is based on tests conducted on normal strength concrete, and hence not applicable to high strength concrete beams. Hence comparing the provisions of other national codes, modifications to this limit is suggested. This modified expression may be more justified to prevent sudden failure of flexural member. To study behaviour of RC flexural members, some beams have been modelled and analysis is carried out according to IS 456-2000 code, using ANSYS 12 software. Moment of resistance, Strain, Stress and mid span deflection values for beams are calculated and compared. Conclusion is drawn from this comparison that for high strength concrete it may be prudent to include the concrete strength also in the equation of such limit.ThesisItem Open Access Numerical modelling for predicting the postpeak behaviour of circular CFST stub columns under axial loading(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Kashyap, Gaurav; Katariya, S.K.In today’s world where the land cost is very high any saving in terms of floor area will be considered advantageous in terms of construction cost as well as in terms of more space. Generally, columns in multi-storeyed buildings, occupy large area of the floor resulting in more cost and less carpet area. Keeping this in mind, new innovative composite columns were designed which can carry more load and occupy less floor area. Concrete Filled Steel Tubular columns represent such a class of structural components, which can utilize the most favourable properties of both, steel and concrete. The compressive strength per unit cost of this structure is higher than that of traditional columns reinforced with steel. In this study, equations are proposed to compute the load carrying capacity of CFST circular stub column and to predict the post-peak behavior. The graphs generated from the proposed equations were validated using the experimental data taken from the papers of previous researchers. A parametric study was also performed to study the influence of the four factors on the behaviour of CFST circular stub column, namely (i) Diameter to thickness ratio, (ii) Grade of steel, (iii) Grade of concrete and (iv) steel contribution ratio (δs).EUROCODE 4 is the most recently completed international standard in composite construction. In this study, a comparison was also presented between the experimental peak values of the specimens taken under this study, design load as per EC 4 recommendations and predicted load carrying capacity by modelled equations.ThesisItem Open Access Numerical modelling for square CFST column filled with normal strength concrete under axial compression(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Rautela, Amit; Katariya, S.K.Concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) is the composite structural element which consists of a steel tube in-filled with concrete. The concrete core helps in preventing or delaying the local buckling of steel tube and at the same time steel tube provides confinement to the concrete core for better seismic resistance. CFST structures are widely used in high rise buildings, towers and bridges due to its various advantages like excellent seismic behaviour, strength, ductility, energy absorption capacity, fire resistivity and load bearing capacity. The past studies suggests that the performance of a circular CFST is better than the square or rectangular CFST. However, square and rectangular CFST columns are still increasingly used in engineering practice, for reasons of easy beam-to-column connection, high moment capacities, and aesthetic consideration. This study mainly presents the numerical modelling of square CFST columns under axial loading. To fulfil this, an equation is developed with the technique of regression analysis and then axial load vs strain curve is plotted using the equation to calculate the ultimate load-bearing capacity of the square CFST column. Further, this axial load vs strain curve is compared and validated with the experimental results taken from the different published research papers. An extensive parametric study is also done to investigate the effect of a change in different parameters like width to thickness ratio (B/t), compressive strength of concrete (fck), yield strength of Steel (fsy) and cross sectional size (B x B) on the ultimate load carrying capacity of the square CFST columns.ThesisItem Open Access Development of dynamic programming model for optimal operation of a reservoir to generate hydropower(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Shah, Stuti; Mahar, P.S.With the rapid rate of urbanization and industrialization, it has become more important than ever in history to effectively manage the precious and scare resource, water. The optimal operation of reservoir is mandatory to manage water according to various demands. Reservoir operation implies the derivation of optimal releases with time period. In this study, a mathematical model has been developed using dynamic programming and a computer program is written for the same to determine the optimal release sequence and obtain the yearly net benefits. Equations representing the continuity, release and storage have been imposed as constraints in the model. The solution of the model yields the monthly optimal reservoir releases and yearly net benefit. The applicability of the developed dynamic programming model has been illustrated for the Tehri dam reservoir in Uttarakhand, India. The effect of varying minimum release values, turbine efficiency and selling prices of hydroelectricity has been investigated on the optimal releases and net benefits. The optimal reservoir releases and net benefits are obtained as the desired outputs for the time period of study. From the generated results, it is inferred that increased net benefits are obtained for increase in both the turbine efficiency as well the selling price.ThesisItem Open Access Spatial analysis and thematic mapping of geotechnical properties of Udham Singh Nagar district soil using Geographical Information System (GIS)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Khatri, Shubham; Sanjeev SumanIn the design of structures like buildings, bridges, dams etc., the subsurface soil exploration and testing become an essential part of the design so as to decide the suitability of soil strata for the particular structure. The Geotechnical field and lab testing are usually done to find the parameters of soil governing its strength’s behavior. Prior to design and constructions often geotechnical lab testing suggests that a site’s soil should be stabilized or not to improve its shear strength, stiffness, and permeability etc. At the time of planning and estimate of a structure, soil properties are required for estimating the structural quantities to be constructed upon the soil subgrade under consideration. Due to the limited availability of time and absence of data, there occur large errors in estimation. Therefore there is a vital need for some sub-surface soil properties mapping so as to come up and provide a cheap and reliable source of Geotechnical data to the engineers in the form of digital soil maps. In this regard, Digital Soil mapping using GIS can be a used as a reliable as well as an effective source of mapping soil properties. Maps of Geotechnical properties like Specific Gravity, Maximum Dry Density, and Optimum Moisture Content of soil of an area are produced by using Spatial Interpolation methods for their ready use in Civil Engineering constructions using Geographical Information System (GIS). GIS provides an easy to use atmosphere for geospatial analysis of different soil properties. The main aim of the study is to predict the spatial variability of the geotechnical properties of soil using well known spatial interpolation methods like Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW). The methodology of the study includes the development and digitization of the study area using GIS. The map of study area of Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand state was downloaded from Survey of India Website, Google map Customizer, and India’s ISRO Geoportal Bhuvan. The base map was Georeferenced and digitized up to tehsils and village level and then divided into rectangular grids having known latitudes and longitudes of soil sampling points. After built up of a digitized base map of the study area and digitized soil sampling points, next step was to collect soil samples for testing and determining their geotechnical properties. The handheld Garmin’s Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver was used to reach the known latitudes and longitudes of known sampling points of grid and soil samples were collected. The data was then provided to ArcMap Database to prepare thematic soil maps. IDW method of spatial interpolation was applied for preparation of thematic maps of soil properties. The soil of the area was also described and distinguished using various limiting criteria’s of soil properties governing soil strength. The risk areas were also identified using the same criteria’s of soil properties. The accuracies of predicted soil properties were determined using the Cross-Validation method which provided Root Mean Square Prediction Error (RMSPE). Cross-validation helped find the accuracy of predictions using the same dataset, thus helped in avoiding more sample collection and testing for validation. The methodology presented in this study can be used to create thematic maps of soil properties at a much larger scale. Different methods of spatial Interpolation like IDW, Kriging, and Splines etc. can be used to predict soil properties at other locations and predicted surfaces from different methods can be compared for more accurate prediction. The thematic maps prepared can, therefore, provide a means of a reliable source of information for engineers at the time of planning and development of detailed project reports when data is not easily available and thus the system can act as a source of guidance for future steps.ThesisItem Open Access Experimental study of light transmitting concrete and bricks(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Dangwal, Shubham; Verma, V.K.Recently, high rise buildings and skyscrapers have replaced small buildings thus causing the problem of deriving natural lights in the buildings. As an alternate, artificial light sources are used which not only increase the heat level in the buildings but also increases the electricity budget as lighting covers major part therefore light transmitting concrete is need of the hour. Light transmitting concrete allows the natural sunlight to pass through it during the broad day light hours to enlighten every corner of the building thus reducing power consumption. It is a smart concrete which transmits light through it and makes easier for any building to achieve high LEED rating devised by United States Green Building Council (USGBC). In this research, two grades of concrete i.e. M20 and M25 and two diameter of holes i.e. 5mm and 10mm to insert fibers successfully are adopted. Plastic optical fibers are included in concrete cubes in eight different percentage i.e. 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5% and 4%. A total of 96 concrete cubes of size 100mm×100mm×100mm, 8 set of cubes (each set contain 3 cubes) for each grade and for each diameter of holes were casted respectively. The specimens were tested after 28 days of curing for Compressive Strength test and Light transmittance test. Plastic optical fibers were also inserted in the fly ash bricks in four different percentage i.e. 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% having 10mm diameter holes drilled with the help of masonry drill bit and Compression strength test and light transmittance were conducted over the brick samples. From this study, it was found that the compressive strength of light transmitting concrete with 10mm diameter holes for both the grades of concrete has the continuous decrease in strength pattern. The compressive strength of concrete samples having 5mm diameter holes shows no loss or very less variation in strength as compared to conventional concrete. The result shows that light transmittance ratio up to 5.30% can be achieved by using 4% plastic optical fiber. Fly ash bricks having fibers inserted in them shows continuous decrease in strength when compared with normal fly ash bricks and has light transmission ratio up to 5.60% by using 2% plastic optical fiber.ThesisItem Open Access Geotechnical behaviour of soils modified with bagasse ash and lime(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Vaishnava, Rahul; Ajit KumarIndia is an agricultural country. Sugarcane is one of the important commercial crops grown in India and supports rural livelihood of about 50 million farmers and 5 lakh workers employed in sugar mills. Mainly, sugarcane is used for sugar production by crushing it in sugar mills. Bagasse produced after extracting juice from sugarcane is used as a fuel in boilers of sugar mill to produce steam and electricity, generating about 9 million tonnes of bagasse ash annually. Accretion and piling up of bagasse ash, demands for its safe and economical disposal. Several researchers have found that these agro industrial wastes have potential to be used as a construction material. Many of the civil engineering projects requires huge volume of earth material, often close-by territories are covered with highly plastic and clayey soil. Increase in global demand for energy and good quality of construction materials constrain engineers to make use of stabilization techniques on the locally available weak soil so as to curtail down the cost of project which could have aroused due to excavation and replacement of inferior soil. Solution to the above problem is to find a material which not only curtail down the cost of traditional stabilizing agents but also it should be easily and abundantly available. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to explore the constructive use of bagasse ash in stabilization of soils. The overall study was conducted in three phases. In the first phase, the geotechnical characteristics of local soil and bagasse ash were studied separately. In the second phase, geotechnical properties of local soil mixed with five different percentages of lime as 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by dry weight of soil were determined by conducting a series of consistency limits test, standard proctor tests, unsoaked and soaked CBR tests and UCS tests. And In third phase, lime treated soil samples were mixed with different percentage of bagasse ash varying as 4%, 10% and 16% and modification in the above stated geotechnical properties of soil was investigated. Local soil was classified as CL according to USCS. Plasticity Index of the lime treated soil mixes were reduced remarkably with the addition of bagasse ash. From the standard compaction test it was concluded that with the addition of lime and bagasse ash, moisture demand of soil got increased while maximum dry density (MDD) got reduced with the introduction of both the additives. Soaked CBR values of virgin soil remarkably improved with the introduction of 6% lime but nearly same CBR value was achieved with addition of 10% bagasse ash in 4% lime treated soil. Thereby, reducing 2% of lime by dry weight of soil. Also, there was a gain in compressive strength with the introduction of bagasse ash into lime treated soil mix. Lastly, the results indicates that the geotechnical properties of problematic soil from Sitarganj can be effectively improved by using 10% to 16% of B.Ash in combination with 4% to 6% of lime by dry weight of the soil.ThesisItem Open Access Groundwater management for transient flow through confined aquifers(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Goel, Pranav; Mahar, S.Highly variable surface water in arid and semi-arid regions has placed groundwater in a major role in most water supply systems. However, due to lack of proper management, many groundwater aquifers are depleted and contaminated. Benefiting from the advancement of geophysical knowledge on subsurface flow phenomena and computer capability, effective management of groundwater aquifer of various complexities has become practical and viable. In this study, a nonlinear optimization model has been developed for groundwater management through confined aquifers with the objective of maximizing the discharge satisfying the constraints related to the maximum allowable drawdown and pump characteristics. The unit response function has been used to calculate drawdown values at the control points by using pumping wells. The unit response function has been generated with the help of Cooper-Jacob formula. The model explicitly considers the random nature of transmissivity and storage coefficient, which enables the determination of optimal pumping pattern in a well field. Applicability of the developed optimization model has been illustrated by solving a hypothetical example for different values of maximum desirable drawdown. The developed optimization model has been also solved for a different pump to see the effect of pump characteristics on the solution. The results indicate that the total discharge and efficiency are affected with the change in pump characteristics. The results show that the optimal discharges are more for larger values of maximum allowable drawdown. The optimal solution is also affected by imposing restrictions on minimum desired discharge.