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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad
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ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF MALABARI BUCK SEMINAL PLASMA PROTEINS IN RELATION TO SEMEN FREEZABILITY AND FERTILITY(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCESMANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2016-12-30) AMBILI JOHN; Hiron M. HarshanThe study was undertaken to characterize the protein profile of Malabari buck seminal plasma for identifying protein markers of freezability and fertility and to compare the in vivo fertility of Malabari buck semen with low and high semen freezability. Adult Malabari bucks with post thaw sperm progressive motility of more than 35 per cent were classified as having high semen freezability while those with less than 30 per cent were classified as having low semen freezability (four each) were utilized for the study. Tris - egg yolk based extender was used for cryopreservation of the ejaculates (n = 48; 24 each from bucks having high and low semen freezability). Significantly higher values were noted in the pre-freeze acrosome integrity and membrane cholesterol levels and post-thaw motility, viability, acrosome integrity, hypo osmotic sperm swelling response (HOS) and membrane cholesterol levels of high semen freezability bucks when compared with low semen freezability bucks. Whereas the seminal plasma ALP and LDH were found to be significantly lower in high semen freezability bucks compared with low semen freezability bucks at post thaw stage. The total protein content and average number of protein bands in seminal plasma of high and low semen freezability bucks did not differ significantly (75.82 ± 4.62 mg/ml vs 67.07 ± 6.07 mg/ml; 20.83 ± 0.53 vs 22.09 ± 0.49). The 24 kDa, 79 kDa, 84 kDa and 134 kDa proteins were found to have significantly higher occurence in seminal plasma of bucks with high semen freezability whereas the occurence of 15 kDa, 19.9 kDa, 21.5 kDa, 70kDa and 89 kDa proteins were found significantly higher in seminal plasma of bucks with low semen freezability. On analysis of 2D gels, an average of 67.67 ± 4.06 and 75.33 ± 4.28 spots (pI 3-10) were detected in semen of high and low semen freezability bucks, respectively and the difference was not significant. On western blot analysis, osteopontin, a protein fertility marker, was found to be present in seminal plasma of all the bucks studied. For fertility studies 134 does were inseminated with semen preserved by chilling and 91 with cryopreserved semen. The conception rate (CR) with cryopreserved semen was significantly higher in bucks with high semen freezability than with low semen freezability. In the semen preserved by chilling, no significant difference was noticed between low and high semen freezability animals in the spermatozoa progressive motility, viability, acrosome integrity, HOS response or seminal plasma ALP and LDH levels after dilution or after 24 h of storage at refrigeration. But when chilled semen was used, the CR was significantly higher for bucks with low semen freezability than for bucks with high semen freezability.ThesisItem Open Access SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE DUCK FARMING SYSTEM TOWARDS ITS SUSTAINABILITY IN THE KUTTANAD REGION OF ALAPPUZHA DISTRICT(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2016-12-30) NIJA GEORGE; P J Raj KamalThe present study titled ‘SWOT analysis of duck farming system towards its sustainability in Kuttanad region of Alappuzha district’ was undertaken among a sample duck farmers of Kuttanad region of Alappuzha district. The objectives were to study the profile of duck farmers, strengths, weaknesses opportunities and threats of duck farming vis-à-vis solutions for sustainability. The profile of the duck farmers of Kuttanad revealed that a majority of them were of old age with more than 10 years of experience in duck farming. Most of them had school level education and were literates. It was seen that both men and women were involved in duck farming chores apart from engaging hired labourers. Regarding employment generation it was seen that various rearing systems in vogue viz. back yard, nursery and semi-intensive rearing, the duration of employment was 23, 82 and 77 days/ annum respectively. Nomadic system provided full time employment for farmers and labourers throughout the foraging season. Average annual income generated under the various systems of rearing viz. backyard, nursery, semi-intensive and nomadic systems were Rs; 5,036.55, Rs. 93,077.65, Rs.2,30,119.00 and Rs. 3,50,750 .00 respectively. The communication behaviour of the farmers was obviously low as revealed from their extension agency contact, mass media exposure and training exposure. Even as the knowledge of scientific duck farming was medium, the attitude towards the same was favourable. Regression analysis indicated that six per cent variation in attitude was explained by family income and extension agency contact. But, family income was negatively and significantly correlated with attitude even when mass media utilization was positively and significantly correlated. With respect to knowledge, flock size, land holding, hired labour utilization and extension agency contact were significant in explaining 22.1 per cent variation in the duck farmers’ knowledge of scientific duck farming. Moreover, knowledge was positively and significantly correlated with flock size, land holding, income from duck farming, family income, hired labour utilization, extension agency contact and mass media utilization. The SWOT analysis of duck farming system revealed that the most important strengths of duck farming system were social features, followed by product feature, production system features and the bird features in that order while the weaknesses were bird features, social features and production system features in that order. Among the various categories of external factors of duck farming system, market for current products and market possibilities were the important opportunities. Major threats were social features, policy features and input supply chain features. Strategies formulated from SWOT matrix to attain sustainability of duck farming system in Kuttanad were those focusing on maximizing strengths vis-a-vis exploiting the opportunities. So also maximizing the advantages of the opportunities to overcome the weaknesses. Delphi analysis brought out the constraints as well as their solutions in the process of arriving at strategies for ensuring sustainability of duck farming in Kuttanad. SWOT analysis and Consensus Delphi method were in fact employed to work in tandem and as research method triangulation towards arriving at the strategies for attaining sustainability in duck production. Health care management, general management, social, economic, marketing, policies and environmental constraints were found to be major areas of constraints. The solutions for these constraints gave an insight into the strategies to be adopted for attaining sustainability. These strategies were discussed from three important perspectives of sustainability analysis viz. practices to be stopped, practices that can continue and new practices to be taken up. The practices to be stopped were the practices of keeping unvaccinated birds, taking them out for foraging, introducing unvaccinated new birds into the flock indiscriminate use of antibiotics, farmer vaccinators, large scale conversion of paddy fields, extensive burning of the stubble, the excessive dependency on indigenous knowledge, over-dependency on hired labour, availing credit from private money lenders, unhygienic waste disposal and indiscriminate use of chemicals in agriculture. The practices that can continue were the training initiatives in duck farming, promotional programmes on organic farming and integrated farming, supplying vaccines and essential medicines through the local veterinary institutions, maintaining duck farmer registry and strengthening the government hatcheries. The new practices to be taken up were mandatory vaccination , strict surveillance and monitoring, awareness creating campaigns, forming a labour pool participating those persons willing to be labourers, including duck farming under MNREGA, entrepreneurship development programmes for youths, promotional programmes on nomadic duck farming, forming APCOS model co-operatives, setting up feed mixing units, quality control labs at regional level for testing feed, subsidized duck feed to farmers, implementing insurance schemes appropriate to different systems of duck rearing, initiatives for adequately subsidized loans with minimum interest and sufficient repayment period, organized market outlets, marketing of value added products, branding of native products, safe and scientific waste disposal practices, converting farm and slaughter waste into bio fertilizer, licensing of farms, slaughter houses and the connected selling outlets and establishing a full-fledged disaster management cell.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF A MEAT LINE OF KUTTANAD DUCKS (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2016-12-30) STELLA CYRIAC; Leo JosephA selection experiment was conducted in Kuttanad ducks at University Poultry Farm, Mannuthy under Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University with the objective of developing a meat line. One thousand and eighty eight day-old Kuttanad ducklings procured from progressive farmers of Kerala formed the base generation (S0). Based on body weight at eighth week, top ranking 150 females and 25 males were selected through individual selection method. From the 25 sire families, 979, 969 and 1610 ducklings were produced by artificial insemination in S1, S2 and S3 generation in pedigreed hatches. Body weight, feed consumption and mortality were recorded at fortnightly intervals till 12th week of age in each generation. Genetic parameters for body weight at 8, 10 and 12 weeks were estimated using full sib correlation method. Selection differential, intensity of selection and response to selection were calculated for body weight at 8 weeks. Carcass characteristics were evaluated at 8, 10 and 12 weeks of age in four generations. The body weight at 18 and 40 weeks, feed consumption from 13 to 40 weeks, age at first egg and age at 10 and 50 per cent production, duck housed egg production and egg weight at 30 and 40 weeks were recorded in the selected parent stock of S0, S1 and S2 generations. The mean body weight at 8 weeks was 1103.38 g in the S0 generation. An improvement of 270.51 g could be recorded at 8 weeks in S3 generation. The period of active weight gain was shifted to 4th and 6th week in S3 generation whereas it was 8th week in the previous generations. The total per cent of observations above 1200 g weight increased over generations and the increase is more pronounced at 8 weeks of age. The results also indicate that a compensatory growth mechanism is present in ducks wherein the lower body weight in the early stages of growth are compensated in the subsequent weeks and they attain 90 per cent of the adult body weight by 12 weeks of age. The heritability estimates for body weight at 8 weeks of age based on sire plus dam components (h2 s+d) were 0.251, 0.313 and 0.243 in S1, S2 and S3 generations. The realised heritability was 0.60. High values were observed for phenotypic correlation between body weight at 8 and 10, 8 and 12 and 10 and 12 weeks of age. The genetic correlations were higher than the environmental correlations except in the sire component in S1 generation. The regression coefficients indicate that higher increase in body weight per generation was obtained for body weight at 8 weeks (94 g) rather than for body weight at 10 (56 g) and 12 weeks (55 g). S3 generation showed the lowest cumulative feed conversion ratio of 2.39 up to 8 weeks. The carcass characteristics of male and female Kuttanad ducks at 8, 10 and 12 weeks of age showed that there was improvement in the eviscerated yield of carcass over generations and S3 generation attained the highest yield at 8 weeks. The performance of parent stock indicated that selection had not altered their egg production performance. Artificial Insemination at 5 days interval could achieve 89 per cent fertility in the parent stock. The results of the selection experiment indicate that selection for body weight at 8 weeks was effective in improving the body weight and a line of Kuttanad ducks with meat characteristics could be developed. The higher body weight, body weight gain and the distribution of birds in the higher weight groups reveal that the S3 generation of Kuttanad ducks possess the characteristics of a meat line. The trend observed in body weight gain, frequency distribution, response to selection and correlated responses as well as the high heritability and phenotypic correlation for body weight at 8 weeks establish that the criterion for selection (8th week body weight) employed in the present study was appropriate. The carcass characteristics especially the eviscerated yield and yield of cut-up parts over generations indicate that the meat producing potential of Kuttanad ducks has improved as a result of selection. It could be concluded that Kuttanad ducks could attain its optimum meat production characteristics at 8 weeks and hence it could be considered as the ideal age for processing.ThesisItem Open Access AUGMENTING REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY IN POST PARTURIENT DOES WITH INTRAVAGINAL PROGESTERONE SPONGES, PROSTAGLANDIN F2α AND GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2016-12-30) UPASANA RATNAKARAN; K.N. Aravinda GhoshThesisItem Open Access COMPARISON OF INNATE IMMUNITY RELATED GENES IN VECHUR AND CROSSBRED CATTLE AND THEIR EXPRESSION PROFILE IN CLINICAL AND SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2016-12-30) LAKSHMI R.; K.K. JayavardhananBovine mastitis is considered as the most economically imposing diseases of dairy cattle. Vechur cattle an indigenous breed of Kerala are generally not susceptible to mastitis. Investigation of innate immune mechanism of this breed might provide an insight into the mechanisms involved in the disease resistance. In light of this premise, the present study was carried out to investigate the expression of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in crossbred and Vechur cattle using RT-qPCR, to better understand the immune resistance mechanisms against mastitis and also characterized the promoter and mRNA sequence of TLR genes in Vechur cattle. RT-qPCR analysis showed a significant up fold increase in the TLR2 gene expression in mastitis caused by S. aureus, whereas expression level of TLR4 mRNA was relatively higher in E. coli caused samples. In both S. aureus and E. coli caused mastitis milk samples, relative expression of all three TLRs was found to be significantly high (P ≤ 0.01) in sub-clinical mastitis than the clinical mastitis. So, during early stage of mammary infection these TLRs are expressed at high level to subside the sub-clinical mastitis without precipitating into clinical mastitis. After the challenging the PBMCs with TLR agonist in vitro, relative expression of mRNA of all three TLR genes was higher in Vechur cattle than the crossbred cattle. Furthermore, the expression of TLR2 mRNA was relatively higher in Vechur breed as compared with other TLRs. These findings suggest that one of the reasons for the development of resistance to mastitis in Vechur cattle is associated with the level of expression of TLRs in response to infection. The sequence of promoter region of TLR2 of Vechur cattle with the Bos taurus sequence showed 98 per cent similarity whereas TLR4 and TLR9 revealed 99 per cent similarity. TLR2 and TLR9 revealed variations for three sequence motifs. Significant variants observed for TATA and CAT boxes and multiple putative binding sites in the promoter region of TLR2 and TLR9 genes in Vechur cattle breed, may potentially link the influence the innate immunity response against mastitis diseases. All three TLR mRNA sequences showed 99 per cent homology with Bos taurus sequence and exposed variations for 17 nucleotide in TLR2, 7 nucleotide in TLR4 and 5 nucleotide in TLR9 mRNA. The ectodomain of Vechur cattle displayed 10 LRRs for TLR2, 13 LRRs for TLR4 and 18 LRRs for TLR9. The variation in the extracellular domain of LRRs, which may promote the recognition of pathogen ligand specificity. The primary structure of protein showed highest per cent of leucine amino acid for all three TLRs and alpha helix is the prominent secondary structure seen in all TLRs followed by beta turn and random coil. Phylogenetic tree for TLR genes showed all Bovidae family falling under the same group, indicated conserved nature of TLR genes. The presence of unique structural features and substantial variation for TLR genes in Vechur cattle, may change the confirmation of TLR proteins, which may influence the binding affinity and interaction with pathogen to boost the innate host disease resistance in Vechur cattle.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF ELISA BASED DIAGNOSTICS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF COPROANTIGENS IN BOVINE AMPHISTOMOSIS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2016-12-30) H. SHAMEEM; K.DEVADABovine amphistomosis is a relatively neglected snail borne trematode disease causing great economic loss to dairy farmers. Conventional ova detection often underestimates the true prevalence of the disease as many of the amphistomes are seasonally egg producing and the pathogenicity of the disease is due to immature flukes which do not lay eggs. The present study identified ten species of amphistomes viz. Fischoederius cobboldi, Gastrothylax crumenifer, F. elongatus, Carmyerius spatiosus, Paramphistomum epiclitum, P. cervi, Ceylonocotyle scoliocoelium, Cotylophoron cotylophorum, C. indicum and Explanatum explanatum from rumen collected from Municipal Corporation slaughter house, Thrissur. Fischoederius cobboldi was found to be the most predominant species. Protein profile of whole worm antigen of five species of amphistomes namely Fischoederius cobboldi, Gastrothylax crumenifer, F. elongatus, Carmyerius spatiosus, and Paramphistomum spp. and excretory-secretory antigens were analysed in one dimensional SDS-PAGE followed by western blotting with amphistome positive bovine sera. A 34 kDa polypeptide common to both whole worm antigen and excretory-secretory antigen was identified as immunogenic and useful for further diagnostic studies. Somatic antigens of G. crumenifer was partially purified by column chromatography and subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. Cross reactivity of excretory-secretory antigen was ruled out by immunoblotting with schistosome and strongyle positive bovine sera. Excretory-secretory antigen was used to raise hyperimmune serum in guinea pigs and rabbits for use as detection antibodies. A coproantigen sandwich ELISA protocol was standardised using guinea pig and rabbit hyperimmune serum which could detect minimum 3 ng/µl of excretory-secretory antigen in dung. Out of 515 faecal samples collected from six agro-ecological zones of central Kerala, 362 (70%) were found to be positive by sandwich ELISA as against 165 (32%) by ova detection. Dot ELISA was also standardised as a rapid test for coproantigen detection in amphistomosis. Sensitivity and specificity of two tests were determined. Sandwich ELISA possessed a sensitivity of 90 per cent, specificity of 100 per cent while dot ELISA had a sensitivity of 76 per cent and specificity of 100 per cent. Statistical tests also depicted the reliability and high discriminating power of sandwich ELISA in early detection of amphistomosis.Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the prevalence of amphistomes between the six agro-ecological zones of central Kerala but recorded highest infection in Palakkad plains (86%) followed by Central Midlands (80%). Molecular characterisation of four prevalent amphistomes namely F. cobboldi, G. crumenifer, F. elongatus, and Paramphistomum spp. was done by PCR targeting ITS-2+ rDNA sequences which yielded amplicons of 494 bp, 503 bp, 514 bp and 494 bp respectively. Nucelotide sequence analysis revealed eight base pair differences between pouched and unpouched species and also two base pair difference between G. crumenifer and Fischoederius spp. suggesting the utility of ITS-2+ region to be used as a species marker. In silico RE map analysis of four amphistomes identified unique recognition sites which could differentiate G. crumenifer from other three amphistomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of Kerala isolates with Chennai, Shillong and Bareilly isolates.ThesisItem Open Access ADAPTABILITY PROFILE OF MALE CATTLE AND BUFFALO CALVES TO VARYING TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY INDEX (THI) IN KERALA(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2016-12-30) AZIZ ZARINA; G. Girish VarmaThe present study was conducted to assess the adaptation capacity of castrated buffalo and crossbred male calves to the varying temperature humidity prevalent in central midlands of Kerala using physiological, haematological, growth, endocrine and genetic parameters. Ambient temperature, humidity, rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate were recorded daily. Relative growth rate and plasma volume were recorded at fortnightly interval. Haematological parameters and endocrine parameters were determined at biweekly interval. The temperature humidity index recorded throughout the year varied from 76.5 to 82.0. Rectal temperature remained invariable throughout the experimental period but respiratory rate and pulse rate exhibited a significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with temperature humidity index. A negative correlation was observed between temperature humidity index and relative growth rate, total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, volume of packed red blood cells and thyroid hormones of the experimental animals at P<0.01 level. While a positive correlation was observed between plasma volume and temperature humidity index in all the experimental animals. Cortisol levels remained consistent throughout the study period in buffalo and crossbred cattle calves. The rate of increase of plasma volume, respiratory rate and pulse rate were higher in buffalo calves compared to crossbred cattle calves. HSP90 expression showed significant (P<0.05) up regulation at a THI of 82.0 in all the experimental animals, however buffaloes showed a higher fold expression of HSP90 compared to that of crossbred cattle calves.ThesisItem Open Access EXPRESSION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) AND ITS BIOLOGICAL RECEPTOR, VEGFR2 IN GRANULOSA CELLS OF MALABARI GOAT(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2016-07-05) D., SUPRIYARAJ; K., KarthiayiniThe aim of the present study was to quantify the relative gene expression levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and its biological receptor, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) in Granulosa cells (GCs) of medium (Gp-I; 3-5mm diameter) and large (Gp-II; >5mm diameter) goat ovarian follicles, by real-time PCR. Quantification of Progesterone (P4) and Estradiol-17β (E2) was also performed in the follicular fluid (FF) of two different follicular groups by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pooled samples (n=7) of FF from two groups of follicles were used for the study. The results showed that the mean relative expression levels of VEGF and VEGFR-2 mRNA in GCs of Gp-II follicles was higher when compared to Gp-I follicles but it was non-significant (p>0.05). The mean (± S.E) increase in relative expression values of VEGF and VEGFR-2 was 1.47 ± 0.78 and 3.84 ± 2.51 respectively. The follicular fluid P4 and E2 concentration was significantly (p≤0.05) higher in the Gp-II follicles than the Gp-I follicles. The mean (± S.E) P4 concentration (ng/mL) in FF of Gp-I and Gp-II follicles were 10.56 ± 2.3 and 20.53 ± 3.82 respectively. The mean (± S.E) E2 concentration (ng/ml) in FF of Gp-I and Gp-II were 12.08±2.78 and 22.08±1.97 respectively. The study revealed the GCs VEGF do not play a significant role in transition of medium (3-5mm) to large (>5mm) follicle in caprines. Increase in concentration of E2 with the follicle size might be due to increase in number of GCs with increase in the size of follicle because GCs are the principal site of aromatization activity which enhanced the production of E2. Similarly, increase in P4 concentration in Gp-II follicles might be due to the production of P4 in the synthetic pathway of follicular production of E2.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-BIOCHEMICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING STUDIES ON GASTRIC DISORDERS IN DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2016) SAGAR R. S.; Usha Narayana PillaiThe present study entitled “Clinico-biochemical and diagnostic imaging studies on gastric disorders in dogs” was conducted to determine the occurrence of gastric disorders and to evaluate clinico-biochemical, ultrasonographic and radiographic changes associated with the gastric disorders in dogs with vomiting. One hundred dogs presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Pookode, District Veterinary Centre (DVC) Calicut and Kalpetta, with a complaint of vomiting were screened for the involvement of gastric disorders by clinical and physical examination. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examination were conducted in required cases. Gastric disorders were confirmed in 42 vomiting dogs and subjected to detailed study. Disorders associated with vomiting in dogs were gastric disorders, renal disorders, infection, intestinal disorders, haemoprotozoans, snake bite, reproductive disorders, liver disorders, poisoning and pancreatic disorders. Dogs with gastric disorders were subjected to detailed anamnesis, clinical examination, physical examination, radiography and ultrasonography. Haematology, serum biochemistry, electrolyte, lactate and bi-carbonate analysis were carried out. The data obtained were analysed statistically by comparing with the healthy group. The gastric disorders in dogs with vomiting identified were gastritis, gastric ulcers, gastric foreign body, gastric dilatation and volvulus, gastric dilatation, gastric impaction, gastric perforation, gastric neoplasms, gastric abscess, pyloric stenosis, gastric polyp and gastro-oesophageal intussusception. In the present study, gastric disorders were more commonly seen in males and young-adult aged group of dogs. Labrador and Rottweiler were the Results breeds most affected with gastric disorders. Home-made diet was a pre-disposing factor for the gastritis. The major clinical findings associated with gastric disorders were anorexia and vomiting was seen in gastritis; hematemesis and melena in gastric ulcers; anorexia, vomiting and hematemesis in gastric foreign body; retching with unproductive vomiting in gastric dilatation and volvulus; chronic hematemesis and melena in gastric neoplasms; chronic vomiting in gastric polyp; projectile vomiting in pyloro-gastric intussusception and pyloric stenosis. Plain Radiograph was a diagnostic tool in gastritis, gastric ulcers, radioopaque gastric foreign body, gastric dilatation and volvulus, simple gastric dilatation and gastric impaction. Contrast radiography was diagnostic in radiolucent foreign bodies, gastric abscess, neoplasm, polyps and pyloro-gastric intussusception. Ultrasonography was more useful for gastritis, gastric ulcers, perforations, intussusception, neoplasms, abscess, stenosis and polyps. The major changes observed in the haemogram were increase in RBC, haemoglobin and VPRC in gastritis and decrease in the RBC, Haemoglobin and VPRC was seen in gastric ulcers and gastric neoplasm. Leucocytosis was seen in all the cases except impaction. Thrombocytopenia was seen in GDV. Serum biochemistry revealed increase in total protein, albumin and A: G ratio in dogs with gastric disorders. Hypochloremia, hyponatremia and hypokalemia were observed in dogs with vomiting. Increase in plasma lactate was a major finding in simple gastric dilatation and gastric dilatation and volvulus, and decrease in bicarbonate was another major finding in gastritis, gastric ulcers and pyloric stenosis dogs. The animals in the study were treated as per the standard protocols.
