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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

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1992 - 19973
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End date: 2023 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    QUANTIFICATION OF AMYLASE, LIPASE AND PROTEASE IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF JAPANESE QUAIL
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE,MANNUTHY, 1997) BEENA V.; Philomlna, P T
    Japanese quails, being the most recently introduced species of poultry in India, are the least studied among the domestic species of birds. For economic rearing of these valuable birds a thorough understanding of their basic digestive processes is essential. Keeping this point in view an attempt was made to study the digestive physiology of adult Japanese quails {Coturnix coturnix japonica) especially the quantification of digestive enzymes like amylase, procease (pepsin) and lipase of different regions of digestive tract, the determination of pH of the contents of crop, proventriculus, gizzard and small intestine and the feed passage rate (FPR). One hundred and ninety two, six-week old Japanese quails of the same strain (egg type) were selected, at random, from the Kerala Agricultural University Poultry Farm, Mannuthy and maintained on standard, identical managemental and feeding conditions in cage system for a period of two weeks in order to stabilize the experimental conditions in the Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and .Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. A batch of 24 birds (12 males and 12 females) of the same hatch were subjected for the quantification of the specific digestive enzyme in a particular region of the digestive system. Seven batches of 24 birds (a total number of 168 birds) were selected at weekly interval from the poultry farm for quantifying the different enzymes in specific regions. The eighth batch of 12 males and 12 females of the same hatch was utilized for studying the feed passage rate (FPR). From this last batch, 12 birds were randomly selected and utilized for estimation of pH of the contents of different regions (crop, proventriculus, gizzard and small intestine) of the digestive tract. Each batch of 24 Japanese quails (12 males and 12 females) were sacrificed when they attained eight weeks of age for the quantification of the digestive enzymes (amylase, acid proteWse "'and lipase) in specific areas of the digestive system. The enzymes were quantified in the tissue homogenate of the respective tissues. Amylase activity was estimated in the mucous membrane of crop and small intestine, pancreas and gall bladder bile. Quantification of acid protease (pepsin) was conducted in the mucous membrane of proventriculus. Lipase was quantified in the pancreas as well as small intestinal mucous membrane. The data obtained were analysed statistically. From the results of the study it was observed that crop mucosa of both sexes of quails showed an appreciable amount of amylase activity and the activity in males was significantly (PsO.Ol) higher (47.98 ± 10.49 S U/g of tissue) than in females (13.26 ± 4.46 S U/g of tissue). In adult Japanese quails, when the values for both the sexes were pooled, the activity was found to be 30.62 ± 6.65 S U/g of tissue. The activity of amylase was independent of the presence of food in the crop. In pancreatic tissue also, amylase activity was significantly (PsO.Ol) higher in males (59.89 ± 3.36 S U /g of tissue) than in females (38.72 ± 2.59 S U/g of tissue). When both the sexes were taken together, the overall value of pancreatic amylase was 49.30 ± 3.03 S U/g of tissue. The value was higher than that of the crop. The bile from gall bladder of male Japanese quails exhibited, a higher (Ps0.05) mean amylase activity (156.23 ± 27.72 S U/g of tissue) compared to that of female quails (87.65 ± 14.36 S U/g of tissue). The pooled mean value of both sexes was found to be 121.93 ± 16.86 S U/g of tissue, indicating an appreciably high amylase activity in the bile of Japanese quail. The amylase activity in the small intestinal mucous membrane of males (234.38 ± 38.96 S U/g of tissue) was significantly higher (PsO.Ol) than that of females (103.23 ± 8.08 S U/g of tissue). The pooled mean value of amylase activity in small intestinal mucous membrane of both the sexes of Japanese quails was 168.81 ± 23.78 S U/g of tissue. When the amylase activity in different areas of digestive system as crop, pancreas, bile and small intestine was compared in both sexes of birds, it was observed that the highest value was noticed in the male birds. It was also observed that when the birds (both males and females) were maintained on identical ration and managemental conditions, male birds preferred coarser particles of maize where as females preferred finer particles of oil cakes. So the increased amylase activity in different regions of male quails, might be a normal response to the increased intake of carbohydrates. In adult birds, intestinal mucous membrane s^hibited the highest amylase activity and the crop mucosa exhibited the lowest activity indicating that digestion of starch starts in the crop with salivary amylase and completion of starch occurs in the small intestine with the help of amylase derived from pancreas, bile and small intestine. There was a negative correlation between the pancreatic weight and amylase activity with the correlation in males as -0.975 and as -0.968 in females. This indicated that simple homogenisation might not have liberated the intracellularly accumulated enzyme completely and that the pancreatic weight is mainly contributed by the intracellularly accumulated enzyme. The acid protease (pepsin) activity of proventricular mucous membrane of male quails was found to be 185.67 ± 11.64 PU/g of tissue and that of female quails was 223.31 + 38.91 P U/g of tissue. Though statistically nonsignificant, females exhibited a slightly higher value than the males. It might be a response to the increased intake of protein rich finer particles of oil cakes of feed by the females. The pooled mean value for pepsin activity when both the sexes taken together was 204.49 ± 17.97 P U/g of tissue. The lipase activity of pancreas was quantified to 73.37 ± 7.78 L U/g of tissue in males and 38.40 ± 3.39 L U/g of tis.sue in females, the males had a significantly (PsO.Ol) higher value. The intestinal mucous membrane exhibited a significantly higher (PsO.05) lipase activity in the males (38.80 ± 10.93 L,U/g of tissue) than in the females (12.44 ±- 4.15 J.j U/g of tissue). In the present study, it was also observed that the female birds preferred fat rich finer particles of oil cakes than the males. Since fat is the high energy yielding nutrient, the quantity in excess present in the diet is prevented from hydrolysis by the reduced lipase secretion in the females. The overall lipase activity in pancreas and small intestinal mucous membrane (when both the sexes were taken together) were 55.88 ± 5.52 L U/g of tissue and 25.62 ± 6.34 L U/g of tissue respectively, indicating that pancreas v/as the major site of lipase origin in quails. There was a negative correlation of pancreatic weight to lipase activity in both sexes, with a correlation value of -0.882 in males and -0.499 in females. As in case of amylase, homogenisation might not have liberated the intracellularly accumulated lipase too. The pH values recorded in the contents of crop, proventiculus, gizzard and small intestine (duodenum) were 5.00 ± 0.26, 4.30 ± 0.11, 3.50 ± 0.17 and 6.50 ± 0.00 respectively. The observed pH in crop is suggestive of the amylolytic digestion in the crop. Though proventriculus is the site of secretion of pepsin, the comparatively lower pH (acidic pH) recorded in the gizzard suggested that acid proteolytic digestion was undergoing in a better way in the gizzard. The intestinal contents exhibited the highest pH than the upper regions of the digestive tract indicating that the enzymes of pancreas, bile and small intestine require a comparatively higher pH for eliciting the optimum action in the small intestine, thereby hydrolysis of starch, protein and lipids are completed. The feed passage rate (FPR) was recorded in the last batch of 24 adult Japanese quails (12 males and 12 females) by using carmine as the indicator dye and the time taken for the first appearance of coloured excreta was taken as the index. The recorded FPR values for males and females were 120.5 ± 10.88 min and 92.4 ± 10.65 min. respectively. The difference in FPR between male and female birds was not significant. The overall FPR (when data from both the sexes were pooled) was found to be 106.5 ± 8.00 min. The time taken for complete disappearance of the dye from the excreta was found to vary from 249,min to even more than a day. Though nonsignificant, the difference in FPR values observed between males and females may be due to the difference in their body weight. The results of the present study provide infortnations on the relative functional importance of enz^/mes such as amylase, protease and lipase at different regions of digestive tract of Japanese quails. The study also throws light on the pH in different regions of the digestive tract as well as transit time of feed in Japanese quails. These informations may be of use in understanding the physiology of digestion and foimulation of quail rations. The observation during the course of this experiment of the preferential uptake of feed paitic.Le by male and female quails is interesting warranting further studies on feed intake behaviour in Japanese quails.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF LACTOSE HYDROLYSED CONDENSED WHEY AND Bifidobacterium bitidum IN YOGURT
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE,MANNUTHY, 1995) BEENA A. K; Prasad, V
    An experiment was conducted to assess the possibilities of utilising whey solids in the form of condensed whey or lactose hydrolysed condensed whey as a substitute for NDM. Their effect was also studied in conjunction with B. bifidum as a dietary adjunct. A detailed review of literature has been presented on the issues of lactose intolerance, hypercholesteraemia, beneficial effects of lactic acid bacteria in alleviating these conditions and also on acid tolerance and bile tolerance of cultures used in the present study. Methodology for the condensation of cheese whey, estimation of lactose in whey, p-galactosidase specific activity in the products, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in serum, assessment of acid tolerance and bile tolerance of lactic cultures used here have been detailed. The experiment comprised of preparation of yogurt and bifidus yogurt using three methods of fortification viz. skim milk powder, condensed whey and lactose hydrolysed condensed whey. The products prepared were then analysed for p-galactosidase specific activity. Hypocholesteraemic and growth promoting effects of these products were assessed in a biological study using rats. Hypocholesteraemic and growth promoting effocts of wholo milk was also asssssod in tha biological study. Acid tolerance and bile tolerance of lactic cultures used in this study were also determined, in vitro. From the above study, following conclusions were made. 1. p-galactosidase specific activity was noticed in substantial amount, in yogurt under different treatments. Bifidus yogurt showed a reduction in p-galactosidase specific activity, however, the activity was found to be enhanced when fortification was done with lactose hydrolysed condensed whey indicating that bifidus yogurt fortified with lactose hydrolysed condensed whey is superior. 2. No significant hypocholesteraemic effect was noticed in rats due to consumption of milk. All the rats fed with yogurt and bifidus yogurt except that given yogurt A^ showed a substantial reduction in serum LDL-cholesterol level and cardiac risk factor. However, bifidus yogurt supplemented with whey proteins showed maximum hypocholesteraemic effect and lowest cardiac risk factor showing the superiority of bifidus yogurt with whey proteins. 3. All rats given yogurt and bifidus yogurt showed a better daily weight gain when compared to the group fed whole milk along with feed and cholesterol. 4. Evaluation of acid tolerance of lactic cultures showed that, among the three cultures tested, B. bifidum exhibited maximum acid tolerance followed by salivarius ssp. thermophilus. L. delbrueckii spp. hulgaricus was found to be acid sensitive. 5. Bile tolerance study of pure and active cultures revealed that none of the tested cultures were completely inhibited by bile indicating these, cultures were bile tolerant to some extent.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    UTILISATION OF SKIM MILK FILLED WITH COCONUT MILK FOR PREPARATION OF INDIGENOUS DAIRY PRODUCTS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Trichur, 1992-08-14) MINI JOSE; Mukundan, M
    A detailed study was carried out to determine the quality of coconut fat filled milk for the preparation of indigenous milk products such as paneer, rasogolla and whey drinks. A modified version of Precision Penetrometer to measure the springiness of rasegolla was designed, fabricated and used in the present study. An exhaustive review of literature has been presented on the use of vegetable fat for substitution of milk fat for preparation of various dairy products apart from preparation ana other related aspects of paneer, rasogolla and whey drinks. The methods of chemical analysis and sensory evaluation of these products have been detailed. The control samples of paneer, rasogolla and whey drinks were prepared using cows' milk while experimental sanples were prepared using skim milk filled with coconut fat. The milks were standardized to four per cent fat. The moisture, fat and acidity were found to be similar in control paneer and experimental paneer. The control oareer was found to have higher yield but low protein content when compareci to experimental paneer. On sensoryevaluation, control paneer was graded as of 'excellent quality' while experimental paneer was graded as of 'good quality'. The control and experimental samples of rasogolla were found to have same springiness. Control samples of rasogolla obtained 'excellent' grade on sensory evaluation but the experimental rasogolla was graded as of 'good' quality. The difference in the quality of paneer and rasogolla was due to the natural flavour of coconut milk carried over to the products. Both control and experimental samples of rasogolla were found to have good shelf life of three days, at room temperature. Pineapple and lemon flavoured control and experimental whey drinks were found to be equally acceptable with no difference in appearance, odour, flavour and body characteristics. The chemical and sensory evaluation of paneer, rasogolla and whey drinks prepared from cows' milk and coconut fat filled milk revealed no significant difference between them .