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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Modification of a CI engine into SI mode and its performance evaluation on biogas(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2007-07) Nagaraja, G.; Bhattacharya, T.K.In agriculture sector biogas is used in low horse power CI engines in dual fuel mode where about 30 percent diesel and 70 percent biogas are burnt in an engine to develop power. However, biogas has octane rating of 130 which is greater than the petrol (96) and therefore, there lies a potential to run such engines on 100 percent biogas by converting these engine into gas engines operating in SI mode. A constant speed, low bhp (7.4 kW), single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection, Kirlosker make engine having compression ratio of 16.5:1 was converted into SI mode. Major modifications include the removal of diesel fuel supply system, reduction of compression ratio (13:1), installation of spark plug, mounting of ignition system and provision of mixing device for supply of air-biogas mixture. The studies were conducted to assess the performance of modified CI engine on 100 percent biogas with particular emphasis on operational issues and efficiency of converted engine. Observation on suitability from ease of installation and operation as well as care and maintenance using both battery and magneto ignition system were also evaluated. The engine was operated with ignition timing of 250 BTDC. A long duration test of a converted CI engine coupled with an alternator (7.5 kVA) was conducted to evaluate the crank case oil quality when operating on 100 percent biogas. The performance of converted CI engine in respect of generator load, brake specific biogas consumption, thermal efficiency and emission of HC and NOX on biogas was evaluated. The fuel properties of biogas were also studied. The observed results of the experiment indicated that the CI engine converted to SI mode could develop maximum brake power of 4.5 kW on 100 percent biogas but at this output there was significant drop in engine speed. The drop in power is due to low heating value of biogas. It is therefore, suggested that the engine be operated at 1352 rpm developing 3 kW brake power for satisfactory operation of electrical devices through the coupled alternator and corresponding brake thermal efficiency was found to be 15.5 percent. The magneto ignition system found satisfactory for installation and operation than battery ignition system. The hydrocarbon and NOX emissions were observed lower on 100 percent biogas as compared to diesel and petrol. The long duration test of the converted engine on 100 percent biogas indicated no deterioration in crankcase oil quality however the engine should be operated for 500 hours for thorough evaluation of crankcase oil quality.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of cyclic irrigation and fertigation on off season production of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) under protected environment(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2007-05) Negera, Gonfa Bayissa; Singh, K.K.The present study was undertaken to investigate the ―Effect of Cyclic irrigation and Fertigation on Off –Season production of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.)Under protected environment. The site is located at experimental field of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Technology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. Soil solarization in polyhouses, studying of the various metrological parameters inside and out side the polyhouses, the response of different levels of irrigation and cyclic irrigation on the biometric observation of capsicum and studying economic feasibility of production of capsicum under polyhouses were some of the methods employed during the study. The result revealed that the general trend of the temperature of solarized soil has been higher near the soil surface and became cooler with increasing soil depth. The mean maximum temperature was higher in naturally ventilated polyhouse (NVPH)(33.06 0C) followed by open field condition (25.04 0C) than environmentally controlled polyhouse (ECPH)(24.66 0C) while the minimum temperature was also higher in the NVPH (13.05 0C) but followed by ECPH (12.85 0C)than the open field condition (11.46 0C). The mean daily variation of temperature at 9:00am was higher in NVPH (22.20 0C), followed by ECPH (20.12 0C) than the open field condition (19.67 0C). At the same time at 12:00hrs and 4:00pm it was higher in NVPH but followed by open field condition than in ECPH. The mean daily variation of relative humidity at 9:00am, 12:00hrs and 4:00pm was higher in NVPH followed by open field than the ECPH while the mean daily variation in solar intensity at 9:00am, 12:00hrs and 4:00pm was higher in open field followed by ECPH than NVPH. The crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was higher in open field, followed by NVPH than in ECPH. The average mean daily ETc in open field, NVPH, and ECPH were 2.40, 2.00 and 1.72mm/day respectively. During the six month off-season growing period the total water required at 100% level of irrigation in ECPH was 209.44mm and at 75% level 157.08mm and in NVPH at 100% level 243.98mm and at 75% 182.99mm while in open field 307.27mm depth. The yield of capsicum per plant and per square meter was maximum in ECPH (2.63kg/plant, 9.71 kg/m2) followed by NVPH (2.51kg/plant, 9.16kg/plant) and in open field (0.49kg/plant, 1.81kg/m2). In NVPH the mean value of yield per m2 was significantly higher in split fertigation treatment (10.63kg/m2) than normal fertigation, N (8.39 kg/m2). At the same time at 100% level of irrigation the mean maximum value of yield per m2 was 9.27kg/m2 than 75% level 9.04kg/m2. During Of-season production of Capsicum under different level of irrigation and cyclic irrigation and fertigation was more economically feasible in NVPH at the selling price above 15Rs/kg than ECPH and open field condition.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling of oil expression from enzyme treated Jatropha curcas L. (Ratanjot) on a hydraulic press(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2007-06) Durgesh Nandini; Pandey, R.K.Rapid urbanization, agricultural mechanization and increase in vehicular population enhance demand for fuel. So meeting the energy requirements in a sustainable manner is a major challenge. Among the many tree species which can yield oil as a source of energy in the form of bio-diesel, Jatropha curcas L. (Ratanjot) has been found most suitable due to its various favorable attributes like hardy nature, short gestation period, high oil recovery and quality of oil Study was conducted to optimize and to develop Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models for oil expression from Jatropha curcas L. (Ratanjot) on a hydraulic press. Experiments were planned using full factorial design in two phases. In the first phase of experimental design, three levels of husk percentage, five levels of pressure and five levels of holding time were taken as independent variables. In a similar way five levels of enzyme concentration, five levels of pressure and five levels of holding time were taken as independent parameters in the second phase of experiments. Line curves, surface plots and iso-oleum curves were developed to show the effect of independent parameters on oil expression. Empirical mathematical models representing oil expression in terms of single and multiple responses of process parameters were developed using SPSS software. Optimization of variables was performed by partial differentiation of multiple regression equation with respect to each variable and then solving the coefficient matrix on MATLAB software. In order to have a better prediction of unseen input conditions within the experimental range Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling of oil expression process was carried out using back propagation algorithm and MATLAB software. Enzymatic treatment substantially enhances oil expression from 87% with hydraulic pressing alone to 91% for hydraulic pressing with enzymatic treatment. The optimum conditions of husk percentage, pressure and holding time for maximum oil recovery were obtained as 87.40%, 45.63 MPa and 27.09 min respectively. Optimum conditions of enzyme concentration, pressure and holding time for maximum oil recovery were obtained as 110.73mg/100 g dry matter, 43.83 MPa and 17.42 min respectively. Optimum architecture of ANN for training at different husk percentages was found to be two hidden layers with 8 and 11 nodes in first and second hidden layer while that for samples at different enzyme concentrations was found to be two hidden layers with 9 and 11 nodes in first and second hidden layer respectively. Both in case of training and testing results of output predicted by ANN architecture shows good agreement with experimental values.ThesisItem Open Access Groundwater modelling in Ganga-Ramganga interbasin using fuzzy logic and ANFIS(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-06) Patil, Vikas Vitthal; Sharma, H.C.The realisation of the concept of natural resources and its conservancy is presently looked upon as one of the main interests of our civilisation. Water has a unique position among the natural resources and is one of the major components of our economic advancement. Keeping this in view, the present study was conducted in the selected area of Ganga-Ramganga interbasin of Uttar Pradesh with specific objective to develop groundwater models using Fuzzy Logic Rule Based Algorithm, and Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), and to evaluate the models’ performance on the basis of performance indicators. Various components of groundwater recharge and discharge were estimated for preparation of input data set of the study area. The Fuzzy logic rule based algorithm technique was adopted to develop the groundwater model. Groundwater recharge, groundwater discharge and previous water table elevation above mean sea level were considered as input and the water table elevation as consequence variable for the model development. All input and output variables were separately divided into seven subsets. The Fuzzy rule base was formed based on the basis of historical data and intuition. The centroid defuzzification method was adopted to obtain crisp value. For developing such models the area was divided in to 43 polygonal nodes to account for large spatial variation in the region. Thus as many as 86 models were developed in order to predict pre- and post-monsoon water table elevations for 43 nodes. All the models performed well when evaluated using statistical and hydrological performance indicators. Keeping the potential of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) technique in view, it was applied for developing a single model separately for, pre- and post-monsoon conditions for all 43 nodes. The input and output variables were same as in Fuzzy logic rule based models. The water table elevation predicted by ANFIS model was compared with the observed values and performance of the model was tested using various performance criteria. The results revealed that both models performed well for the prediction of the water table elevation. When compared, the Fuzzy logic rule based models performed better than ANFIS models on the basis of performance indicators. However, the ANFIS technique had advantage of having single model for whole study area for each season.ThesisItem Open Access Ethanol production from apple pomace in natural and inoculated fermentation(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-07) Jain, Anshul; Singh, AnupamaApple pomace is the main by-product of apple juice processing industries and accounts for about 25% of original fruit mass. Its disposal in the environment results in production of foul smell and affects the aquatic life and ecosystem, which compels for its proper treatment. Apple pomace contains 9.5- 22.0% carbohydrates. Fermentable sugars in apple pomace such as glucose, fructose and sucrose can be converted to ethanol using yeast. Hence an effort was made to utilize apple pomace in production of ethanol. Experiments were designed using full factorial design method. Experiments were performed in two phases. In the first phase experiments for natural fermentation of apple pomace with variables as amylase treatment (treated and untreated), pH (2.5,4.0,5.0), and fermentation time (0,36,48,60,72,84h) were carried out and based on the results obtained from natural fermentation, experiments for second phase i.e. inoculated fermentation with variables as amylase treatment (treated), pH (4.0), yeast strains (Y2, Y5 and Y12) and fermentation time (0,36,48,60,72, 84 h) were carried out. Designed experiments were conducted to find the effect of these variables on sugar utilization, pH, cell count and ethanol production. Based on the data fermentation efficiency was calculated. The data from all experiments were analyzed and the response functions were developed using multiple regression analysis and second order models were fitted for each response. In natural fermentation of apple pomace, pH 4.0 and -Amylase treatment of apple pomace resulted in higher sugar utilization (8.13%), lower residual sugar (2.34%), maximum cell growth (169 X106 cfu ml-1) and higher ethanol production (3.956 %). In inoculated fermentation, of the three strains of yeast viz. Y2, Y5 and Y12, Y5 results in maximum sugar utilization (7.756%), maximum cell growth (289 X106 cfu ml-1) and higher production of ethanol (4.074 %) at 72 h of fermentation. Out of three strains of yeast, Y5 showed maximum fermentation efficiency of 74.55%. Analysis showed that initial pH and fermenting time both affected the process of ethanol production, in natural and inoculated fermentation but effect of initial pH was more significant in comparison to fermenting time. At pH 4.0, value of Specific Growth Rate () was 0.08 h-1 for -Amylase treated natural fermentation. This correlates with maximum ethanol production of 3.95%. In case of inoculation with yeast strain, Y5 has Specific Growth Rate of 0.07 h-1 and maximum value (4.07%)of ethanol produced. The linear effect of pH and fermenting time was significant in sugar utilization, change in pH and ethanol production. The effect of interaction between pH and fermenting time was significant in change in pH and non-significant in sugar utilization and ethanol production. Hence second order model could be fitted to predict sugar utilization, ethanol production and change in pH except cell count.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on water requirement, seasonal water use and yield of tea plantation under drip irrigation and mulching in Kumaon hills(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-07) Ramdas, Borkar Ajinkya; Singh, P.K.Irrigation and drainage are the two most important parameters of water management in tea plantation. In flat topography, irrigation in tea plantation is generally provided through the sprinkler irrigation system. However, in hilly terrain (terraced land system), where, availability of water is the major problem even for life saving irrigation. In such condition, efficient method of irrigation such as drip irrigation method would be feasible for irrigation of tea plantation by tapping existing low discharge springs or naulas / waterways and harvesting of rainfall in tanks. Keeping above in view, the study was undertaken to determine the water requirement of tea plantation under drip irrigation using the reference evapotranspiration values obtained from FAO Penman-Monteith model. Field experiments were conducted to study the response of drip irrigation and fertilizer scheduling and effect of polyhouse and mulching on growth, yield, quality, water use pattern, water use efficiency of tea plantation in Tea garden at Kausani, Uttaranchal. The water requirement of young tea plantation under drip irrigation varied from 16.9 to118.4 lit/month/plant at Kausani. Prior to the occurrence of hailstorm, total green leaf yield in the treatments irrigated at 80 % and 60 % water use level were 57.5 and 48.6 % higher as compared to control. During the post hailstorm period total leaf yield was reduced to 40 % and 32 % over control in respective treatments. It was also observed that 80% level of water use shows more leaf yield under F1 (2:1:2) and F2 (2:1:3) fertilizer levels, while, 60 % level of water use shows more production under fertilizer level F3 (2:2:2) and F4 (3:2:4). Soil water extraction pattern provides information about the 50 cm of the root zone of tea plantation actively involved in soil water and nutrient uptake. The daily average soil water uses of young tea in month of March, April and May was 5 mm, 11.5 and 11.7 mm, respectively. The value of Kc observed in March, April and May is 0.73, 0.94 and 0.96, respectively. Total green leaf yield inside the polyhouse without mulch and polyhouse with plastic mulching was 97 % and 104 % more than open field condition. Due to plastic mulching yield increase was 18 % under polyhouse. While, in open field condition increase in yield were 27 % and 18 % due to plastic and organic mulching, respectively. The estimated cost of gravity head drip irrigation system was Rs.65847 per hectare for tea plantation under double hedge method. The total yield predicted by CUPPA-Tea model is strongly matched with observed yield of tea under unirrigated conditions of 2004 and 2005. However, in irrigated condition due to insignificant soil water deficit and more frequent rainfall during dry periods do not show significant yield difference.ThesisItem Open Access Land and water resources planning and management of Bijnor district using remote sensing and GIS(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-01) Roy, Moumita; Sharma, H.C.The rapid expansion of population, agriculture and industry in recent years, throughout the country, has brought about a steep increase in water demand. All these requirements have to be met mostly from available surface and groundwater resources. The water resources which looked plentiful at one time have become scare with the increasing demand on the available supplies. Situation turned grim in Bijnor district of Uttar Pradesh where in some blocks withdrawal rate of groundwater is beyond the limits of recharge capacities. The area has no sharp topography and consists of alluvial soil. Groundwater abstraction structures were made abruptly along with the prevailing cropping pattern. The present investigation was, therefore, undertaken to study the prevailing land use pattern, ground water behaviour and to suggest appropriate recharge techniques suited to this condition with the help of Remote Sensing and G.I.S. Keeping this in view, soils of Bijnor district were classified according to land capability, land irrigability and land suitability to suggest alternative cropping pattern for the district to commensurate with the present situation. Groundwater inventory for the years 1990 and 2002 revealed that in 1990, out of eleven blocks only in Noorpur block groundwater exploitation level was between 65% to 85%. But in 2002, in two blocks groundwater exploitation level was above 85% and in four blocks it was between 65% to 85%. To predict the future groundwater table depth, six simulation models were developed for the area. Model 6 gave significantly better results correlating the discharge and recharge parameters in a better way. Remote Sensing and G.I.S. were applied to delineate different landforms from the Satellite imageries (IRS-1D LISS-III). The landforms were correlated with identified soil associations and water table decline contours of pre-monsoon season. Suitable groundwater recharge plans have been suggested, considering the geomorphic features, to keep the groundwater level within safe and desired limit in future.ThesisItem Open Access Kinetics of natural fermentation of finger millet and green gram and development of weaning food(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-08) Grewal, Parshant; Kumbhar, B.K.Effects of germination and fermentation of finger millet and green gram individually and as cofermented on volume and pH were studied to develop weaning food. Cofermented batter used the ratio of finger millet and green gram 50:50, 60:40 and 75:25. Fermentation kinetics based on volume and pH was determined. Fermented batter was oven dried to develop weaning blends. Viscosity of the weaning blends was determined at 10, 20, 30 and 40% slurry concentration. Second order regression model was fitted for the viscosity. Sensory evaluation of weaning blends was done on 9 point hedonic scale. After deciding the most acceptable blends from the weaning blends of ungerminated and germinated cofermented, samples the composition and energy density was determined. The peak volume of blend ranged between 68-106 ml and 80-107 ml in case of ungerminated and germinated materials respectively. pH of materials ranged between 3.73 to 4.55 and 3.73 to 4.05 correspondingly. Exponential model had been better prediction for volume of ungerminated samples at all the temperatures except at 25°C and at all temperatures for germinated material. pH was best described by power law model for all ungerminated and germinated material at all temperatures. Viscosity of the weaning blend was less than the recommended viscosity for the infants (<3000 cP). On the basis of the sensory evaluation of ungerminated and cofermented blends 60% finger millet and 40% green gram was selected while 50% finger millet and 50% green gram with separate fermentation acceptable another blend. The composition of the weaning blends satisfies the PFA standard for weaning food.ThesisItem Open Access Land and water resources management planning for Chamba- Hanswan Watershed using G.I.S.(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-08) Rode, Ankush Shivaji; Yogendra KumarSoil and water are the most vital natural resources for agriculture. Water scarcity is a burning problem for the hill agrarians. Viable sources of water like springs, which are plenty in hills, are drying up because of inadequate recharge of flow domain of springs and there is great disturbance in hydrologic cycle of hilly areas. The difficulty to reach the nature of hilly areas possesses serious limitation on ground observation. Field experimentation and information collection to develop planning activities is, therefore, necessary. Keeping this in view the present study was conducted to study the topography, soil conditions, land use pattern, soil characteristics, morphometric characteristics, rainfall behaviour and to design suitable water harvesting structures for Chamba-Hanswan watershed. Most of the soils in the study area were coarse textured varying from sandy loam to loamy sand and sandy loam to clay loam, moderate to neutral in reaction. Different thematic maps of study area were prepared using toposheet and G.I.S. software Geo-Media Professional 5.1. Majority of area of watershed was covered with agriculture and forest followed by waste land, fallow land and forest lands, respectively. There is scope for development of agricultural activities using modern techniques. Morphometric analysis of different parameters was carried out using G.I.S. Rainfall analysis was done on basis of weekly, monthly, and annual rainfall data of the study area. The runoff was estimated and on the basis of cropping pattern; crop water requirement was calculated on weekly basis. For maximum net water demand of crops per week, the design of suitable water harvesting structure for particular area of the watershed was given. The mean annual rainfall was found to be 1241.20 mm. and standard deviation was found to be 276.00 mm. About 60 per cent of the total years were normal and about 20 per cent of the total years were under drought. The total of average weekly runoff was found to be 171.70 mm and maximum in the 31st week with 17.57 mm runoff. The average value of the average weekly runoff for 19 years was found as 3.30 mm/week. The water harvesting ponds were designed for the capacity of 130 m3, 150 m3, and 187.5 m3. At each location two ponds were proposed due to constraint of less flat land in hilly region to fulfill required storage capacity of pond.