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Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

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2020 - 202321
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Subject: Animal Nutrition × Start date: 2020 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DIETARY INCLUSION OF INDUKANTHAM KASHAYAM RESIDUES ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS OF BROILER RABBITS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-03-13) RESHMA R. CHANDRAN; Dr. Shyama K.
    A study was carried out for a period of four months using eighteen weaned New Zealand White broiler rabbits of four to six weeks age to find out the effect of dietary inclusion of Indukantham kashayam residues on growth performance and carcass characteristics. The rabbits were divided into three groups of six animals each. The animals were randomly alloted to three dietary treatments, T1 (control diet as per ICAR, 2013), T2 (Diet containing 5 per cent Indukantham kashayam residues) and T3 (Diet containing10 per cent Indukantham kashayam residues). The data on weekly body weight, average daily dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed conversion efficiency, serum biochemical parameters (total protein, serum cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine), carcass characteristics (slaughter weight, meat yield, weight of internal organs (as per cent of live weight) and chemical composition of meat were used for evaluation of the work. The cost of production per kg body weight gain was also calculated. The results of the study indicate that all animals maintained on the three dietary treatments were similar (p>0.05) in weekly body weight, average daily gain (17.52 ± 0.37, 18.62 ± 0.75 and 17.88 ± 0.89 g for T1, T2 and T3 respectively), average daily DM intake and feed conversion efficiency (4.63 ± 0.11, 4.18 ± 0.23 and 4.46 ± 0.18 for T1, T2 and T3 respectively). Digestibility of nutrients was similar between treatment groups. Serum biochemical parameters were within the normal range and similar between rabbits belonging to three groups. Carcass traits and feed cost per kg body weight gain were also similar between rabbits maintained on three dietary treatments. From the overall findings, it can be inferred that up to 10 per cent Indukantham kashayam residues can be included in broiler rabbit diets.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN SOURCES IN CROSSBRED CALVES
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-01-28) ABHIJITH M; Dr. Sajith Purushothaman
    A study was conducted for a period of 90 days for the evaluation of effect of milk replacers containing soy protein isolate and wheat protein isolate in pre￾ruminant crossbred calves on growth and performance. Eighteen crossbred calves of four-day-old were selected from University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research and Development Scheme (ULF & FRDS), Mannuthy. The dietary treatments were T1 (Control) fed with whole milk, T2- fed with soy protein isolate based milk replacer (CP-22 per cent) and milk in the ratio 3:1, and T3- fed with wheat protein isolate based milk replacer (CP-22 per cent) and milk in the ratio 3:1. To all the experimental animals, calf starter (CP-23 per cent) and green grass were offered and were fed according to ICAR (2013). The average initial and final body weights and total weight gain and weresimilar across the treatments and no significant difference was observed through statistical analysis. Average daily gain of calves in three experimental rations T1, T2 and T3 were 328.37 ± 9.51, 325.03 ± 11.39 and 330.56 ± 8.34 g respectively, and no significant difference were observed among the treatment.The fortnightly average daily DMI of the experimental calves ranged from 386.33 ± 20.84 to 911.02 ± 32.42 g for T1, 370.42 ± 15.30 to 1139.82 ± 21.40 gfor T2 and 375.86 ± 19.68 to 1150.50 ± 48.28 g for T3. On statistical analysis no significant difference was observed except in the fifth and sixth fortnights, in which a significantly lower (p<0.01) average daily dry matter intake was observed in T1 compared with T2 and T3. The average feed conversion ratio of the calves under the three experimental diets were 2.10 ± 0.37, 2.49 ± 0.19, and 2.46 ± 0.13 respectively, for T1, T2 and T3, and no significant difference was observed. The digestibility coefficient values of nutrients were similar across the treatments except for ADF, in which T3 (56.38 ± 2.09) was found to be significantly higher (p<0.01) from T1 (51.80 ± 1.28) and T2 (48.72 ± 0.92).Hematobiochemical parameters were similar across the treatments and no difference could be observed. Cost per kilogram of body weight in calves were obtained as 445.79 ± 20.98, 320.08 ± 8.27 and 315.61 ± 13.07 Rs. /Kg respectively, for T1, T2 and T3 and on statistical analysis it was observed that T1 differed significantly at one per cent level with T2 and T3. Evaluation of the data revealed that the calves maintained on milk replacerobtained similar growth performance, digestibility coefficient values andhaematological values in comparison to whole milk fed calves at a lower cost.Hence it was concluded that milk replacers containing alternative protein sourceslike soy protein isolate and wheat protein isolate can be successfully used foreconomical calf rearing than the whole milk feeding
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF FEEDING PRACTICES OF WILD UNGULATES AT ZOOLOGICAL PARK IN THRISSUR DISTRICT
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-01-23) FEBINA K. P; Dr. Ajith K S.
    A study was undertaken to develop a simple method for nutritive evaluation of feeds and fodder given to wild ungulates. Initially a data on type of feed and fodder given wild ungulates like sambar deer, hog deer, black buck and spotted deer kept at State museum and zoo, Thrissur was collected. The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) yield of wild ungulates were assessed by using their dung as inoculum source for in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) and compared it with faecal inoculum of control animal (cattle). The survey on the feed and fodder offered to wild ungulates revealed that green gram, bengal gram, cotton seed and cattle pellet feed were the major concentrate source and green grass and jack leaves were the major roughage sources offered to them. The IVOMD of feeds and fodders ranged from 33.22±0.19 to 66.54±0.25, 34.32±0.17 to 67.28±0.16, 37.78±0.30 to 65.25±0.71 and 32.14±0.09 to 66.16±0.34 per cent in sambar deer, hog deer, black buck and spotted deer, respectively. The metabolizable energy yield calculated by the gas production in control animal, sambar deer, black buck, spotted deer and hog deer ranged from 8.35 to 10.28 MJ/kg DM for green gram; 8.69 to 10.34 MJ/kg DM for bengal gram; 4.52 to 4.91 MJ/kg DM for cotton seed; 6.05 to 6.24 MJ/kg DM for pellet feed; 5.61 to 5.88 MJ/kg DM for green grass and 6.18 to 6.28 MJ/kg DM for jack leaves. Higher IVOMD and ME yield was obtained for green gram and bengal gram in all wild ungulates than control animal. Whereas, the sambar deer faecal inoculum showed higher IVOMD and ME for cotton seed substrates than control animal and spotted deer faecal inoculum but was lower than that of hog deer faecal inoculum. For green grass, control animal produced higher ME yield and IVOMD than black buck and sambar deer. Whereas the IVOMD and ME yield of jackfruit leaves were similar between species. On assessment of nutritional status of wild ungulates under study, it was revealed that the CP requirements of sambar deer, black buck and spotted deer were satisfied, while the TDN requirement of spotted deer and sambar deer has not been met. From the research study, it can be concluded that nutritional evaluation of wild ungulates can be predicted by IVGPT employing dung as substitute source of rumen fluid inoculum. The difference in in vitro fermentation parameters between different species may be due to the different faecal microbiota composition between the species.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF MALABARI KIDS FED COMPLETE DIETS CONTAINING SPENT CUMIN (Cuminum cyminum) SEEDS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-01-23) SALUR SRIHITHA; Dr. Dildeep V
    A feeding trial of 3 months was conducted to study the growth performance of Malabari kids fed complete diets containing spent cumin (Cuminum cyminum) seeds. Eighteen Malabari kids of three to four months of age were procured from University Goat and Sheep Farm, Mannuthy and divided into three groups and randomly allotted with three complete rations. T1 (Control)- Complete feed containing CP- 16 per cent, TDN- 60 per cent, T2- Complete feed incorporating 10 per cent spent cumin seeds and T3 – Complete feed incorporating 20 per cent spent cumin seeds. All the dietary treatments were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Average daily gain and total weight gain were 33.13 g and 2.78 kg, 40.67 g and 3.41 kg and 46.23 g and 3.88 kg, respectively for kids fed T1, T2 and T3 and the values were significantly higher in T3 compared to control but kids fed with T2 has similar growth rate as that of control and T3 group. Total dry matter intake of kids was 20.01, 21.65 and 24.75 kg, respectively for T1, T2 and T3 and they were similar. Feed conversion efficiency for kids fed T1, T2 and T3 was 7.23, 6.47 and 6.50, respectively and the values were similar. A digestibility trial of five days was conducted at the end of the feeding trial. Digestibility coefficient of nutrients in the experimental rations 68.17, 72.87 and 72.99 per cent for DM, 66.86, 74.12 and 73.88 per cent for CP, 56.99, 63.44 and 65.84 per cent for CF, 77.17, 77.84 and 81 per cent for EE, 75.78, 79.88 and 77.7 per cent for NFE, 49.29, 55.05 and 59.15 per cent for NDF and 36.94, 46.85 and 48.33 per cent for ADF for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. There was a significantly higher (p<0.05) DM and ADF digestibility in T2 and T3 compared with T1. Digestibility of CP and CF was significantly less (p<0.01) in T1 when compared to T2 and T3. There was no significant difference was observed among the groups in the digestibility of EE, NFE, OM and NDF studied. The haematological and serum biochemical parameters such as haemoglobin, serum total protein, calcium, phosphorus, Albumin, ALT, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine did not show any significant difference between the treatments and the values were within the normal range reported for the species. But the AST concentration was significantly higher in T3 compared to T1 and T2. However, the values were within the normal range reported for the species. The feed cost per kg body weight gain for the kids fed T1, T2 and T3 were Rs. 164.87, Rs. 136.09 and Rs.133.12, respectively and there was no difference in cost/kg gain between the groups. Critical evaluation of the results obtained in the present study revealed that kids fed with diet containing 20 per cent spent cumin seeds (T3) had significantly higher ADG and total body weight gain compared to control but kids fed with complete feed containing 10 per cent spent cumin seeds has similar growth rate as that of control and T3 group. Feed cost per kg gain for kids fed T3 was numerically better than control and similar to that T2 though not significant. Therefore, it could be concluded that spent cumin seeds at 20 per cent level can be included cost effectively in complete feed ration without compromising growth performance.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ASSESSMENT OF NANO ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION IN MALABARI KIDS FED ON COMPLETE RATION WITH DIFFERENT ENERGY LEVELS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-03-23) P SATISH REDDY; Dr. Deepa Ananth
    A feeding trial of 90 days was conducted to assess the effect of nano zinc supplementation to complete ration with different energy levels in Malabari kids. Fifteen Malabari kids of 4-5 months of age were procured from University Goat and Sheep Farm, Mannuthy and divided into three groups and randomly allotted with three complete rations. G1 (Control)- Complete feed containing CP- 14%, TDN- 70%, G2- Complete feed containing CP--14%, TDN- 65% with supplementation of 20 ppm nano zinc, G3 – Complete feed containing CP- 14%, TDN- 60% with supplementation of 20 ppm nano zinc. The body weight gain and daily dry matter intake did not differ significantly (p >0.05) between the three groups. The average daily weight gain of G1, G2 and G3 were recorded as 62.03±13.50 g, 69.62±7.62 g and 58.88±8.97g, respectively. Feed intake per body weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) lower in G2 (4.5±0.19) compared to G1 (4.96±0.14) and G3 (5.19±0.16). A metabolic trial of 5 days was conducted at the end of the feeding trial. The digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE and CF were not significantly (p>0.05) differed between the three treatments. The digestibility of acid detergent fiber percentage was significantly higher (p<0.05) in G3 (42.83±1.61) compared to G2 (39.03±3.99), G1 (31.80±3.08). The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber percentage was higher in nano zinc supplemented groups G2, G3 than control group G1, however the value did not differ significantly (p<0.05) between the three experimental groups. Nitrogen retention percentage was significantly higher (p<0.05) in group G2 (49.11±1.74), G3 (52.00±3.34) compared to G1 (42.047±1.98) group. The retention of calcium, phosphorous, copper and manganese were comparable between G1, G2 and G3. Per cent zinc retention and serum zinc levels were significantly (p<0.05) higher in nano zinc supplemented groups G3 (49.05±0.987, 1.736±0.31 ppm), G2 (50.72±1.31, 1.651±0.23 ppm) than a non-supplemented group G1 (39.39±1.16, 0.826±0.07 ppm). Based on the present results, it was inferred that supplementation of nano zinc improved ADF digestibility, increased zinc retention, serum zinc level and FCR. There were no differences in growth performance of kids fed on three different energy diets with supplementation of nano zinc.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE OF PRE-RUMINANT CROSSBRED CALVES MAINTAINED ON DIFFERENT FEEDING STRATEGIES
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-09-17) DHANYA SURESH; Dr. Ally K.
    An experiment was conducted for a period of 120 days to assess the performance of pre-ruminant crossbred calves maintained on different feeding strategies. Eighteen crossbred calves of four day old were selected and maintained under uniform conditions. The calves were divided into three groups using CRD. The dietary treatments were T1- (Calves were fed with milk at 1/10th of body weight during first six weeks, 1/15th during next two weeks, 1/20th during next four weeks. Calf starter with 22 – 24 per cent CP and 70 per TDN was offered as per standard feeding practices followed in the farm), T2 - (Calves were fed with milk at 15 per cent of body weight for first month. Then completely weaned at six weeks of age) and T3 - (Calves were fed with milk replacer (22 per cent CP) at 15 per cent of body weight for first month. Then weaned at six weeks of age. Calf starter with 20 per cent CP and 70 per cent TDN was fed in T2 and T3). Average daily gain of calves in three experimental rations T1, T2 and T3 were 287.68 ±16.16, 320.86 ±15.64 and 259.52 ± 13.34g and the respective body weight gain were 32.22, 35.94 and 29.06 kg. There was a higher (p < 0.05) ADG and body weight gain in T2 compared to T3. But there was no significant difference between T2 and T1 and also T3 and T1. The average daily DMI of calves at fortnightly intervals ranged from 0.41 to 1.9 kg for T1, 0.61 to 2.38 kg for T2 and 0.57 to 1.89 kg for T3 and the values did not differ between the various groups except for the fourth and fifth fortnight. The mean feed conversion ratio (kg feed per kg gain) of experimental calves of T1, T2 and T3 were 3.46 ± 0.09, 3.11 ± 0.23 and 3.41± 0.19 respectively and the values were statistically similar (p > 0.05). There was significant improvement (p < 0.05) in digestibility of DM, EE, NFE and ADF in T1 compared to T2 and T3. The blood haemoglobin and serum biochemical parameters such as protein, calcium and phosphorus were similar. But calves fed with T2 and T3 recorded a lesser serum glucose at sixth week compared to T1 (p < 0.05). Average feed cost per kg weight gain per calf belonging to dietary treatments T1, T2 and T3 for a period of four month were Rs. 411.83±13.34, 284.54±12.75 and 279.65±18.41 respectively. Evaluation of the results obtained in the present study revealed that calves fed with milk at the rate of 15 per cent of body weight can be weaned at sixth week of age without any significant difference in dry matter intake, average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency compared to normal weaning. Milk replacer can be used as partial replacement for milk from first week onwards. From this study it was inferred that there should be an adaptation period for milk replacer in new born calves.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF BANANA INFLORESCENCE WITH PROBIOTIC ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN BROILER CHICKS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-03-10) AMBILI K; Dr. Deepa Ananth
    One ninety two Vencobb 430Y day-old broiler chicks were divided into six treatment groups (G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6) with four replicates were reared under experimental condition and fed with a corn-soya based broiler basal diet (G1) and supplemented with probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus, one billion cfu/g( LA) (G2), dried banana inflorescence at 0.5% (DBI) (G3), steam treated (SBI)banana inflorescence at 0.5% (G4), LA+DBI (G5) or LA+SBI (G6) for 42 days to study the growth performance, feed intake, nutrient utilization, fecal bacterial count, carcass characteristics, intestinal histo-morphometry and techno-economics. The cumulative weight gain observed at the end of six weeks were 1495.66 ± 48.86, 1333.85 ± 69.05, 1531.77 ± 83.75, 1631.25 ± 54.97, 1380.25 ± 73.01and 1434.59 ± 93.04 grams respectively in G1 to G6 groups and the values did not vary significantly. The cumulative feed intake in groups G1 to G6 were 3845.91 ± 51.09, 3715.68 ± 25.28, 3732.37 ± 48.03, 3614.41 ± 52.67, 3652.47 ± 15.68 and 3651.2 ± 13.03 grams and varied significantly (P < 0.01) and the highest was in G1. The cumulative FCR recorded in G1 to G6 groups were 2.54 ± 0.11, 2.79 ± 0.16, 2.40 ± 0.21, 2.22 ± 0.07, 2.67 ± 0.15 and 2.60 ± 0.19 respectively showed no variation between groups. Fresh excreta samples were collected from three birds per group on 7th 28thand 42nd day were examined for E coli count and lactobacilli counts. The Lactobacillus count varied significantly (P < 0.01) between treatments and increased in G6 (9.29 ± 0.02), G5 (8.86 ± 0.13), G4 (8.82 ± 0.06), G3 (8.62 ± 0.09) and G1 (8.55 ± 0.28) and G2 (8.26 ± 0.14) on day 28 and G4 (9.65 ± 0.08), G6 (9.48 ± 0.08), G3 (9.31 ± 0.14), G5 (9.11 ± 0.06), G2 (9.06 ± 0.07) and G1 (9.03 ± 0.05) on day 42. The E. coli count showed significantly (P < 0.01) high value in G4 (9.65 ± 0.05) than other groups. A three day metabolism trial was conducted in two birds from each replicate showed dry matter digestibility was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in G4 (77.51 ± 0.73), G5 (77.36 ± 0.79), G6 (76.21 ± 0.45), G3 (77.06 ± 0.69) than G1 (74.88 ± 0.46) and G2 (75.1 ± 0.61). The crude protein digestibility was similar between treatments. The ether digestibility significantly (P< 0.01) between 92.41 ± 0.46 (G4), 90.16 ± 0.53 (G2), 90.64 ± 36 (G3) than 81.86 ± 0.25(G1), 78.37 ± 0.99 (G5), 79.22 ± 0.6 (G6). The crude fibre digestibility were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in G2 (45.59 ± 1.25), G1(44.74 ± 1.07) and G6 (40.72 ± 1.14) against G3 (30.98 ± 2.21), G4(34.33 ± 1.99) and G5(31.61 ± 3.36). The carbohydrate digestibility was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in G5 (81.44 ± 0.67) than G3 (80.26 ± 0.59), G6 (79.12 ± 0.34), G4 (78.27 ± 0.75), G2 (76.41 ± 0.57) and the control G1 (76.46 ± 0.49).The organic matter digestibility was significantly (P< 0.01) higher in G5 (80.03 ± 0.7) than G4(79.53 ± 0.66), G3 (79.46 ± 0.61), G6 (78.87 ± 0.39), G2 (77.52 ± 0.55) and G1 (76.93 ± 0.43).Two birds from each replicate were subjected for the study of carcass traits and one bird from each replicate was subjected for gut pH and histomorphometry. The carcass weight differed significantly (P < 0.01) between the groups and the highest dressing weight wasrecorded in G4 (1228.94± 36.5) and G3 (1189.77 ± 5.61) followed by G1 (1079.80 ± 11.6) G6 (1039 ± 15.72), G5 (1025± 17.45), and G2 (1007.52 ± 10.97 and percent carcass yield were G4 (71.81± 0.18) G3 (71.7± 0.15), G6(71.26 ± 0.14), G5 (71.08 ± 0.18), G2 (70.92 ± 0.25) and G1 (70.42 ± 0.18) respectively. The percent thigh weight and Giblet were G5 (14.66 ± 0.21, 8.04 ± 0.3), G6 (14.54 ± 0.24, 8.22 ± 0.21), G2 (13.96 ± 0.33, 7.8 ± 0.18), G1 (13.08 ± 0.35, 7.63 ± 0.17), G3 (12.8 ± 0.19, 6.92 ± 0.26) and G4 (12.66 ± 0.35, 6.36 ± 0.26) respectively and differed significantly (P<0.01). The percent breast weight among groups did not vary significantly. The weight of intestine varied significantly (P < 0.01) in G3 (178.75 ± 8.36), G6 (177.63 ± 4.45), G4 (175 ± 7.84), G5 (173.13 ± 4.83) than G2 (158.63 ± 5.01) and G1(141.88 ± 6.37). The histo morphometric studies showed significant difference(P<0.01) between treatments in the villus height and crypt depth of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum, the highest was in G4. The pH of ileum and caecum were similar between the treatment groups. The profit per kg live weight of bird was highest in G4 (Rs. 8.41) than G3 (Rs. -1.22), G1 (Rs. -3.63), G6 (Rs. -10.30), G5 (Rs. -14.71) and G2 (Rs. -16.59) respectively.The dietary supplementation of steam treated banana inflorescence showed, increase in histo-morphometric measurements of gut, improved the digestibility of nutrients, improved the carcass weight and yield, weight, giblet weight, thigh and breast muscle weight over the control and lactobacillus supplemented groups and the combinations. Therefore, from the study it can be concluded that the dried and steam treated banana inflorescence can be used profitably as a feed additive in broiler ration.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF EXOGENOUS FIBROLYTIC ENZYMES IN EARLY LACTATING CROSSBRED DAIRY COWS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES , MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-01-02) NIMMY MICHAEL; Dr. George Sherin K
    A study was conducted to examine the effect of supplementation of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) carboxymethylcellulase (CMC) and xylanase (Xy) in early lactating crossbred dairy cows fed on total mixed ration (TMR). Fifteen cows within ten days of calving were selected from University Livestock Farm and Fodder Research and Development Scheme, Mannuthy and were divided into three groups according to completely randomized design. The animals were fed with isonitrogenous TMR (3.5 per cent of body weight) for a period of 90 days and the dietary treatments were; T1 - the control diet (60 per cent TDN, 13 per cent CP), T2 - control diet supplemented with EFE (CMC 3500 units/kg and Xy 16000 units/kg), and T3 - diet lower in TDN (55 per cent TDN, 13 per cent CP) supplemented with EFE (CMC 3500 units/kg and Xy 16000 units/kg). A digestibility trial of five days duration was carried out at the end of feeding trial. Average daily dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients (dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, nitrogen free extract, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre), milk yield and body weight of animals remained similar (p>0.05) in all the groups. Milk composition remained similar, except for milk urea nitrogen which was lower (p<0.01) in enzyme supplemented groups. Digestibility trial revealed that TDN content (per cent) of the ration fed to the groups T1 and T3 were similar (p>0.05) and the value observed for T2 was higher (p<0.05) when compared to that of T3 and was similar (p>0.05) to that of T1. The serum biochemical parameters such as glucose, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, calcium and albumin remained unaffected with the treatment. Rumen fermentation parameters such as rumen pH and the concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen and acetate were similar among the groups however, total volatile fatty acid concentration was lower (p<0.05) in T3 than T1. EFE supplemented groups (T2 and T3) had lower feed cost per kg milk produced and the values in dietary treatments T1, T2 and T3 were Rs. 20.94, 20.45 and 18.49, respectively. On summarizing the overall results, it could be inferred that EFE supplementation in cows during early lactation improved the TDN content of ration and reduced the feed cost. Hence it appears more beneficial in paddy straw based total mixed ration formulated with low TDN, since the dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients and milk yield in cows fed with TMR having low TDN supplemented with EFE had comparable values with those offered with TMR having higher TDN.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DIETARY INCORPORATION OF SARASWATHA GRITHAM RESIDUE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF MALABARI KIDS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCS, POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-01-09) GUDIDODDI SESHIDHAR REDDY; Dr. Biju Chacko
    A study was conducted to assess the effect of dietary incorporation of Saraswatha gritham residue on growth performance, nutrient utilisation and techno economics of production in Malabari kids. A feeding trial of 90 days duration was conducted in fifteen Malabari kids, divided into three groups of five each, as uniformly as possible with regard to body weight, sex, age, randomly allotted to three groups and fed on isonitrogenous and isocaloric rations, T1, T2 and T3, without and with 10 and 20 per cent Saraswatha gritham residue, respectively. All the experimental animals were fed as per the ICAR feeding standards (ICAR, 2013). The average daily gain and total average body weight gain of kids were 41.02, 43.67, 36.91 g per day and 3.69, 3.93, 3.32 kg, respectively in groups T1, T2 and T3 and were similar (P>0.05). The average daily dry matter intake was 0.28, 0.27 and 0.25 kg per day, for kids in groups, T1, T2 and T3, respectively and the values were similar (P>0.05). The average values of feed conversion efficiency (FCE) of experimental kids fed on rations T1, T2 and T3, were 6.82, 6.27 and 7.40, respectively and statistical analysis of the data showed that the FCE was similar (P>0.05). A detailed scrutiny of the results of digestibility coefficients of nutrients obtained in the present experiment revealed that T2 had a significantly higher digestibility coefficient of all parameters than T3; while all parameters except DM and ADF were significantly higher for T2 than T1; with the DM and ADF digestibility of T1, being the highest, followed by T2 and T3, in descending order. The above results of digestibility indicate that kids of T2 digested protein, fibre, soluble carbohydrates, fat and hemicellulose better than both T1 and T3. Haemato- biochemical parameters were within the normal range for kids and similar among the three groups except for the concentration of total cholesterol at the end of the experiment, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T3 than T1 and T2, with T1 and T2 being similar (P>0.05). The per kg feed cost was lowest in T3 (Rs.33), followed by T2 (Rs. 37) and T1 (Rs.43), in descending order, with T3 and T2, the Saraswatha gritham residue incorporated rations, costing less by 30.30 and 16.22 per cent, respectively, than T1, the control ration. The feed cost per kg body weight gain was Rs. 244.50, 202.38 and 214.04 for kids in groups, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The feed cost per kg gain in groups with 10 and 20 per cent level of incorporation of residue was lower by Rs. 42.12 and Rs. 30.46, i.e., 19.68 and 14.23 per cent, respectively, than T1, the control. Even though, T3, costed four rupees per kg (12.12 per cent) less than T2, the cost per kg gain was Rs. 11.66 (5.76 per cent) less in T2 than T3, indicating that T2, was the most effective ration. An overall critical evaluation of the results of the present study indicate that Saraswatha gritham residue can be safely incorporated in kid starter up to 20 per cent without affecting the growth performance of kids and better results can be achieved at 10 per cent level of incorporation, as evinced by the higher final body weight, higher average daily gain, better FCE, significantly higher digestibility coefficients of all nutrients and lower cost per kg gain at that level of inclusion. This will help in preparation of cost effective kid starters instead of those made from costly conventional ingredients, thereby reducing the feed cost and ensuring better returns to the farmers.