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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

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2003 - 20054
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Subject: Veterinary Parasitology × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2001 ×
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Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE IN GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES OF GOATS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2005) DEEPA C K; K. Devada
    Investigation on the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in Thrissur Corporation area was carried out by detecting faecal eggs and larvae after coprological examination and coproculture respectively. The faecal samples for coprological examination were collected from animals brought to the University Veterinary hospitals, Kokkalai and Mannuthy, University Goat and Sheep farm and from nearby houses around Mannuthy. Screening of faecal samples of 320 goats during the period of study from June 2004 to May 2005 revealed 114 as positive (35.63 per cent). The type of positive infection noted were Strongyle (95.61 per cent) and Strongyloides (4.38 per cent) infection. Monthwise prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes showed maximum infection in May (48 per cent) while a lower prevalence in August (28 per cent). Seasonwise, the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes was found to be 30.7 per cent, 33.33 per cent and 39.13 per cent during cold wet South West monsoon (heavy rainfall), warm wet North East monsoon (low rainfall) and dry season respectively. The prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes was observed to be higher in young goats below one year (42.10 per cent) and in females (85.96 per cent) than males (14.03 per cent). There was no significant variation between breeds and management. The species of nematodes encountered were Haemonchus contortus (55.26 per cent), Oesophagostomum columbianum (13.15per cent), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (21.05 per cent), Bunostomum trigonocephalum (6.14 per cent) and Strongyloides papillosus (4.38 per cent). The comparative biometry of various infective larvae of the commonly found nematodes were noted. Resistance to various anthelmintics by the nematodes in goats of the University Goat and Sheep farm, Mannuthy were detected by the methods namely Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) and Egg Hatch Test (EHT). Forty kids aged between three to six months were used for this purpose. Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test revealed resistance to albendazole, ivermectin and morantel citrate by the gastrointestinal nematodes. The drugs namely albendazole, ivermectin and morantel citrate showed a per cent worm reductions of 30, 53, 45 with 52, 34 and 62 as lower 95 per cent confidence limits. Specific resistance to benzimidazole group by EHT showed the ED50 value of albendazole (pg per ml) in EHT to be 0.211556 which further established resistance to albendazole by the gastrointestinal nematodes of goats. Anthelmintic resistance is best controlled in the ground level by the use of correct type of anthelmintics at the correct dose against nematodes in goats. Breeding for disease resistance, development and use of vaccines and biological control using nematophagous fungi are the prospective methods for the control of anthelmintic resistance.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF BOVINE BABESIOSIS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 2003) REJITHA. T. S.; K. Devada
    Different techniques to diagnose bovine babesiosis were evaluated by screening 71 cattle presented at the various Veterinary Hospitals of Thrissur and Ernakulam districts and those maintained at the University Livestock Farm, Mannuthy and the Cattle Breeding Farm, Thumburmuzhi with symptoms suggestive of the disease. The techniques employed were examination of Giemsa stained blood smears, examination of ticks collected from suspected animals and serological tests like the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) and Slide- Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Slide-ELISA).Among the 71 cattle, II were suffering from an acute illness whereas 60 showed only subclinical symptoms. Examination of Giemsa stained blood smear could detect Babesia bigemina organisms in 9 (12.68 per cent) of the total samples, which were mainly from the aciitely infected cattle, except for one, that was obtained from a subclinically infected calf. The principal vector of babesiosis wasidentified as Boophilus annulatus in the present study. Parasitic masses indicative of the organisms were identified from the various tick tissues dissected and stained with methyl green pyronine. Considering the ticks as positive on detection of developmental stages of the parasite in any of the tissues, ticks from 27 (54 per cent) out of total 50 animals were interpreted as positive. The IF AT detected B. bigemina antibodies in 37 (52.11 per cent) and Slide-ELISA in 39 (54.93 per cent) sera out of 71 samples that were screened. These two serological techniques were found to be equally efficient, with Slide- ELISA proving more suitable for use as a field diagnostic test.Most of the animals that were detected positive for the organisms by all the tests were above one year of age. As the number of male and female animals was too uneven, a sex related comparison could not be appropriately done. Similarly, a comparison on the performance of the different tests between the breeds of also not feasible owing to the wide variation between the numbers of breeds studied. on evaluation of the different diagnostic techniques, serology and examination of ticks were found equally effective in detecting both the clinical and subclinical forms of the disease over and above the conventtona, method i.e the blood smear examination. However, examination of Giemsa stained blood smears continues to be the method of choice to detect acute infections
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMMUNODIAGNOSIS OF CANINE DIROFILARIOSIS USING MICROFILARIAL ANTIGEN
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 2003) PRIYA. M. N.; H- Subramanian
    A detailed study was conducted on the prevalence on canine dirofilariosis in Thrissur from June 2002 to May 2003, feasibility of microfilarial antibody detection by ELISA and comparison of sensitivity of Indirect ELISA and dot- ELISA in the detection of dirofilariosis. Microfilariae encountered were identified as those of Dirofilaria repens.Out of the total number of 2435 blood samples from dogs screened by wet film examination 172 (7.06 per cent) dogs were found positive for microfilariae. It has been found that canine dirofilariosis was prevalent throughout the year with more incidence during summer. An Indirect ELISA and dot-ELISA were also conducted in three groups of animals using microfilarial antigen prepared from known microfilaria positive serum samples. Out of the total number of 50 samples of known microfilaria positive dogs 49 (98 per cent) and 47 (94 per cent) were found positive by Indirect ELISA and dot-ELISA respectively. The corresponding figures in 36 dogs with other helminths were 15 (41.67 per cent) and 19 (52.77 per cent) and that of 32 totally helminth free dogs were 10 (31.25 per cent) and 12 (37.5 per cent) respectively. The results indicate that both Indirect ELISA and dot-ELISA are feasible for the detection of the microfilarial antibodies though they are less specific.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS AGAINST COMMON DOG TICK USING GUT ANTIGEN
    (College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissu, 2005-08-22) AJITHKUMAR. K. G.; Dr. H.Subramanian
    The occurrence of tick infestation in dogs in the Corporation of Thrissur, Kerala, India, was studied in 1200 dogs during a period of one year from July 2004 to June 2005. Four hard tick species viz Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. haemaphysaloides, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, H. bispinosa var. intermedia were identified. Significant difference in species wise prevalence was found on 124 tick positive dogs. The most prevalent species of tick infesting dogs was found to be R. sanguineus (8.58 per cent) followed by H. bispinosa (1.33 per cent), R. haemaphysaloides (0.33 per cent) and H. bispinosa var. intermedia (0.08 per cent). Three species of ticks namely R. haemaphysaloides, H. bispinosa, and H. bispinosa var. intermedia have been recorded in dogs for the first time from Kerala. The influence of month, season, age, gender and breed on the prevalence rate were observed. Prevalence rates were calculated by month, season, age, gender and breed. No significant difference (P>0.05) of tick infestation during different months was observed due to temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall. No clear pattern of seasonality was observed for R. sanguineus, which was present throughout the year. The different variables considered in the present study such as age and gender were not significantly associated with the presence of tick infestation in dogs. There was a highly significant (P<0.01) association between breed and the intensity of infestation with maximum intensity of infestation in German shepherd dogs. Sites of attachment of ticks were ear, neck, interdigital space, dorsum of the body, eyelids, perianal region, withers, thorax and hind limbs. Highly significant variation (P<0.01) was observed between attachment sites with maximum on ear (84.68 per cent) followed by neck and interdigital space. Tick-bite naive guinea pigs inoculated with gut extracts and Freund s adjuvant revealed induced immunity against R. sanguineus expressed by altered feeding and fertility parameters consisting of the prolonged engorgement period. \, 6- -. V. J <•, /j T' 0 -7 reduced engorged female weight and feeding efficiency index, prolonged pre oviposition period, reduced oviposition period, egg mass weight, egg rate conversion efficiency and larval mass. Except the incubation period all the reproductive and feeding parameters differed significantly compared to the control. Inradermal test done on immunised guinea pigs to assess cell mediated immunity revealed both immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Humoral immune response assessed by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and passive haemagglutination (PHA) revealed that the former was less sensitive compared to the latter. Passive haemagglutination test detected anti tick antibodies as early as 14 day post immunisation. Peak titre 1:128 reached on the SS"' day post immunisation