Thumbnail Image

Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

Browse

Reset filters
Subject: Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ACARICIDAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS OF SPHAERANTHUS INDICUS L. AND LEUCAS INDICA Spreng.
    (Kerala Veterinary and animal science university, Pookode, 41076) Divya, T M; Sanis Juliet
    The present study is envisaged to isolate the extract/fractions/subfractions based on their acaricidal activity to identify the bioactive components of the plants Leucas indica and Sphaeranthus indicus. The efficacy of crude ethanolic extract of L. indica and S. indicus against R. (B.) annulatus females were assessed by estimating the per cent adult mortality, inhibition of fecundity and hatching rate by adult immersion test. The ethanolic extract of L. indica was positive for alkaloid, glycosides, terpenoids and flavanoids whereas it was negative for sterols, saponins and phenolic compounds. On fractionation of the crude extract, triterpenes and glycosides were detected in the hexane fraction and alkaloid, flavanoids, glycosides and diterpenes in the chloroform fraction. The ethanolic extracts of L. indica produced a significant concentration dependent adult tick mortality and inhibition of fecundity and complete failure of eclosion of eggs from the treated ticks. The hexane fraction of the ethanolic extract of L.indica exhibited significant acaricidal activity whereas the chloroform fraction of L. indica retained the eclosion blocking property of the extract. The subfraction Fl1i was acaricidal among the twelve subfractions separated from hexane fraction and the subfraction Fl2e among the twelve subfractions separated from chloroform fraction demonstrated a significant eclosion blocking effect. Crude extract of S. indicus demonstrated a significant concentration dependent effect on adult tick mortality and inhibition of fecundity. But the extract was not effective in controlling hatching of eggs laid by the treated ticks. The hexane fraction of this extract retained the acaricidal properties of the extract. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of S. indicus revealed the presence of steroids, diterpenes, triterpenes, phenolic compounds and glycosides whereas the hexane fraction showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, triterpenes, glycosides and alkaloids. The subfraction Fs1d obtained from the hexane fraction of S. indicus showed significant acaricidal activity. The present work imply that the isolatedextracts/fractions/subfractions of L. indica and S. indicus could be new drug leads for development of promising acaricides for the control of ticks.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MODIFICATION OF DISPOSITION KINETICS OF AZITHROMYCIN BY TOLFENAMIC ACID AND ENDOTOXIN INDUCED FEVER IN GOATS
    (Kerala Veterinary and animal science university, Pookode, 41075) Sini, M; Sanis Juliet
    Azithromycin is the first of a class of antimicrobial agent belonging to the class azalides. The aim of the present study was to investigate the alteration of disposition kinetics of azithromycin in the presence of tolfenamic acid in both afebrile and endotoxin-induced febrile conditions in goats following intravenous route of administration. So far no pharmacokinetic data is available on the interaction kinetics of azithromycin and tolfenamic acid in any animal species. Azithromycin alone, azithromycin with tolfenamic acid were administered intravenously (i/v) to normal healthy afebrile goats (I and II). To febrile group of III and IV, azithromycin alone, azithromycin with tolfenamic acid were administered intravenously one hour after the injection of endotoxin which was to induce the febrile condition. Blood samples of each goat were collected at 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 min and 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hour of drug administration for analysis of azithromycin by HPLC. The analysis of azithromycin was carried out using the mobile phase of 0.045M potassium dihydrogen phosphate(pH 3):methanol (20:80) on a C18 column with a flow rate of 2ml.min-1 and column temperature set at 500C ,the photodiode array detector (PDA) set at 210nm was used for detection.The retention time obtained for azithromycin was 3.7min.The response linearity of azithromycin was checked from 100-2000ppm and got a correlation coefficient of 0.976 for the concentration analysed. Azithromycin alone blood concentrations versus time following intravenous administration of both afebrile and febrile condition were fitted to three compartment model.The various kinetic parameters were determined as per standard formulae by Gibbaldi and Perrier (1982).( C0B afebrile and febrile 2031991 and 277.17 μg.ml-1respectively, Cl afebrile and febrile 0.045 and 0.08 L.kg−1.h−1 respectively,Vβ afebrile and febrile 2.18 and 3.58L.kg-1). Azithromycin along with tolfenamic acid in both afebrile and febrile condition followed a non compartment model. (t1/2 afebrile and febrile 18.95 and 21.66 hours respectively, MRT afebrile and febrile 37.99 hours and 41.81hours respectively, tmax afebrile and febrile 24 and 36 hour respectively, Cmax afebrile and febrile 5211 and 3155.87 mg.L-1respectively).