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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on application of machine learning techniques for prediction of milk yield in crossbred cattle(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-10) Nayla Fraz; Shahi, B. N.The present study was undertaken utilizing the records of 567 daughter progeny of 55 sires, distributed over a period of 30 years from 1990 to 2019 in crossbred cattle maintained at Instructional Dairy Farm of G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) to study the inheritance pattern of different economic traits and for the prediction of first lactation 305 days milk yield. The Least squares mean (LSM) along with their standard errors of age at first calving (AFC), first service period (FSP), first dry period (FDP), first lactation length (FLL), first calving interval (FCI), first lactation peak yield (FLPY), days to attend peak yield (DPY), first lactation milk yield (FLMY) and first lactation 305-day milk yield (FL305DMY) were observed as 1268.85 ±16.75 days, 267.51 ± 1.93 days, 91.56 ± 1.86 days, 369.41 ± 6.68 days, 465.80 ± 6.64 days, 13.88 ± 0.17 kg, 39.76 ± 0.78 days, 3294.64 ± 77.93 kg and 2570.74 ± 38.30 kg, respectively.Significant effects of sire were found on AFC, FLPY, DPY, FLMY and FL305DMY. Significant effect of period of calving was observed on AFC, FSP, DPY, FLMY, and FL305DMY while non-significant effect was found on FDP, FLL, and FCI. The effect of season of calving was found non-significant for all the first lactation traits under study. The heritability estimates for the traits under study AFC, FSP, FDP, FLL, FCI, FLPY, DPY, FLMY and FL305DMY were observed as 0.34 ± 0.21, 0.10 ± 0.1, 0.12 ± 0.11, 0.45 ± 0.16, 0.32 ± 0.17, 0.42 ± 0.22, 0.40 ± 0.20, 0.54±0.19 and 0.59±0.20,respectively. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between first lactation traits were found to vary from range low to high. The ranking of sires for estimated breeding values (EBV) was compared for all animals using Pearson's correlations or Spearman's rank order correlations. Spearman's rank correlations between sire estimated breeding valuesranged between 0.05 and 0.78. For prediction of first lactation 305 days milk yield different machine learning models were used viz., multiple linear regression (MLR), random forest (RF), gradient boosting regression (GBR), extreme gradient boosting (xgboost) and light gradient boosting (light GBM) and their comparative evaluation was done on the basis of root mean square errors (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) values suggesting that accuracy and precision of RF, GBR, light GBM and xgboost models were adequate in predicting first lactation 305 days milk yield, but the best results were obtained by RF in both training and testing data, it outperformed other regression models in predicting first lactation 305 days milk yield. Machine learning models can be used in dairy industries for the prediction of milk yield in dairy cattle to increase the efficiency of dairy farms and early culling of animals based on 305 days milk yield.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic evaluation of first lactation traits and lactation curve models used for predicting part milk yields in crossbred cattle(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-07) Simran Kaur; Ghosh, A.K.The present investigation was undertaken utilising the records of 529 daughters of 79 sires spread over a period of 30 years from 1990 to 2019 in crossbred cattle maintained at Instructional Dairy Farm of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to study the effects of genetic and non-genetic factors, inheritance pattern of different economic traits, to compare the sire using LSM method and to compare the efficacy of different curve models utilising monthly milk yields. The least squares method (LSM) along their standard errors of age at first calving (AFC), first service period (FSP), first dry period (FDP), first calving interval (FCI), first lactation period (FLP), first lactation milk yield (FLMY), first lactation 305 days milk yield (FL305DMY), first lactation peak yield (FLPY) and first lactation days to attain peak yield (FLDAPY) were estimated as 1170.62±31.50 days, 263.94±3.40 days, 115.90±19.84 days, 513.00±22.60 days, 397.25±9.19 days, 3584.92±118.42 kg, 2854.26±59.61 kg, 14.18±0.27 kg and 35.08±0.87 days, respectively. The significant effect of sire was found on AFC, FLMY, FL305DMY and FLPY. In contrast, nonsignificant effect of genetic group was found on all the first lactation traits except FLDAPY. The non-significant effect of season was found on all the first lactation traits except FLDAPY. The significant effect of period was found on AFC, FLP, FL305DMY and FLDAPY. The heritability estimates for first lactation traits AFC, FCI, FLP, FLMY, FL305DMY, FLPY and FLDAPY 0.184 ± 0.04, 0.08 ± 0.02, 0.039 ± 0.02, 0.12 ± 0.03, 0.114 ± 0.03, 0.194 ± 0.04 and 0.015 ± 0.02. The positive genetic correlations indicated that selection for higher first lactation milk yield, higher first lactation 305 days milk yield and higher first lactation peak yield can be used as a selection criteria for the genetic improvement in the herd. The estimation of breeding value of sires and ranking them on the basis of estimated breeding values by LSM method may be done for selection and utilization of sires in herd improvement programme. The relative efficiency of four lactation curve models viz. parabolic exponential, inverse polynomial, gamma type function and mixed log function were compared. Inverse polynomial function described the highest coefficient of determination for monthly milk yields (R2 = 97.1%) with least value of root mean squares error (RMSE) and absolute mean deviation (AMD) suggesting inverse polynomial function to be the best fitted curve for explaining the first lactation curve by utilising the records of monthly milk yields.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of efficiency of sire model and animal model in crossbred cattle using first lactation and lifetime production traits(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Dangi, Manita; Singh, C.V.The present investigation was carried on crossbred cattle maintained at Instructional Dairy farm of G.B. Pant university of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The data pertaining to 1029 crossbred cattle, progeny of 107 sires which was distributed over a period of 49 years from 1966 to 2014 cows with abnormal and incomplete records were excluded from the study. The following traits i.e. AFC, FLMY, FLP, FDP, FCI, LTMY, and LTLL were considered for the present study. The Least Squares Mean of the traits under study were estimated as 1198.22 ± 9.78 days, 2857.00 ± 38.76 kg., 334.11 ± 3.05 days, 119.90 ± 3.87 days, 448.02 ± 4.26 days, 10554.32 ± 244.67 kg and 1130.79 ± 18.91 days, respectively. The effect due to season of calving and genetic groups were observed to be non- significance on all the first lactation and lifetime traits. The effects due to period of calving and sire were found to have significant influence on all traits except first lactation period (FLP). The heritability estimates for AFC, FLMY, FLP, FDP, FCI, LTMY and LTLL were observed as 0.088 ± 0.066, 0.290 ± 0.072, 0.070 ± 0.070, 0.129 ± 0.074, 0.204 ± 0.080, 0.349 ± 0.014 and 0.327 ± 0.014 respectively by Animal Model. The heritability estimates for AFC, FLMY, FLP, FDP, FCI, LTMY and LTLL were observed as 0.011 ± 0.013, 0.151 ± 0.023, 0.101 ± 0.039, 0.037 ± 0.020, 0.059 ± 0.023, 0.218 ± 0.019 and 0.256 ± 0.009, respectively by Sire Model. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between first lactation and lifetime traits were ranged from low to high. The rank of sires for different sire evaluation methods revealed that for both the model ranks of sires almost had not similar rank for all the methods. Based on the information criterion of Akaike (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) values were highest negative for Animal Model, and concluded that the Animal Model would be most adequate model for evaluation genetic parameters.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic studies on performance traits and comparison of different lactation curve models in crossbred cattle(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-03) Arya, Vineeta; Shahi, B.N.The present investigation was undertaken utilizing the records of 700 daughter progeny of 68 sires, distributed over a period of 28 years from 1990 to 2017 in crossbred cattle maintained at Instructional Dairy Farm of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to study the effect of different genetic and non- genetic factors, inheritance pattern of different economic traits, to evaluate the sires using BLUP method and to compare the efficacy of different lactation curve models utitizing fortnightly and monthly test day milk yield. The Least squares means (LSM) along with their standard errors of age at first calving (AFC), first lactation milk yield (FLMY), first lactation period (FLP), first dry period (FDP), first calving interval (FCI), first service period (FSP) and first lactation 305 day milk yield (FL305DMY) were estimated as 1186.45±8.66, 2846.16±46.92, 326 51±3.09, 124.29±3.67, 450.80±4.5, 261.34±1.77 and 2631.07±35.68, respectively. LSM of different first lactation fortnightly and monthly milk yield ranged between 83.62±3.69 (FLFMY-20) to 156.05±2.56 (FLFMY-4) and 179.09±6.88 (FLMMY-10) to 307.81±5.02 (FLMMY-2), respectively. The sire effects was significant on AFC, FLMY, FCI, FL305DMY and on almost all fortnightly and monthly milk yields. In contrast, different genetic groups were found to have non-significant effect on all the traits. The effect due to season of calving was observed to be significant on AFC, FLMY, FDP, FSP, FL305DMY and almost all FLFMYs and FLMMYs. The effect due to period of calving were found to have significant influence on FL305DMY and FLMY. The heritability estimates for AFC, FLMY, FLP, FDP, FCI, FSP and FL305DMY were observed as 0.429±0.127, 0.26± 0.110, 0.078 ± 0.087, 0.048 ±0 .083, 0.096 ±0.089, 0.114 ± 0.091 and 0.273±0.110, respectively. The range of heritability for first lactation fortnightly milk yield (FLFMY) was found between 0.157± 0.097 and 0.452± 0.129. While the heritability estimates for first lactation monthly milk yield (FLMMY) ranged between 0.187±0.100 and 0.486±.132. The genetic correlations indicated that selection for lower age at first calving and higher first lactation milk yield can be used as a selection criterion for the genetic improvement in the herd. All the genetic and phenotypic correlations between FL305DMYs with different part lactation milk yields were found positive in direction. The estimation of breeding values of different sires and ranking them on the basis of estimated breeding values by BLUP method may be done in selection and utilization of best sire for improvement programme. The relative efficiency of four lactation curve models viz. Exponential function, Parabolic Exponential function, Inverse Polynomial function and Gamma Type function were compared. Inverse Polynomial Function described the highest coefficient of determination on both fortnightly and monthly milk yiels (R2 = 99.97%) and with least value of root mean squares error (RMSE) and absolute mean deviation (AMD) suggesting Inverse Polynomial function to be the best fitted for explaining the first lactation curve by utilizing the records of fortnightly and monthly test day milk yields.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on genetic trends of production and reproduction traits in Sahiwal and crossbred cattle(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-01) Gahtori, Sanjay Dutt; Sunil KumarThe present study was undertaken on Sahiwal and crossbred 568 cattle sired by 49 sires, maintained at Instructional Dairy Farm, Nagla of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand). The data spread over a period of 30 years (1987-2016). The study was conducted on least squares means, genetic and phenotypic parameters and genetic and phenotypic trends of first lactation production and reproduction traits. The overall least-squares means for first lactation traits viz. FL305DMY, FLMY, FLL, FCI, FDP, FSP FLMY/FLL and FLMY/FCI were 2231±65.27 kg, 2453.39±84.33 kg, 317.33±4.15 days, 1303.80±21.06 days, 457.14±8.76 days, 137.66±6.47 days, 184.30±8.24 days, 7.59±0.21 kg and 5.51±0.19 kg, respectively. The heritability estimates for these first lactation traits were as 0.41±0.13, 0.30±0.11, 0.15±0.09, 0.33±0.12, 0.23±0.10, 0.27±0.11, 0.19±0.10, 0.31±0.11 and 0.38±0.12, respectively. The least-squares analysis of variance for the first lactation traits revealed that the effect due to genetic group was found highly significant on FL305DMY, FLMY, FLL, FLMY/FLL and FLMY/FCI. The effect due to sire was significant on all the first lactation traits. The effect due to the period of calving was also found highly significant (P_0.01) on FLL. The effect due to the season of calving on all the first lactation traits was found non-significant. The effect due to the AFC group was found highly significant (P_0.01) on FL305DMY, FLMY, FLMY/FLL and FLMY/FCI. The positive and significant genetic and phenotypic correlation among production traits viz. FL305DMY, FLMY and FLL revealed that these traits are influenced by the same genes and improvement for one trait simultaneously leads to the improvement in other traits. The negative and non-significant genetic correlation between FLL and FDP indicate that selection on the basis of one trait could be done up to a desirable limit after that selection process can be relaxed. In Sahiwal, the estimates of genetic trends for FL305DMY, FLMY, FLL, AFC, FCI, FDP, FSP, FLMY/FLL and FLMY/FCI were 6.26±8.56 kg, 2.02±9.29 kg, -1.53±0.76 days, -3.24±3.36 days, 1.08±2.00 days, 2.57±1.90 days, 0.16±1.99 days, 0.02±0.02 kg and -0.009±0.02 kg, respectively. The estimates of phenotypic trends for these traits were 7.92±8.46 kg, 4.64±9.05 kg, -1.35±0.71 days, -2.20±2.00 days, -0.22±3.54 days, 1.14±2.03 days, -1.17±2.03 days, 0.04±0.02 kg and 0.01±0.002 kg, respectively. In crossbred, cattle the estimates of genetic trends for FL305DMY, FLMY, FLL, AFC, FCI, FDP, FSP, FLMY/FLL and FLMY/FCI were 67.6±10.30 kg, 67.5±10.30 kg, 2.35±0.85 days, -12.69±2.50 days, 1.09±1.29 days, -1.08±0.83 days, 0.18±1.43 days, 0.22±0.02 kg and 0.15±0.02 kg, respectively. The estimates of phenotypic trends for all these traits were 51.75±5.50 kg, 70.30±8.78 kg, 2.36±0.83 days, -12.81±2.65 days, 1.26±1.29 days, -1.77±0.96 days, 1.03±1.43 days, 0.18±0.02 kg and 0.13±0.02 kg, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Estimation of breeding values based on first lactation and herd life traits using different animal models in crossbred cattle(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-05) Lodhi, Geeta; Singh, C.V.The present investigation was carried on crossbred cattle maintained at Instructional Dairy farm of G.B. Pant university of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar .The data pertaining to 1003 crossbred cattle, progeny of 68 sires which was distributed over a period of 48 years from 1966 to 2010 cows with abnormal and incomplete records were excluded from the study. The following traits were considered for the present study i.e AFC, FLMY, FLP, FDP, FCI, FSP, LTMY, and LTLL. The Least Squares Mean of the traits under study were estimated as 1171.63 ± 21.94 days, 2642.45 ± 89.13 kg., 316.03 ± 5.38 days, 102.83 ± 6.32 days, 418.89 ± 7.23 days, 161.81 ± 9.04 days, 11648 .94 ± 737.87 kg and 1131.91 ± 62.21 days, respectively. The effect due to season of calving was observed to be non- significance on all the first lactation and lifetime traits .The effects due to period of calving were found to have significant influence on first service period ,while highly significant influence on AFC, LTMY and LTLL. However, non-significant influence were observed on FLMY, FLP, FDP and FCI, in contrast different genetic groups were found to have significant effect on AFC, FLMY, FLP and highly significant effect on LTMY, FSP and LTLL, while non- significant effects on FDP and FCI, respectively. Sire effects was highly significant on AFC, LTMY and significant on FLMY, FLP and FCI while non- significant effect on FDP. The heritability estimates for AFC, FLMY, FLP, FDP, FCI, FSP, LTMY and LTLL were observed as 0.24 ± 0.12, 0.34± 0.12, 0.188 ± 0.92.0.448 ± 0.13, 0.607± 0.13, and 0.756± 0.13 respectively. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between first lactation and lifetime traits were ranged from low to high. The estimated breeding values of sires estimated for age at first calving, first lactation milk yield and lifetime lactation length by LSM showed small genetic variance in compare to D, BLUP, REML and DFREML methods. While for FLP, FDP, FCI, FSP and LTMY, BLUP showed small genetic variance in compare to D, LSM, REML methods, therefore LSM and BLUP was considered as the most efficient methods out of all four methods of sire evaluation used in the present study. The product moment correlations ranged from 0.522 (BLUP with LSM) to 0.960 (BLUP with REML) and rank correlations ranged from 0.566 (LSM with BLUP) to 0.956 (BLUP with REML) respectively. The rank of sires for different sire evaluation methods revealed that 4-5% of top sires almost had similar rank for all the methods. These results suggested that for improvement of lifetime productivity of animals, sires should be selected on the basis of their Daughter’s first lactation milk yield.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic studies on prediction of lactation yield based on test day values in Sahiwal and crossbred cattle(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Girimal, Dhanraj Gurubasappa; Kumar, D.The present investigation was carried out for studying the different fortnightly test day milk yield traits, first lactation milk yield traits, prediction of first lactation yield on the basis of single test day milk yield and stepwise backward elimination method and comparing the different sire evaluation methods. The records of 799 daughters of 58 sires in crossbred cattle and 166 daughters of 19 sires in Sahiwal cattle maintained at Instructional Dairy Farm, G.B.P.U.A& T, Pantnagar were utilized for this study. The least squares means along with standard errors of AFC, FL305DMY, FLL, FLPY and fortnightly test day milk yield (FTDY-1 to FTDY-21) traits were observed as 1445.34±30.77 days, 1716.04±78.47 kg, 248.45±9.84 days, 8.84±0.15 kg and 4.29±0.5, 5.34±0.7, 7.71±0.6, 7.63±0.8, 7.45 ±0.10, 7.11±0.90, 7.08±0.10, 6.87±0.75, 6.34±0.08, 6.34±0.08, 6.12±0.64, 6.34±0.12, 5.96±0.54, 5.65±0.12, 5.28±0.10, 4.74±0.10, 4.24±0.11, 3.49±0.84, 3.28±0.07, 2.93±0.47, 2.73±0.03 and 2.50±0.03 kg respectively, in Sahiwal cattle. The corresponding figures for crossbred cattle were observed as 1376.15±24.19 days, 2657.69±63.18 kg, 283.93±4.94 days and 13.18 kg. 4.48± 0.13, 5.6±0.2, 9.53±0.48, 9.35±0.6, 8.7±0.45, 8.6±0.6, 8.35±0.08, 7.83±0.3, 7.6±0.7, 7.11±0.08, 6.56±0.45, 6.08±0.32, 5.71±0.8, 5.27±0.21, 5.26±0.18, 4.98±0.78, 5.13±0.21, 4.51±0.74, 5.03±0.11, 4.75±0.02 and 4.49±0.81 kg respectively. The heritability estimates of AFC, FL305DMY, FLL and FLPY traits in case of Sahiwal and crossbred cattle indicated that some improvement can be made in these traits by selecting the cows for these traits up to some extent. However, the major improvement in these traits can be done by good managemental practices at the farm. The heritability estimates for early test day milk records were lower in magnitude and later in the middle of lactation, the values were found to be comparatively higher in magnitude. All the genetic and phenotypic correlations between FL305DMY and different test day milk yield found to be positive in direction. The genetic and phenotypic correlations among test day milk yield revealed that the data on test day milk yields can be utilized for extending the incomplete records and also utilized under various selection programmes. The step wise regression was best fitted for predicting the FL305DMY followed by regression and ratio method. The fitting of step wise multiple regressions, the higher estimates of accuracy of prediction for FL305DMY were found in the middle part of the lactation (FTDY8 to FTDY-10 in Sahiwal and FTDY-7 to FTDY-11 in crossbred cattle). The multiple regression equations with six variables viz. peak yield, FTDY-2, FTDY-6, FTDY-8, FTDY-10 and FTDY-15 in case of crossbred cattle and peak yield, FTDY-2, FTDY-3, FTDY-6, FTDY-10, and FTDY-11 in case of Sahiwal were considered more appropriate for prediction of first lactation 305 day milk yield with high accuracy. The BLUP method was found to be superior for selecting the sires for first lactation milk yield followed by LSM and Simple daughter average method.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular characterization of udaipuri goat of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Sarma, Momi; Shahi, B.N.ThesisItem Open Access Single nucleotide polymorphism identification of beta-2 microglobulin (β2M) gene in murrah buffaloes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Verma, Uma Kant; Sunil Kumar