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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

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2000 - 200919
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Subject: Poultry Science × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2000 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EGG QUALITY OF NATIVE CHICKEN UNDER BACKYARD SYSTEM AND WHITE LEGHORN LAYERS UNDER INTENSIVE SYSTEM OF REARING
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2009) SARITHA THANKACHAN; P.A. Peethambaran
    A study was conducted to evaluate the egg quality in 100 eggs each of Native chicken (NC) and White Leghorn (WL) during 21 to 40 weeks of age which included the external and internal quality parameters, fatty acids, yolk cholesterol and mineral estimation in yolk and albumen. Also, the egg production, livability and feed intake in NC reared in backyard system and WL layers reared in cages were studied. Among the external quality traits, the egg weight (39.35 vs. 49.54 g), egg length (50.36 vs. 54.02 mm) and breadth (37.55 vs. 40.74 mm) were lower in NC whereas, the shape index was comparable. Except the albumen width (83.73 vs. 76.54 mm), all the albumen traits were inferior in NC compared to WL with Albumen height (4.32 vs. 6.41 mm), index (0.05 vs. 0.09 mm), weight (21.92 vs. 31.36 g), per cent (55.65 vs. 63.45) and Haugh Unit Score (71.47 vs. 81.33). Significantly lower values yolk height (13.94 vs. 15.87 mm) and index (0.35 vs. 0.42) and higher values for yolk per cent (33.62 vs. 27.26) and yolk color index (8.11 vs. 5.31) were noticed in NC. The yolk width, weight and cholesterol content were comparable between the breeds. Significantly lower shell weight (4.21 vs. 4.61 g), higher shell per cent (10.73 vs. 9.30) noticed in NC. In the egg yolk, the mean values of saturated fatty acids; Palmitic , Stearic, Arachidic and Behenic acids were comparable between NC and WL eggs, although these acids when put together, a significantly higher (52.65 vs. 48.62 per cent) in the former group was noticed. Significantly lower quantity of Linoleic acid (8.50 vs. 11.53 per cent) the omega-6 category as well as the Omega-6: omega-3 ratio (2.89 vs. 6.01) was advantageous even though total unsaturated fatty acid was significantly lower in NC eggs (47.35 vs. 51.38 per cent). On the other hand, the ratio between saturated and unsaturated acids was significantly higher in NC egg (1.11 vs. 0.95). The monounsaturated fatty acids, Oleic acid (31.24 vs. 31.52 per cent) and Palmitoleic acid (4.11 vs. 5.77 per cent) and these two acids put together (35.35 vs. 37.29 per cent) were non-significant. The total poly unsaturated fatty acids, including Omega-6 and Omega-3 were comparable 139 both in NC and WL eggs. Of the total fatty acids, the mean value of and Omega-3 fatty acids; linolenic acid, EPA and DHA were comparable separately (0.83, 1.61 and 1.06 vs. 0.61, 0.88 and 1.07 per cent). The total of Omega-3 acids was numerically higher in NC egg (3.49 vs. 2.55 per cent). The mineral profile of eggs indicated that WL eggs are superior (P<0.05) in respect of Iron in albumen (2.10 vs. 4.76 ppm), Copper in yolk (1.18 vs. 1.49 ppm) and Magnesium in yolk (0.0088 vs. 0.0125 mg per cent). This indicated the necessity of inclusion of trace mineral mixture in the diet of native chickens. NC egg albumen is a rich source of Zinc (1.59 vs. 0.66 ppm). Late sexual maturity indicated by age at first egg of 185.62 days in NC vs. 141.25 days in WL and poor egg production indicated by 40.23 vs. 121.57 eggs (28.70 vs. 86.83 per cent) on HH basis and 41.86 vs. 123.60 eggs (29.90 vs. 88.28 per cent) on HD basis up to 40 weeks of age suggest modifications in feeding patterns of Native chicken. The livability was (88.33 vs. 96.67 per cent) in WL and NC hens with survivor egg numbers 41.91 and 125.35 eggs per hen. The feed intake per bird per day was 113 g in WL whereas the native chicken was being reared by providing only about 20 to 30 g of supplemental feed per bird per day.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Job stress and job commitment perception among the veterinarians of Animal Husbandry Department in Kerala
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2009) SOUMYA SANKAR; REEJA
    Organisational stressors as perceived by the veterinarians of the Department of Animal Husbandry, Kerala, viz-a-viz their job and social commitment were studied. Organisational stress on account of the dimensions organisational role, job satisfaction, policies, inter personal relationship, communication, working condition team work, security, autonomy, targets and structure were analysed . The dimension organisational role stress however was also studied in terms of its component dimensions inter role distance , role stagnation, role expectation conflict, role erosion, role isolation, role overload, personal inadequacy, self role distance, role ambiguity and resource inadequacy Stress was the most on account of the dimensions job satisfaction followed by team work, policy, autonomy, target, inter personal relationship, organisational structure, communication, work condition, security and organisartional role stress in that order. Job commitment was found positively correlated with stress due to dimensions target, autonomy, policy and security where as negatively correlated with stress due to the dimensions organisational role stress, job satisfaction, team work and structure. Among component dimensions of organisational role stress role overload was perceived as the dominant stressor followed by resource inadequacy, inter role distance, role stagnation, self role distance, role isolation, personal inadequacy, role expectation conflict, role ambiguity and role erosion in that order . Further it was revealed that role stress factors inter role distance was positively correlated whereas role stagnation,role expectation conflict, self role distance, personal inadequacy and role ambiguity were negatively correlated with job commitment. As for social commitment, it was positively correlated with stress on account of dimensions job satisfaction, interpersonal relationship, work condition, organisational structure, team work and policy whereas negatively correlated with communication. Social commitment was positively correlated with stress due to component dimensions of organisational role inter role distance and role overload whereas negatively correlated with role stagnation. Result also revealed an insignificant difference between perception of SVS and VS regarding all the eleven dimensions of stress.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF GARLIC {Allium sativum) POWDER AND NEEM {Azadirachta indica) SEED CAKE ON CHOLESTEROL CONTENT IN BROILER CHICKEN
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2006) LONKAR VIJAYSINH DHANSING; A. Jalaludeen
    An experiment was conducted at the Department of Poultry Science to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of garlic {Allium sativim) powder and neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake and their combination on the performance and cholesterol content of meat and serum in broiler chicken. Two hundred and ten day-old straight run commercial broiler chicks were reared under seven different treatments with three replicates of ten chicks each. The T1 was control with standard broiler ration and garlic powder (GP) and neem seed cake (NSC) were supplemented in the basal diet to form diets T2 to T7. The experiment was carried out with two levels of GP supplementation, 0.5 per cent (T2) and 1.0 per cent (T3), two levels of NSC supplementation, 1.0 per cent (T4) and 2.0 per cent (T5) and two levels of GP and NSC combination, 0.5 per cent GP and 1.0 per cent NSC (T6) and 1.0 per cent GP and 2.0 per cent NSC (T7). The rations were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Chicks were reared under standard managemental conditions up to six weeks of age. The broiler starter ration was fed from zero to four weeks and finisher ration from five to six weeks of age. Results of the study revealed that, supplementation of GP at 0.5 or 1.0 per cent and NSC at 1.0 or 2.0 per cent levels and a combination of 1.0 per cent GP and 2.0 per cent NSC significantly (P<0.05) depressed the final body weight, while a combination of 0.5 per cent GP and 1.0 per cent NSC did not influence final body weight of broilers. The cumulative body weight gain up to sixth week of age was significantly (P<0.05) lower by supplementation of GP or NSC alone or their combination in broiler diet. The cumulative feed intake up to sixth week of age did not reveal any significant difference between treatments. But numerically lower feed consumption was recorded in T5 and T7 where NSC was included at 2.0 per cent level. Cumulative feed efficiency up to six weeks of age was significantly (P<0.05) inferior in T7 and was superior with control group (Tl) and groups T1 to T6 was in a homogenous comparable group. The per cent dressed yield, eviscerated yield, ready-to-cook yield, blood loss, feather loss and total loss m broilers were not influenced by dietary supplementation of GP and NSC alone or in combination. The per cent giblet yield of birds supplemented with 0.5 per cent GP and 1.0 per cent NSC (T6) was significantly (P<0.05) lower, while other levels of GP and NSC and their combination did not influence the same. The weight of bursa of fabricious and spleen at sixth week of age was increased by supplementation of GP and NSC and their combination in broiler diet. The dietary supplementation of GP at 0.5 per cent and NSC at 1.0 per cent level numerically reduced the serum total cholesterol level, while in T3. T5, T6 and T7 there was significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum total cholesterol. The supplementation of GP and NSC alone and in combination significantly (P<0.05) reduced the breast and thigh meat total cholesterol in broilers. Supplementation of GP and NSC alone and in combination in broiler diet did not influence the serum total protein and breast and thigh meat crude protein. Livability of all treatment groups was 100 per cent. It shows that dietary supplementation of GP, NSC and their combination at the levels employed in this study had no deleterious effect in broilers. Net profit per kg body weight was reduced as a result of inclusion of GP and NSC alone and their combination in broiler diet. The results of the present study suggest that supplementation of garlic powder and neem seed cake in broiler rations is beneficial for substantial reduction in the cholesterol content of poultry meat.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CRUDE FIBRE UTILIZATION AND NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY IN INDIGENOUS LAYER DUCKS (Anas platyrhynchos)
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2006) P ANITHA; A. Jalakudeen
    A study was conducted in the Department of Poultry College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Agricultural University to find out the effect of supplementation of a multi enzyme preparaticn 'Polyzyme' on the production performance of indigenous layer ducks.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    UTILISATION OF DRIED CUTTLE FISH (Sepia officialis) WASTE SILAGE IN JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix coturnlx japonica) LAYER RATION
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2005) LEKSHMY. M. A.; A. Jalaludeen
    An experiment was conducted in Japanese quail layers from six to 26 weeks of age by replacing unsalted dried fish with cuttle fish waste silage on crude protein basis. Th; objective was to assess the production performance as well as the economics of feed cost, over production. Two hundred and forty Japanese quail pullets of six weeks age were divided randomly into twelve groups of 20 birds each. They were randomly allotted into three treatment groups, Tl, T2 and T3 and maintained on isonitrogenous and isocaloric diet. The unsalted dried fish content in the control ration (Tl) was replaced by cuttle fish waste silage at 50 and 100 per cent levels in T2 and T3, respectively. The initial and final body weight were recorded. Data collection was done for five periods of twenty eight days each from seven to twenty six weeks. At the end of the trial pooled yolk samples and two liver samples from each replicate were analysed for fatty acid profile. The initial and final body weight and the body weight gain during experimental period for different dietary treatments did not differ significantly. The birds belonged to group T2 attained sexual maturity first followed by the control group Tl. There was a slight delay for group T3 in attaining sexual maturity (P<0.01). The age at 10 and 50 per cent production did not differ significantly between treatments. The period wise mean daily feed consumption was lower in T3 than Tl and T2 (P<0.01). The mean feed intake was highest in Tl followed by T2 and T3 and the treatments differed significantly (P<0.05). The cumulative feed conversion efficiency was superior inTl and T2 (P<0.01) than T3. The cumulative hen housed and hen day egg number of Tl and T2 were significantly higher (p<0.01) than T3. Though the per cent hen housed and hen day egg production of birds in treatments Tl and T2 were significantly higher in all the periods, the overall mean values did not show any significant difference. The egg quality traits recorded viz., shape index, albumen index, yolk index, internal quality unit and shell thickness did not differ significantly between trcatmems in any of the periods (P>0.05). The oleic acid content of quail liver was significantly higher in '13 than T1 but no significant difference was noticed among the egg yolk fatty acids, 'fhe cost of feed per egg was lowest in T2 followed by 'f 1 and 'f3. Overall evaluation of the study reveals that the cuttle fish waste silage could be used economically to replace 50 per cent of crude protein from unsalted dried fish on protein basis in Japanese quail layer rations, without any adverse effect on growth, production and egg quality and feed cost.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    UTILISATION OF DRIFD CUTTLE FISH {Sepia officialis) WASTE SILAGE IN LAYER DUCK RATION
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2005) JAYANT GOVINDAN; P.A. Peethambaran
    An experiment was conducted in Department of Poultry Science, Kerala Agricultural University during the period from June to November, 2004 to assess the utilization of dried cuttle fish waste silage ^CFWS) on replacement of dried fish (DF) in indigenous layer duck ration. At the age of 24 weeks, 96 layer ducks were housed under cage system of rearing with two ducks per cage. They were divided into three groups Tl, T2 and T3 comprising 32 ducks per group with 8 replicates having four ducks per replicate. The three groups of ducks were fed with dietary combinations of 10 per cent DF and zero per cent dried CFWS (Tl), 5 per cent DF and 11.45 per cent dried CFWS (T2) and 22.9 per cent dried CFWS replacing DF completely (T3) and the diets were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The first egg in the flock was laid in groups Tl and T2 at 169 days of age and ages at 10 and 50 per cent production were also early in Tl. The overall duck housed number and duck housed per cent production during 25-44 weeks of age were 75.06 and 53.61 in Tl which was though numerically superior was statistically non significant compared with T2 and T3. The overall mean daily feed consumption was 166.36,166.80 and 168.35 g per duck which were statistically comparable between various treatment groups. The overall feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs was 3.58, 4.23 and 4.32 and per kg egg mass was 4.65, 5.14 and 5.22 in Tl, T2 and T3 respectively which was non-significant (P<0.05). The overall mean egg weight (EW) was 63.80, 67.74 and 67.09 g in Tl, T2 and T3 having significantly lower EW in Tl, whereas it was comparable between T2 and T3. The lower DHN in groups fed dried CFWS was compensated by higher mean egg weight and thereby total egg mass in the study periodwas maintained in the cuttle fish waste silage fed groups. All the internal egg quality traits namely, albumen index, yolk index, percent shell and shell thickness did not differ between treatment groups during five, 28-day periods. Livability was excellent in all groups. Economically, though control group showed higher feeding cost, due to higher egg number it returned higher margin of return over feed cost of rupees 0.26 per egg, whereas it was Rs. 0.04 in T2 and Rs.0.14 in 'f3. Thus, it was concluded that dried cuttle fish waste silage can be included at 11.5 and 22.9 per cent levels in duck layer rations with significantly higher mean egg weight as 50 and 100 per cent replacement for dried fish protein under cage system of rearing of ducks.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF BAKER'S YEAST {Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2004) RENJITH. P. M.; Amritha Viswanath
    An experiment was designed and conducted at the Department of Poultry Science to investigate the effect of feeding baker's yeast on growth, feed consumption and nutrient utilization of broilers. One hundred and forty four day old commercial broiler chicks were reared under three different treatments with four replicates per treatment. The treatment consisted of control diet with standard broiler ration (Tl) and T2 and T3 with 0.3 and 0.6 per cent baker's yeast supplemented respectively with control diet. Chicks were reared under standard managemental conditions up to 8 weeks of age. Broiler starter ration was fed up to 6 weeks of age and finisher ration up to 8 weeks of age. Results of the study revealed that cumulative body weight and body weight gain up to six weeks and eight weeks of age were not affected by the inclusion of yeast. Mean weekly feed consumption recorded significant (P<0.05) difference between treatment during fifth, seventh and eighth weeks of age. Cumulative feed intake up to six weeks and eight weeks of age did not differ significantly. But yeast supplemented groups recorded numerically lower feed consumption compared to control group. Feed conversion ratio revealed significant difference (P< 0.05) at sixth week of age recording lower feed efficiency in T2 and T3 compared to control (Tl). But cumulative feed conversion ratio from zero to six weeks and zero to eight weeks of age did not differ significantly. Supplementation of baker's yeast had no effect on processing yields and losses. Numerically lower fat deposition was recorded in yeast supplemented groups than in control group, eventhough there was no significant difference. The addition of yeast at 0.3 per cent and 0.6 per cent levels significantly increased (P<0.05) crude fiber digestibility. Other parameters like retention of dry matter, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were not affected by yeast supplementation. Serum protein, serum cholesterol and livability were not affected by yeast supplementation. The net profit per bird was less in yeast supplemented group compared to control group. The higher cost of feed resulted in lower economical return from the treatment groups. The result suggests that inclusion of yeast is not beneficial on economical point of view. However the lower fat deposition consequent to yeast supplementation seems to be advantageous.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS OF INDIGENOUS LAYER DUCKS (Anas platyrhynchos)
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2002) RAVI. S.; P.A. Peethambaran
    A 3 X 3 factorial experiment was carried out at the Department of Poultry Science, Kerala Agricultural University during the period from February to July 2002 to establish the optimum requirements of calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (AP) in the diets for indigenous layer ducks under cage system of rearing. The Kuttanad varieties of indigenous ducklings of Kerala were maintained on deep litter system of rearing until 18 weeks of age at the University poultry farm, Mannuthy. From this flock. Ninety (90) female ducks were housed in 45 California type cages at the rate of two ducks per cage and they were weighed individually at 20 weeks of age. The dimension of each cage was 60 x 45 x 40 cm and the floor area of 1350 cm^ per duck was provided in the cage. The experimental diets were fed from 21 to 40 weeks of age and the observations were recorded in five periods of 28 days each. Nine experimental diets containing three levels of Ca viz., 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 percent with three levels of AP viz., 0.40, 0.50 and 0.60 percent were formulated and were fed to nine treatments consisting of five replicates of two ducks per cage in each treatment in a 3x3 factorial design. The mean body weight of ducks at 20 weeks of age was uniform in all groups ranging from 1400±9.11 to 1465±53.24 g with an overall mean of 1431 ±9.96 g. The Ca and AP levels did not influence significantly the 40*^ week body weight, which ranged from 1473±18.10 to 1579±58.28 g with an overall mean of 1544±13.76g. The age at first egg in the flock with 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 percent Ca levels were 154, 158 and 148 days respectively and with AP levels 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 per cent the same were 161, 154 and 148 days respectively. The period wise mean duck housed number (DHN) from 25-40 weeks of age (IS.leggs) was significantly higher with ducks fed 4.0 percent Ca (P<0.05). The interaction effect was significant (P<0.05) for the dietary combination of 4.0 per cent Ca and 0.6 percent AP with 20.2 eggs. The cumulative egg number (EN) of 75.7 eggs from 21 to 40 weeks of age was also higher with the Ca level 4.0 per cent and the 71.9 percent production with diet T9 was superior by interaction effect (P<0.05). The duck housed percent (DHP) production from 25 to 40 weeks of age averaged 64.6±1.92 per cent with 4.0 per cent Ca level. The Ca and AP levels in the diet did not influence the mean daily feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg mass and shell thickness. The overall mean daily feed consumption was 137.2±1.49 g per duck. The FCR per dozen eggs was 2.8±0.078 and that per kg egg was 3.9±0.099 for the period from 25 to 40 weeks of age. The mean egg weight (EW) and per cent shell were highly significant and the EW of 60.1±0.575 g averaged with 3.0 percent Ca and 0.5 per cent AP level as well were high (P<0.01). The interaction effect with the above combination was also significant (P<0.01). The 9.7±0.081 per cent shell recorded with 0.5 per cent AP was significantly lower in comparison with other AP levels (P<0.05). At 40 weeks of age, the overall mean serum Ca was 15.42±0.35 mg/dl and serum P was 3.18±0.081 mg/dl. The mean serum inorganic P value of 2.92±0.164 mg/dl recorded with dietary Ca level 4.0 percent was significantly lower than that of 3.5 percent Ca level (P<0.05). The tibia ash (62.34±0.512 percent) was significantly higher with 0.6 percent dietary AP level (P<0.05) and the tibia ash Ca with 4.0 percent dietary Ca level was significantly higher and the interaction effect with 0.6 per cent AP level was also significant. With this AP level, the tibia P was reduced significantly, but the interaction showed that the tibia P was high with diet T9. The liveability was excellent in ducks reared in cages (100 per cent) and there was no mortality during the period from 21 to 40 weeks of age. In the present study, the production traits used for evaluating the Ca and AP requirements of caged layer ducks were EN, EW, egg mass, feed consumption and FCR. The study revealed that 4.0 per cent Ca in the diet was superior over other Ca levels in the diet. The dietary Ca and AP levels did not influence the mean daily feed consumption and feed conversion ratios significantly. On the other hand, dietary AP levels influenced the mean EW, per cent shell, tibia ash weight and tibia ash Ca and P. Though the mean EW of 60.1 ±0.566 g recorded with 0.5 percent AP was significantly higher, the significant interaction on egg number with the 0.6 per cent AP with 4.0 per cent Ca was found superior. Therefore it will be logical to set the requirements of AP at 0.6 per cent level. Thus, the overall results of the present study revealed that the 4.0 percent Ca and 0.6 per cent AP levels with 18 percent Crude Protein and 2650 Kcal ME/kg was optimum for egg production in indigenous layer ducks under cage system of rearing
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF PROBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKEN
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2001) A. SABIHA MAHABOOB KADARI; V.K. Elizabeth
    The effects of different levels of probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus faecium and Yeasace 1026) supplementation at 0.025 and 0.05 per cent of the ration on the performance of broiler chicken were evaluated using 144, one-day old, commercial broiler chicks for a period of eight weeks. The birds were divided into three dietary treatment groups viz., standard broiler ration (T^}, standard broiler ration with 0.025 percent probiotic (Tg) and stamdard broiler ration with 0.05 percent probiotic (Tg). Standard broiler ration was formulated as per Bureau of Indian Standards (1992) specification for broiler chicken feed. The 0.025 percent probiotic supplemented birds showed a significantly higher (P<0.05) body weight upto six weeks of age. At the end of eight weeks of age, the 0.05 per cent probiotic fed birds grew faster. The body weight gain was significantly higher in 0.025 per cent probiotic supplemented group upto six weeks of age but was statistically non-significant upto eight weeks of age. The feed intake was not statistically significant throughout the experimental period. Eventhough the feed efficiency was significantly (P_<0.01) better in the group fed with 0.025 per cent probiotic at the end of second week, it was statistically non-significant at sixth and eighth weeks of age. The protein efficiency was not significantly different throughout the experimental period. The serum cholesterol levels were significantly (P<0.01) reduced in both the probiotic supplemented groups. The serum protein level was not affected by probiotic supplementation. The processing yields did not show any significant difference among treatments. The mortality percentage was not affected by treatments. Cost of production of broilers in the 0.025 per cent probiotic group was lower when compared with other two groups at the end of six weeks of age, while it was lower in the 0.05 per cent probiotic supplemented group at the end of eight weeks of age. It can be concluded that probiotic supplementation in standard broiler ration at a lower level was beneficial in the early stages of growth.