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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

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2011 - 201915
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Subject: Veterinary Parasitology × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2010 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MOLECULAR DETECTION OF HAEMOPROTOZOAN AND HAEMORICKETTSIAL ORGANISMS IN DOGS OF KERALA
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-08-19) BORA C., ANGELINE FELICIA; Varghese, Anju
    The objective of the present study was to detect haemoprotozoan (Babesia gibsoni, Babesia vogeli, Trypanosoma evansi and Hepatozoon canis) and haemorickettsial organisms (Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis) affecting dogs in different zones of Kerala. A total of 272 peripheral blood smears and whole blood samples in ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) were collectd from dogs from different zones of Kerala. Peripheral blood smears were examined microscopically after Giemsa staining and whole blood samples in EDTA were used for PCR. The peripheral blood smears examination revealed a prevalence of 15.81(43/272) per cent for B. gibsoni infection. None of the other parasites (B. vogeli, T. evansi and H.canis, A. Platys and E. canis) could be detected in the blood smear examination. Genomic DNA was extracted from all the 272 blood samples and used as a template for all haemoprotozoan and hameorickettsial organisms used in the study. The B. gibsoni genus specific primer targeting 18S rRNA showed an amplicon size of ~1655 bp length by primary PCR. A total of 65 samples were positive for B. gibsoni by primary PCR. The PCR product of primary PCR was utilized as a template for nested PCR using a set of internal primers amplified a ~330 bp fragment of 18S rRNA gene. A total of 110 samples were positive for B. gibsoni by nested PCR. The polymerase chain reaction targeting B. gibsoni TRAP gene for B. gibsoni showed amplification at ~855 bp size, 115 samples showed PCR amplification for TRAP gene for B. gibsoni. A total of 16 samples showed PCR amplification for B. vogeli by 18S rRNA gene with amplicon size of ~546 bp length. Only two samples showed PCR amplification for H.canis by 18S rRNA gene with amplicon size of ~666 bp length. Only a single sample showed PCR amplification for E. canis virB9 gene with amplicon size of ~380 bp. None of the samples in the present study showed PCR amplification for A. platys and T. evansi. In the stastical analysis, pair wise comparison revealed that occurrence of B. gibsoni was significantly higher than B. vogeli followed by all other parasites.A total of 19 amplicons of PCR targeting 18S rRNA of B. gibsoni from different zones of Kerala and nine amplicons of TRAP gene of B. gibsoni were selected for sequencing. A total of 13 amplicons of B. vogeli 18S rRNA, two amplicons of H. canis 18S rRNA and one amplicon of E. canis virB9 gene were also selected for sequencing. Each amplicon was considered as an isolate. All the partial sequences of 18S rRNA of B. gibsoni, B. vogeli and H. canis and TRAP gene of B. gibsoni, virB9 gene of Ehrlichia canis in the present study were subjected to homology search using NCBI-BLAST. A total of 19 isolates of B. gibsoni from Kerala were clustered in clade1 with high bootstrap value of 100 per cent. This is the first report of the phylogenetic analysis of B. gibsoni using the 18S rRNA from Kerala. The phylogenetic analysis of TRAP gene of B. gibsoni sequences indicated that B. gibsoni field isolates of Kerala in the present study formed a single clade1 with Indian and Bangladesh isolates with bootstrap of 89 per cent.The phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA gene revealed Kerala isolates formed a separate clade with high bootstrap value of 100 per cent and was away from the clade formed by Punjab isolate and Philipine isolates. This was the first attempt in Kerala to study the phylogenetic analysis of B. vogeli based on 18S rRNA.The phylogenetic tree of 18S rRNA of H. canis and two Kerala isolates of H. canis indicated that field isolates of Kerala in the present study formed a single clade along with previously published Indian isolates (Thrissur, Wayanad, Gujarat and Ludhiana) and foreign isolates with bootstrap of 75 per cent.The phylogenetic analysis of virB9 gene of E. canis revealed that Kerala isolate formed a clade with Uttar Pradesh and Chennai isolates with boot strap value of 68 per cent. The present investigation provided the genetic basis for designing and testing the efficacy of different diagnostic molecules for detection of haemoprotozoan and haemorickettsial organisms in the field. Serological techniques in conjunction with PCR are reliable tools for their accurate and large scale epidemiology.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SEROLOGICAL DETECTION OF TOXOCARA CANIS INFECTION IN DOGS OF KERALA USING RECOMBINANT CATHEPSIN-L1 AND TOXOCARA EXCRETORY SECRETORY
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-08-19) A, NANDINI; Varghese, Anju
    Present study was conducted on the expression of two important proteins of Toxocara canis viz. cathepsin-L1 and TES-26 and to evaluate the diagnostic potential of these two recombinant antigens in canine toxocarosis. Adult T. canis worms were collected from puppies and total RNA was isolated and cDNA was synthesized. The coding sequences of cathepsin-L1 and TES-26 genes, respectively were amplified using specific forward and reverse primers. The PCR products obtained from cDNA got amplified at 1083 and 793 bp, respectively of cathepsin-L1 and TES-26. These proteins were subsequently expressed in Escherichia coli pPROEXHT-b expression vector. Recombinant proteins were purified using Ni-NTA chromatography. Recombinant cathepsin-L1 and TES-26 proteins were evaluated for their potential in the sero-detection of T. canis infection in both owned and stray dogs by IgG ELISA. Sera collected from 157 owned dogs were screened for anti-T. canis IgG antibodies with recombinant cathepsin-L1 and TES-26 antigen. ELISA with recombinant cathepsin-L1 showed sero-reactivity of 39/157 (24.8 per cent) in owned dogs and stray dogs showed 18/40 (45 per cent). Likewise, ELISA with recombinant TES-26 gave seroreactivity with 78/157 (49.7 per cent) owned dogs. When the stray dogs were screened with the same antigen showed a positive percentage of 28/40 (70 per cent) was recorded. As a result of this comparative study of two recombinant antigens, TES-26 gave highest positive ELISA reactivity for stray dogs followed by cathepsin-L1. rTES-26 antigen is highly sensitive in the detection of T. canis infection in owned and stray dogs compared to cathepsin-L1. Cross reactivity of these antigens were checked with dog sera which is positive for other helminths like, Ancylostoma caninum, Dirofilaria immitis, D. repens, Diphyllobothrium latum, Spirometra spp. and Babesia gibsoni. The above results showed that two recombinant antigens are cross-reacting with all the above canine parasites. The two antigens are sensitive in the detection of T. canis infection in dogs; however, the specificity of these antigens in canines needs to be further studied.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DETECTION OF HAEMOPARASITES AND HAEMOPLASMAS IN DOMESTIC CATS OF KERALA
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-09-19) MALANGMEI, LANCHALUNG; K. G., AJITH KUMAR
    The present study was conducted with the objective of detection of haemoparasites and haemoplasmas of domestic cats using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 111 cat blood samples were collected from four different districts of Kerala viz., Wayanad, Kozhikode, Ernakulam and Thiruvananthapuram. Peripheral blood smears were prepared and stained with Giemsa’s stain and were microscopically examined for the presence of any organisms. The examination of blood smears could not detect any parasitemia in any of the smears. The whole blood samples collected in EDTA vials were processed for the isolation of genomic DNA for PCR amplification. The genomic DNA were used as template for all PCR reactions. The piroplasmid primers targeting 18S rRNA gene with a product size of 358 bp showed amplification in 13 samples. Sequence analysis and BLAST results of the PCR products revealed 10 samples infected with Hepatozoon felis (9.01 per cent), and three infected with Cytauxzoon felis (2.70 per cent). The phylogenetic tree constructed for Hepatozoon felis based on 18S rRNA gene revealed the isolates of Kerala being diverged into two clades. Nine of the isolates grouped with H. felis sequences of cats from Hyderabad, India. One isolate of Kerala clustered with sequences of domestic cats from Japan and Austria and also with wild felids. This indicated the existence of two genetically different populations of H. felis infecting the domestic cats of Kerala. The phylogenetic tree based on 18S rRNA gene plotted for C. felis showed that the three sequences of C. felis from Kerala formed a separate clade and do not cluster with any other isolates of pathogenic C. felis, C. manul and undetermined Cytauxzoon sp. of Europe, proving the existence of a non pathogenic population of C. felis existing in the apparently healthy cats of Kerala. Similarly, PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene specific for Mycoplasma spp. yielded ~600 bp product in 10 samples. NCBI-BLAST of nucleotide sequences revealed the existence of three different populations of Mycoplasma spp. (9.01 per cent) circulating in the blood of infected cat viz., Mycoplasma haemofelis in two cats, Candidatus M. haemominutum in seven cats and Candidatus M. turicensis in one cat. The phylogenetic analysis of feline 85 Mycoplasma spp. isolates from Kerala using 16S rRNA gene revealed two sequences of Mycoplasma haemofelis clustered with M. haemofelis isolates from South Africa, USA, UK and Australia, seven sequences of Candidatus M. haemominutum belonged to the same clade with Candidatus M. haemominutum isolates of other countries and one sequence of Candidatus M. turicensis grouping in one clade with Candidatus M. turicensis isolates from other countries. Thus, the present study established the prevalence of H. felis, C. felis and three population of Mycoplasma spp. viz., Mycoplasma haemofelis (1.80 per cent), Candidatus M. haemominutum (6.31 per cent) and Candidatus M. turicensis (0.90 per cent) in domestic cats of Kerala.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR STUDIES ON THE INTRAMOLLUSCAN STAGES OF AMPHISTOMES AND SCHISTOSOMES
    (College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2019) ANBARASU K.; Asha Rajagopal
    The study was undertaken in central Kerala region during the period from June 2018 to May 2019 with the objectives of determining the occurrence of snails in different habitats and seasons and detecting amphistome and schistosome infection in the predominant snail species by morphological and molecular techniques. A total of 1037 snails were collected from three habitats viz., uncultivated paddy fields, permanent water bodies and catchment areas of dams and screened for presence of trematode infection during monsoon, post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons. Five species of snails were identified morphologically viz., Indoplanorbis exustus, Lymnaea luteola, Melanoides tuberculatus, Pila globosa and Bellamya spp. Indoplanorbis exustus was found to be the most predominant snail species with a prevalence rate of 45.41 per cent. The prevalence rates of L. luteola, M. tuberculatus, P. globosa and Bellamyia spp. were 22.85, 15.62, 10.70 and 5.40 per cent, respectively. Highest prevalence of snails was recorded during monsoon (37 %), followed by post-monsoon (35.5 %) and pre-monsoon (27.5 %). Statistically significant association was found between the prevalence of different species of snails and seasons with I. exustus occurring more in monsoon and L. luteola more during pre-monsoon. Habitat-wise analysis of prevalence of snails revealed I. exustus and L. luteola to be predominant in permanent water bodies and uncultivated paddy fields where as M. tuberculatus showed significantly high prevalence in catchment areas of dams. Overall prevalence of trematode infection in snails was found to be 13.4 per cent. Five types of trematode cercariae were identified viz., amphistome, mamamalian schistosome, strigeid, avian schistosome and echinostome cercariae. Highest prevalence was recorded for echinostome (36 %) followed by avian schistosome (26.6 %), strigeid and amphistome (15.8 % each) while mammalian schistosome was the least prevalent (5.8%). Amphistome, avian schistosome and strigea showed higher prevalence in monsoon while echinostome infection was more prevalent in pre-monsoon and mammalian schistosome in post-monsoon. Trematode infection in snails was significantly higher in uncultivated paddy (42.4 %) followed by permanent water bodies (36 %) and catchment areas of dams (21.6 %). Highest prevalence of amphistome infection in snails was observed in permanent water bodies. Uncultivated paddy fields and catchment areas of dams showed higher prevalence of infection with trematodes of birds compared with that of animals. Molecular identification of I. exustus was done by PCR targeting 229 bp region of 16S rRNA gene. Molecular detection of amphistome and schistosome infection in snails was done by primers targeting mitochondrial sequences. Multiplex PCR was standardised for simultaneous detection of amphistome and schistosome and I. exustus DNA.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE TICK FAUNA OF GOATS AND DETECTION OF ACARICIDE RESISTANCE
    (College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2019) TAMBE KAJAL ANNASAHEB; Bindu Lakshmanan
    A comprehensive study of the morphology of different species of ticks under light and electron microscopy and detection of acaricide resistance status among ticks infesting goats in Kerala was done. A total of 1200 ticks were collected from goats that were reared in 13 organised and unorganised farms of Thrissur and Palakkad districts of Kerala as well as from those presented to University Veterinary Hospital at Mannuthy and Kokkalai. It was observed that ear pinna was the most preferred site for tick attachment followed by tail, head, eyes, neck region. Gross morphological features were observed by light microscopy and four tick species under the genus Haemaphysalis and two species under the genus Rhipicephalus were identified. Out of the 1200 ticks examined, 1190 ticks (99.1 per cent) belonged to Haemaphysalis genus and 10 ticks (0.83 per cent) to Rhipicephalus genus. Among the genus Haemaphysalis, the most prevalent species on goats was H. bispinosa (63.02 per cent), followed by H. intermedia (36.55 per cent), H. megalaimae (0.25 per cent) and H. kutchensis (0.16 per cent). Among the genus Rhipicephalus, R. haemaphysaloides (50 per cent) and R. sanguineus (50 per cent) were identified. The present study reports H. megalaimae and H. kutchensis for the first time in Kerala. Ultrastructural morphology of external surface of Haemaphysalis spp. was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Larval packet test was used to detect acaricide resistance for deltamethrin and amitraz against Haemaphysalis spp. the most prevalent tick infesting goats. In the present study, Ottapilavu, Mundupalam and Poomala isolates were found susceptible, while Vadakkanchery isolate was resistant. All the tested population viz., Mundupalam, Poomala, Vadakkanchery and Choondal isolates of Haemaphysalis spp. were susceptible to amitraz. Log probit analysis was done to derive the LC50 and LC90 of resistant and susceptible isolates. Adult immersion test was performed to assess the status of resistance to deltamethrin and amitraz in Haemaphysalis spp. isolates from Thrissur and Palakkad districts. The per cent mortality and reproductive indices were measured at different concentrations as well as at discriminating dose. In the present study, Ottapilavu isolates of Haemaphysalis survived upto 240 ppm deltamethrin and was considered resistant. The per cent mortality in Amaloor isolates was 90 per cent at 120 ppm and hence was considered resistant. The predicted mortality at 75 ppm for Vennur isolates was 91 per cent and was considered susceptible. Log probit analysis was done to derive the LC50 and LC90 of resistant and susceptible isolates. It was observed that as the concentration of deltamethrin increased, the reproductive index decreased and the oviposition was inhibited. At 240 ppm there was only approximately 55 per cent inhibition of oviposition in resistant Ottapilavu isolates, while in Amaloor isolates 100 per cent inhibition was recorded. All the isolates in the present study were susceptible to amitraz. Haemaphysalis spp. on goats are developing resistance to deltamethrin. Amitraz may be recommended for tick control in goats in areas where deltamethrin resistance has been observed. Future investigations are to be conducted on molecular characterisation of resistance in these species of ticks as well as to detect the status of resistance to different group of acaricides throughout the state.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR DIAGNOSIS OF AMPHISTOMOSIS AND SCHISTOSOMOSIS IN DAIRY CATTLE
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) R. DHIVYA BHARATHI; H. Shameem
    Amphistomosis and schistosomosis are two snail borne trematode infections of dairy cattle in tropical and sub- tropical regions. During the present study three species of amphistomes were identified namely Gastrothylax crumenifer, Fischoederius cobboldi and Paramphistomum cervi and two species of schistosome namely Schistosoma spindale and S. indicum from rumen and mesentery respectively, collected from Municipal Corporation slaughter house, Thrissur. Gradient PCR protocols were standardised with primers targeting cox 2 gene of mitochondrial DNA of amphistomes and schistosomes. An optimum annealing temperature of 61.2°C amplified product size of 618 bp for amphistome and 454 bp for schistosome in multiplex PCR. A minimum concentration of 0.13pg/ µl of amphistome DNA detected by PCR. Cross reaction of amphistome primer was checked by using DNA isolated from common nematodes and schsitosomes. Absence of cross reaction with strongyles and schistosomes confirmed the specificity of mitochondrial primer for amphistomes. Out of 250 faecal samples collected from dairy cattle in and around Thrissur district, 28.4 per cent was found positive for amphistome ova and 4.0 per cent for schistosome ova with an overall parasitic infection of 36.4 per cent by conventional microscopical examination. Ova positive samples were used for standardising multiplex coproPCR. Primer targeting cox 2 gene of mitochondrial DNA of amphistome yielded 618 bp and those targeting mitochondrial DNA of schistosome yielded 454 bp products. Screening of 75 faecal samples from dairy cattle was done to ascertain the sensitivity and specificity of multiplex copro- PCR. Mc Nemars test revealed significant sensitivity of 70 per cent, specificity of 100 per cent, 100 per cent positive predictive value, 62.5 per cent negative predictive value with 80 per cent accuracy. The reliability of test checked by receiver operating characteristics curve indicated good predictability of standardised multiplex copro-PCR. Standardised multiplex copro-PCR could be used for mass screening of dairy cattle and forms a valuable tool in epidemiological studies. Simultaneous detection of the two fluke infection helps in adopting appropriate treatment decisions and control strategies against trematode infections in dairy cattle.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT OF COPRO-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR DETECTION OF ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT GASTROINTESTINAL STRONGYLES IN CATTLE
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) P. DALBIN BENEDICT; R. Radhika
    The study was conducted for development of copro-PCR for detection of common strongyle species in bovines viz., Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Mecistocirrus spp. Three hundred and twenty faecal samples were randomly collected from different areas of Thrissur and the occurrence of strongylosis was studied by different diagnostic methods like floatation, sedimentation and coproculture. Strongyles had an overall occurrence of 36.8 per cent. Concurrent infections with amphistomes (3.4%) and coccidia (1.5%) were also obtained. The strongyle larvae identified on coproculture were Haemonchus spp. (14.68%), Mecistocirrus sp. (8.4%), Trichostrongylus spp. (3.4%), Bunostomum sp. (3.1%) and Cooperia spp. (1.25%). Adult strongyle worms collected from the entrails of cattle from slaughter houses revealed an overall occurrence of 31.88 per cent. The species identified were Haemonchus spp. (8.6%), Trichostrongylus spp. (7.2%), Mecistocirrus sp. (14.4%) and Cooperia spp. (1.4%). Hence the predominant strongyles selected in this study were Haemonchus spp., Mecistocirrus sp. and Trichostrongylus spp. Gradient PCR protocols were standardised with primers targeting the ETS region in H. placei, ITS-2, 28S rRNA partial regions in T. colubriformis and ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2 partial regions of rRNA in M. digitatus. The optimum annealing temperature of 60o C was chosen in PCR protocols. Multiplex PCR was standardised for simultaneous detection of the DNA of predominant adult strongyles. Copro-PCR was standardised using copro DNA as template and adult worm DNA as positive control. Multiplex copro-PCR was standardised for simultaneous detection of multiple strongyle infections in the faecal sample of cattle. Ninty five faecal samples were randomly collected from Thrissur and subjected to copro-PCR and multiplex copro-PCR. Detection limits of adult DNA by PCR were determined. A minimum of 0.45 fg/µl of DNA was required for H. placei, 0.34 pg/µl for T. colubriformis and 0.093 ng/µl for M. digitatus. The cross reactivity of primers were checked with DNA isolated from the predominant strongyle species as well as with common ruminant trematodes. No cross reaction were noticed among strongyles and with amphistomes and schistosomes. Sensitivity and specificity of multiplex copro-PCR by Mc Nemar test, using coproculture as the standard were obtained as 66.7 and 98.2 per cent respectively. The diagnosis of strongylosis mainly relies on routine coproscopy and coproculture, which are time consuming and laborious. Development of a rapid molecular diagnostic method for differentiating important species of gastrointestinal strongyles infecting cattle will be a good diagnostic tool and will also help to improve and extend the technology into epidemiological studies, strategic control and prevention of strongylosis. However, multiplex copro-PCR could be employed as a suitable test for simultaneous detection and speciation of strongyle infection in cattle. This will be useful in strategic selective treatment and also signifies the importance of further research on molecular identification of gastrointestinal strongyles.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF RHIPICEPHALUS (BOOPHILUS) ANNULATUS AND R. (B.) MICROPLUS USING MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE SUBUNIT 1 (COI) GENE AND SECOND INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER (ITS2)
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2018) AMRUTHA B.M.; AJITH KUMAR K. G.
    The present study was carried out to differentiate closely related Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) species like R. (B.) microplus and R. (B.) annulatus and to characterise these species using molecular tools. Molecular tools like polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and divergence analysis were adopted. When a total of 279 cattle were screened for presence of infestation with hard ticks from different geographical locations of Kerala and Karnataka, 213 animals were identified as infested. In Kerala, R. (B.) annulatus was the predominant species (54.26 per cent) followed by H. bispinosa (25.58 per cent), R. (B.) microplus (12.40 per cent) and R. haemaphysaloides (5.42 per cent). R. (B.) microplus was the predominant species (77.10 per cent) in Karnataka followed by H. bispinosa and R. haemaphysaloides with 18.07 per cent and 4.81 per cent prevalence rates respectively. Morphologically identified R. (B.) microplus (13 numbers) and R. (B.) annulatus (14 numbers) were used for the molecular characterization using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) molecular markers. Some of the R. (B.) microplus male ticks showed presence of a spur in the ventral surface of palpal article I similar to that seen in R. (B.) australis males. Dorsal setae were short and medial alloscutal setae were arranged in 2-3 rows in R. (B.) microplus female ticks. All the PCR products were sequenced and BLAST analysis was performed for confirmation of the species. The phylogenetic analysis of R. (B.) microplus isolates from both Kerala and Karnataka using COI classified them into R. (B.) microplus clade C, comprising R. (B.) microplus isolates from Haryana, India and other neighbour countries like Pakistan, Myanmar and Bangladesh. R. (B.) annulatus isolates from Kerala clustered with other R. (B.) annulatus isolates from Chennai, India, Iraq, Israel and Romania. The phylogenetic tree based on ITS2 failed to distinguish closely related R. (B.) microplus complex as R. (B.) microplus and R. (B.) annulatus isolates were clustered together. Divergence analysis was done further to differentiate R. (B.) microplus and R. (B.) annulatus. The COI gene showed greater value (7.9 per cent) for interspecific divergence compared to ITS2 (3.6 per cent). Thus COI was identified as a better marker in resolving interspecific divergence in comparison to ITS2. The intraspecific divergence for R. (B.) microplus was higher compared to R. (B.) annulatus. When R. (B.) microplus isolates of South India were compared with isolates of R. (B.) microplus clade A, B and C, higher divergence was observed with clade A (11.9 per cent) followed by clade B (7.4 per cent). Least divergence was observed against R. (B.) microplus clade C (2.3 per cent). Thus, the results of the present study revealed that Indian isolates of R. (B.) microplus clade C sensu lato was phylogenetically distant from true R. (B.) microplus clade A sensu stricto.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFICACY OF IMMUNODIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR DETECTION OF INTESTINAL SCHISTOSOMOSIS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2011) DIVYA S PILLAI; Bindu Lakshmanan
    A study was conducted on the incidence rate of schistosomosis in Thrissur from February 2010 to April 2011, feasibility of schistosoma antibody detection by Dot ELISA, and CIEP, and comparison of sensitivity of both the tests in the detection of intestinal schistosomosis. Polypeptide profiles of S.spindale were studied. S. spindale and S. indicum were encountered in cattle. Out of the total number of 172 mesentery sample examined 47 (27.32%) were found positive for S. spindale and two were positive for S. indicum. It has been found that the infection was found throughout the year with more incidences during monsoon (July/ October). Protein profile of S. spindale determined by SDS PAGE revealed 7 polypeptide bands in the range of 7.5kDA- 66 kDa of which 36 and 44kDa were immunodominant. Dot ELISA and CIEP were carried out using whole worm antigen prepared from the worms collected from the mesentery of worm positive animals. A total of 95 serum samples were collected from the known infected animals and from clinically suspected animals. The result showed a sensitivity and specificity of 100%, 95.7% and 85.71% and 93.61% for Dot ELISA and CIEP, respectively. No significant difference was found between the two tests in detecting schistosome positive animals (χ2=0.80). Comparison betwen faecal examination and Dot ELISA showed significant difference while no difference was found between faecal examination and CIEP. The results indicate that both CIEP and Dot ELISA were feasible for the detection of antibodies in schistosome infected cattle and can be used under field conditions as they are rapid, involve low cost equipment and are reliable.