Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

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EFFECT OF FEEDING BLACK SOLDIER FLY (Hermetia illucens) LARVAE MEAL AS PROTEIN SOURCE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF MEAT TYPE JAPANESE QUAIL
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-02-25) REKHA A.; Dr. Justin Davis
The experiment was conducted in Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy to evaluate the effect of feeding Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as protein source in the performance of meat type Japanese quail. Black soldier fly larvae were produced through natural breeding and the larval yield were 493.17g and 244.35g larvae/month from 4kg food waste from modified bin and flower pot respectively. Seasonal variation was observed in the larval production and the yield was more during hotter months. Iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were prepared using BSF larvae meal.A total of one hundred-and-eighty day-old meat type Japanese quail chicks were randomly allotted in to three dietary treatments with six replicates of ten birds each. Treatments were control, BSF25 and BSF50 and were fed with soyabean meal based diet, replaced 25 per cent soya bean meal with BSF larvae meal and replaced 50 per cent soya bean meal with BSF larvae meal respectively. Feed consumption and body weight gain were significantly higher for control group but BSF50 was superior in terms of feed conversion ratio and dressing per cent. No significant difference was observed in weight of abdominal fat, heart and gizzard with exception in the weight of the liver and was significantly higher in control group. Analysis of the margin of return revealed that both control and BSF25 ended in loss, the only group which ended in profit was BSF50. The study revealed that it is high time to find a cheap alternative for conventional protein source like soya bean meal and the findings in the present study pointed that black soldier fly larvae meal can very well be used, and replacing soya bean @ 50 per cent yielded the best results in margin of return.
Open Access
IMPACT OF ENRICHMENT OF GRAZING MEADOW WITH AUTOMATED WATER TROUGH ON THE WELFARE OF CROSSBRED CATTLE
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, MANNUTHY, THRISSUR , KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2021-11-02) VISHNU DEV R. S; Dr. S. Harikumar
Grazing practices of cattle in meadows enriched with automatic drinking water facility was evaluated. The improvement in animal welfare was studied. Lactating cows and heifers (18 each) were selected for the period of study during the summer months of February and March 2021 at Base Farm, Kolahalamedu, Idukki, Kerala. Animals were divided into three groups and each group comprised of six lactating cows and six heifers. In group T1 animals were allowed to a grazing meadow enriched with an automatic drinking water trough and in T2 animals were allowed to a meadow without provision for water. Animals in the T3 group were kept stallfed throughout the study period. Body temperature and respiration rates were higher in the grazing groups (T1 and T2) compared to the stallfed group. At the end of the study period, the lactating cows of T1 showed significantly reduced levels of serum cortisol. The total grazing activity of lactating cows provided with drinking water was significantly lower than lactating cows without the provision of water. Moreover, these animals showed significantly higher rumination activity than T2 at 12:00 noon. Lactating cows and heifers in the T1 group consumed 78.26± 3.86 and 26.98 ± 2.81 liters of water respectively and the frequency of visits to the water trough was 9.20 ± 0.67 and 8.46 ± 0.64 respectively. The blood parasites and endoparasites infestations among all the experimental animals at the end of the experiment showed no significant difference. In general, as the ambient temperature increased, grazing activities in animals of both T1 and T2 started to reduce by 11:00 a.m. The heat load index was more in the meadows than in the shed which necessitates the regulation of grazing duration and time. It could be concluded that grazing of animals in meadows enriched with automated water trough significantly reduced the serum cortisol level and animals exhibited relatively increased comfort level while grazing.
Open Access
BEHAVIOURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF CAPTIVE MACAQUES TO STRESSORS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCOIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-01-02) LIVIN RAJ V. L.; Dr. S. Biju
Animal behaviour was an important tool in assessing the welfare of animals, and a study on behaviour and the stress inducing factors in captivity was essential to ensure welfare and thus successful breeding and conservation. The present study was conducted to assess the behavioural and physiological response of captive macaques to stressors, and to identify areas where intervention was needed. The three macaque species namely Lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus), Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) housed in Kerala zoos were studied. The group size and composition, and the enclosure provisions for these species were documented. It was observed that visitor presence hadn’t significantly affected the within the group behavioural interaction in the macaque species. The appeasement behaviour was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in Bonnet macaques as compared to Lion-tailed macaques. Verbal teasing was the prominent interaction of visitors to macaques and the response of macaques to visitors were mostly neutral. The behavioural interaction of macaques to zookeepers and vermins were also neutral. On observing the general behaviour, maintenance behaviour was more prominent in all the macaque species and visitors had no effect on the manifestation of general behaviours. The composition and quantity of ration provided in captivity were documented, and found that Lion- tailed macaques and Rhesus macaques have more preference to fruits in their ration. Endoparasitic prevalence of Coccidia, Strongyle and Trichuris were identified in the macaques, with higher prevalence of endoparasitism in Bonnet macaques. Visitor’s presence had no effect on the faecal glucocorticoid metabolite level in the three macaque species. But faecal glucocorticoid metabolite level was found to be positively correlated with eggs per gram of Strongyle in Rhesus and Bonnet macaques, and oocysts per gram in all the macaque species. Better breeding performance was recorded in Bonnet macaques. Proper vaccination and deworming were practiced for the prevention and control of diseases in the zoos.
Open Access
ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT TO ABATE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR AND MORTALITY IN PIGLETS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES POOKODE, WAYANAD, 2022-03-26) SHEHNAZ RAHMAN; N. Geetha
The effect of environmental enrichment on aggressive behaviour, skin injury, performance and microclimatic variation were studied in weaned Large White Yorkshire (LWY) piglet. Forty eight LWY weaned piglets of either sex were selected and divided into eight groups, each with six piglets. T1, T3, T5 and T7 piglets were weaned at 35 days old indicating control, area reduction, straw and balls enrichment treatments, respectively. T2, T4, T6 and T8 piglets were weaned at 45 days old representing control, area reduction, straw and balls enrichment treatments, respectively. It was found that the frequency and duration of all the aggressive behaviour viz. namely parallel pressing, inverse parallel pressing, head-to-head knock, biting and levering were found to be lowest in T5 and T6 (P<0.01), followed by T7 and T8 (P<0.01) respectively. However, the frequency and duration of the aggressive behaviour was found to be highest in T3 and T4 (P<0.01) respectively. The highest number of skin injury was found in T3 and T4 (P<0.01) respectively. Whereas, the skin injury lesions were lowest in T5 and T6 (P< 0.01) followed by T7 and T8 (P<0.01). The mean body weight of the T5 and T6 piglets (8.18 ± 0.21 and 10.00 ± 0.48) and T7 and T8 piglets (8.12 ± 0.09 and 9.90 ± 0.14) was higher than the piglets in T1 and T2 (7.30 ± 0.43 and9.59 ± 0.5) kg with significant difference between them (P<0.05) in case of the piglets weaned at 35 days and 45 days old respectively. However, piglets in T3 (7.18 ± 0.29) and T4 (8.87 ± 0.36) kg had significantly (P<0.05) lower mean body weight compared to all other treatments at the end of the study period. The overall mean temperatures, RH, wind speed and light intensity were 26.91 ± 1.19° C, 80.73 ± 3.84 per cent, 0.67 ± 0.14 m/s and 22.73 ± 2.65 (×10) lux, respectively. The aggressive behaviour was positively correlated with wind velocity, temperature and relative humidity whereas negatively correlated with light intensity. No post weaning mortality was seen in any of the treatment groups.
Open Access
LACTATION PERFORMANCE AND MILK COMPOSITION OF ATTAPPADY BLACK GOATS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2017-08-30) SUDHARSAN M.; A. Kannan
Open Access
EFFECTIVENESS OF ILLUMINATED FLY TRAPS FOR THE CONTROL OF DIPTERAN BITING FLY ANNOYANCE IN DAIRY FARMS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2021-10-10) PRAVEENKUMAR N. B; A. Prasad
Small dipteran biting flies of the genera Culex, Culicoides, Phlebotomus Simulium, Stomoxys and Haematobia cause annoyance to domestic animals and animal handlers. Besides, these they act also as vectors of infectious diseases. Effective fly control methods with reduced reliance on chemical control need to be developed to reduce fly population. So a study was conducted on various aspects of dipteran fly annoyance in cattle to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of an innovative illuminated fly trap for the control of dipteran biting flies in dairy farms. The study comprised of a preliminary survey among 100 livestock farmers of Thrissur district selected randomly by using a structured interview schedule regarding the fly annoyance. The survey revealed that dung pits (74 per cent) and biogas plants (26 per cent) were the predominant waste management practices adopted by dairy farmers. Majority of respondents (54 per cent) disposed the animal waste at a distance of less than 10 m from the shed. The flies were prevalent in all the farms (100 per cent) followed by ticks (87 per cent). All the respondents practised chemical methods to control flies in their farms, while only 7 per cent of the respondents resorted to mechanical methods. Six per cent of the respondents used light and colour for trapping the flies as a mechanical method. The major constraints faced by dairy farmers with regard to use of fly traps were the unavailability of traps (94%) and complexity in preparing the traps (94%) followed by lack of knowledge about illuminative traps (93%) and unawareness about modern trapping methods (93%). In the present study illuminated fly traps were prepared by using red, blue and yellow coloured plastic pots containing white LED bulbs of 3 W, 5 W and 7 W with castor oil spread on the surface of the pots. Effectiveness of colour and intensity combination was tested in six farms selected randomly (with more than ten cows) of Thrissur district of Kerala in a 3X3 factorial design. Black pot without light acted as control. Detailed study was also conducted at University Livestock Farm (ULF&FRDS) of College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. Ten spots equidistant from each other were selected in the farm with one trap catering to three animals forming a treatment group. T5 (blue with 5 W; 405 - 411 lx) was found to be the most effective combination. The common dipteran flies of veterinary importance trapped belonged to the family Culicidae, Muscidae and Psychodidae. Besides this, small insects belonging to order Hymenoptera, Lipidoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera were also identified. All the seven fly avoidance behaviours were significantly higher in control group when compared with treatment group and it was significantly so at 1 PM. Fly activity was predominantly higher during 6 PM - 10 PM. Expenditure for installing the traps in a cattle farm having ten cattle, was estimated to be only Rs. 1990 per year. Hence light traps can cost effectively replace the use of insecticide to a great extent. Illuminated fly trap is cheap, ecofriendly and effective method against small biting flies causing annoyance in cattle of tropical humid zone
Open Access
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT MILK REPLACERS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF MALABARI KIDS
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2018-12-30) N. SASIKALA; Sabin George
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding different milk replacers in Malabari kids on their growth performance for the period of two months. Twenty four healthy Malabari kids of four days of age were selected and divided into four groups of six each, as uniformly as possible with regard to age and body weight and were allotted randomly to different experimental rations. Experimental rations were T1 (control, dam’s milk), T2 (Milk replacer based on whey powder), T3 (Milk replacer based on groundnut oilcake) and T4 (Milk replacer based on coconut oilcake). Dam’s milk and milk replacers were fed to kids at the rate of 1/6th and 1/8th of the body weight during first month and second month respectively. Kid starter and fresh green grass were offered to the kids from 15th day onwards to all the experimental kids throughout the experimental period. Data on body weight gain, body measurements, daily dry matter intake, feed conversion efficiency, haematological and serum biochemical parameters such as haemoglobin, plasma total protein, serum glucose, urea nitrogen, serum calcium and phosphorus, faecal consistency score, incidence of diseases and techno economics of production were employed for evaluation of different treatments. Average daily gain and total weight gain were 63 g and 3.98 kg, 62 g and 3.91 kg, 49 g and 3.07 kg and 47 g and 2.96 kg, respectively for kids fed T1, T2, T3 and T4. Average daily gain and total weight gain were significantly higher in T1 and T2 compared to the kid fed T3 and T4. Over all mean of body length at two months ranged from 37.75 to 39.92 cm. Mean heart girth ranged from 35.50 to 36.33 cm. Mean height at withers ranged from 36.83 to 39.92 cm. Body measurements showed no significant difference between the treatments. Total dry matter intake of kids was 6.93, 5.23, 4.80 and 4.88 kg, respectively for T1, T2, T3 and T4. Total dry matter intake was significantly higher in T1 than T2, T3 and T4. Feed conversion efficiency for kids fed T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 1.73, 1.34, 1.56 and 1.65, respectively. The haematological and serum biochemical parameters such as haemoglobin, plasma total protein, serum calcium, phosphorus, glucose, blood urea nitrogen did not show any significant difference between the treatments and the values were within the normal range reported for the species. Faecal consistency score was comparatively higher in the first fortnight than the following fortnights and the values were similar between the treatments. Out of the total cases of diarrhea, incidence was more in kids fed T4 (30 per cent). Respiratory illness was noticed higher in kids fed T3 and T4 than T1 and T2. Majority of the cases of bloat was noticed in T4 group. The feed cost per kg body weight gain for the kids fed T1, T2, T3 and T4 were Rs. 580.02, 139.60, 176.94, 179.78, respectively. Feed cost / kg gain was significantly lower in kids fed with T2 followed by T3, T4 and T1 groups. From the results obtained on the present study it could be inferred that kids in T2 had similar growth performance as that of control (T1) group. Feed cost per kg gain in T2, T3 and T4 was better than T1. Therefore it could be concluded that milk replacer based on whey powder can be given to the kids as an alternative to milk without compromising the growth performance.
Open Access
Development of protocol for management of hoof problems in crossbred cattle
(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2018-09-03) POOJA U; Anil K.S
The present study was conducted to identify predisposing factors of hoof problems in crossbred dairy cattle and to develop a protocol for the management of hoof problems in crossbred cattle of Kerala. A total of 45 private farms in Thrissur and Palakkad districts and 2 farms under KVASU were taken for the study. The study covered small scale farms(1-2 animal), medium scale farms(3-10 animals) and large scale farms(>10animals) of both districts and two organized farms viz, University livestock farm, Mannuthy, and Cattle breeding farm, Thumburmuzhy. Hoof problems were identified using In stall lameness indicators and severity was assessed using locomotion score and body condition score of the animal. The large scale farms had maximum incidence (41.2 per cent) followed by medium (26.7 per cent) and small scale farms (20.0 per cent). The incidence in organized farms was thirteen per cent. The incidence of hoof problem was more in large-medium land holdings (56.3 per cent) farms where as in marginal-small farms incidence was less (10.3 per cent). The incidence of hoof problem in crossbred HF and crossbred Jersey were 31.7 per cent and 16.7 per cent respectively. The effect of age and body weight of the animal was found to be significant (p0.05). The animal reared on concrete floor had more incidence of hoof problems (46.4 per cent) compared to stone pavement which was (20 per cent). In slippery/pitted floor hoof disorders for cattle was 36.8 per (p<0.05). The incidence of hoof problem was more with asbestos as roof material (59.1 per cen). As frequency of animal bathing increases the incidence of hoof problem was found more (46.7 per cent). The average lactation yield per day was less than five litres in all animals with hoof problem and also in early stage of lactation hoof problem was found more. The animal with parity two (61.5%) is found to have more incidence hoof disorders compared to one and three. The 75 percent of animal having hoof problems was also suffering from anestrum (p<0.05). The incidence of hoof problem was only 13.6 per cent in farms with provision of foot bath whereas it was 44 per cent in farms without footbath although. The occurrence of hoof problem was more in rainy season (70.2 per cent) than in summer and post monsoon. In 2.3 per cent of farms culling was done due to hoof problems. The incidence of hoof problem was 20.7 per cent in farms where hoof trimming was carried out and 44.4 per cent incidence in farms without hoof trimmi. The average locomotion score in private farms was 4.31±0.96 whereas in organized farms it was 3.97±0.133. The average body condition score was 1.82±0.099 for private farms and for organized farms was 2.38±0.140 (p<0.05) . From this study it can be concluded that hoof disorders are a serious problem in crossbred cattle under field conditions and all efforts are needed to control by providing adequate inputs.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT METHODS IN DAIRY FARM
(Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Mannuthy, Thrissur, 2018-09-30) JONATHAN JAMES MOONNUMACKAL; A. Kannan
A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different effluent treatment methods in dairy farm and to analyze cost effectiveness of effluent treatments. An initial survey was conducted among hundred farms of Thrissur district using a well structured questionnaire and data was collected regarding the farming system and their effluent management. The farms were categorised into small, medium and large. Six farms from each category were selected randomlyfor effluent collection in two different season namely summer and monsoon. Effluent was collected in the morning at 8am and evening at 5pm and pooled together. Representative sample (15 litres) of pooled effluent was taken from each farm and was subjected for different treatment protocols. After the end of each treatment water quality parameters were analysed. From the data of survey, it was found that there was a positive correlation between number of animals (96 per cent) and total water used (98 per cent) with effluent output. Effluent subjected with different treatment protocols (C- control, T1- Screening, T2- sedimentation, T3- Filtration and T4- chlorination). After the end of each treatment, the water were subjected to evaluation of quality parameters like colour, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, turbidity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Coliform count (TCC) and E. coli count. Data were compared with Indian Standards for reuse in dairy farm.The colour (Hazen) of water indicated that control (958.50 ± 4.18) was significantly higher than the rest of treatments. There was no significant difference between colour value of water from T3 (266.80 ± 5.8) and T4 (249.13 ± 8.66). T3 (filtered water) and T4 (chlorinated water) were lesser due to the respective treatments. The TDS (mg/L)of water from treatments T3 (1404.47 ± 31.68), T2 (2358.63 ± 34.52), T4 (2408.05 ±48.23) and T1 (3354.55 ± 29.65) with increasing trend were significantly lower than that of control (5161.22 ± 28.94). T2 (2358.63 ± 34.52) and T4 (2408.05 ± 48.23) were not significantly different from each other and T4 was significantly higher than that of T3. The pH of water from control (8.20 ± 0.07)and T1 (8.19 ± 0.05), T3 (7.40 ± 0.05)and T4 (7.26 ± 0.06)were significantly not different from each other where T2 (6.98 ± 0.10)was significantly different from all other treatments. The turbidity (NTU) of water from control (718.80 ± 6.86)and T1 (669.36 ± 10.16), T2 (76.38 ± 2.02)and T3 (42.26 ± 1.53) were significantly different from each other where T3 (42.26 ± 1.53) and T4 (38.00 ± 1.74)were not significantly different from each other. The BOD 5 (mg/L) of water from control (154.30 ± 1.31), T1 (131.75 ± 1.31), T2 (77.16 ± 1.31), T3 (52.41 ± 1.31) and T4 (41.44 ± 1.31) were significantly different from each other. The COD (mg/L) of water from control (1447.83 ± 15.04), T1 (1222.08 ± 19.40), T2 (672.00 ± 6.62), T3 (426.80 ± 10.37) and T4 (316.50 ± 8.51) were significantly different from each other. The TCC (MPN/100 ml) of water for control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 22.25 ± 0.27, 21.44 ± 0.27, 12.93 ± 0.27, 11.12 ± 0.27 and < 1.80 ± 0.27respectively.Control and T1 were having highest and T4 was having least TCC. The E. coli count (MPN/100 ml) of water for control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 22.22 ± 0.27, 21.13 ± 0.27, 12.93 ± 0.27, 11.12 ± 0.27and <1.80 ± 0.27respectively.Control and T1 were having highest and T4 was having least E. coli count.Effect of effluent treatments between the farm size revealed that parameters like pH, turbidity, COD and BOD 5 showed significant difference between treatment and farms and parameters like colour, TDS, TCC and E. coli had no significant difference between treatment and farms. The pH value of water from small farm (8.40 ± 0.12) was not significantly different from medium farm (8.32 ± 0.12)but significantly different from large farm (7.94 ± 0.12) in the control group. The turbidity (NTU) of water was significant different between treatments and farms. There was no significant difference between T3 and T4 in small, medium and large farms. The COD (mg/L) of water in small, medium and large farms, control (small- 1401.08 ± 26.05, medium- 1378.05 ± 26.05 and large- 1564.16 ± 26.05)were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of T4, T3, T2 and T1. The BOD 5 (mg/L) was significant difference between treatments and farms. In small, medium and large farms, control was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of T4, T3, T2 and T1.`Effect of effluent treatment between the seasons revealed that for all the water quality parameters like colour, TDS, pH, turbidity, COD, BOD5, TCC and E. coli count had no significant difference between treatment and seasons. The water quality parameters colour, TDS, pH, turbidity, Total Coliform Count and E. coli count were within the limits of Indian standards IS 10500. COD and BOD 5 were slightly higher than the limits of the Indian standards (IS 10500), so this water must be treated for reuse. The overall results in the study indicated that T4 having better efficacy compared to all other treatments. The results of the study indicated that the wastewater generated in the dairy farm can be effectively treated using the four stage treatment (C- control, T1- Screening, T2- sedimentation, T3- Filtration and T4- chlorination) in this study and the reclaimed water can be reused in the dairy farms for cleaning the shed, toconserve water and to reduce the water body contamination. The cost of the fourth treatment is comparatively higher however effectiveness of effluent treatment indicated that T4 is better in comparison with other treatments.

Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

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