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Central Agricultural University, College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Umiam
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of sowing time on summer pulse(s) in lowland rice fallows(College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University , Imphal, 2018-03) Mayanglambam, Bishonath Singh; A. K. SinghPulses are the second important group of crops after cereals, providing high dietary protein (20 to 25 %). In NER of India, farmers mostly go for monocropping of rainfed rice. Due to various reasons such as cultivation of long-duration rice varieties, water logging and excessive moisture, non-availability of seeds of short duration varieties of Rabi crops, more than 5 lakh ha of such low lying area remain as rice fallows after harvest of rice during Rabi season. Such fallow land can be brought under cultivation, with short duration varieties of summer pulses. To identify suitable summer pulse(s) for low landrice fallow and to determine their optimum sowing date, the current study was undertaken. Higher grain yield of all the summer pulses was obtained when sowing was done on 4th March and it got reduced with either early (19th and 26th February) or late sowing (11th March). Lower grain yield of cowpea was recorded when sown on 26thFebruary over all other dates of sowing (19th February, 4th March and 11th March) while, in frenchbean lower grain yield was recorded when sown on 11th March. Both blackgram and greengram recorded lower grain yield when sown on 19th February. The comparative performance of summer pulses was assessed in term of rice equivalent yield, protein yield,benefit cost ratio (B:C) and changes in soil fertility status after crop harvest. French bean gave higher rice equivalent yield over all summer pulses in all sowing dates, except on 11thMarch where cowpea while, being at par with frenchbean recorded higher rice equivalent yield. Among summer pulses greengram recorded lower rice equivalent yield at all date of sowing. Sowing on 4th March gave higher rice equivalent yield in all summer pulses; minimum rice equivalent yield was recorded when sowing was done on 11th March. Similarly higher protein yield and B:C was recorded when summer pulses were sown on 4th March. Minimum protein yield was recorded from 19th February sowing while, lower B: C ratio was recorded from both 19th February and 11th March sowing. Among summer pulses cowpea gave maximum protein yield over all the summer pulses in all date of sowing, except on 26th February where frenchbean while, being at par with cowpea gave higher protein yield. Greengram recorded minimum protein yield in all dates of sowing. Benefit cost ratio of all summer pulses was found to be higher when sowing was done on 4thMarch while, lower B: C was recorded from both 19th February and 11th March sowing dates. Maximum benefit cost ratio was recorded from cowpea in all dates of sowing, except on 26th March where frenchbean gave higher benefit cost ratio. Cowpea also left higher residual soil available N, P and K as compared to other summer pulses. Hence it can be concluded that cowpea perform better over other pulses followed by frenchbean and their optimum sowing date is 4th March.ThesisItem Open Access Response of lowland rice cultivars to nitrogen application-A modelling approach(College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University , Imphal, 2017-08) Kant, Kamal; Bora, Pradip K.A field experiment was conducted the Research Farm of College of Post-Graduate Studies, Umiam, Meghalaya during kharif season of 2016 following Factorial Randomised Block Design with three replications. The soil of the experimental site was sandy clay loam soil in texture having pH 4.82 and organic carbon 3.28%. The available N, P and K was 359.9, 17.6 and 196.4 kg ha-1, respectively. Three rice cultivars (CAU-R1, Shahsarang1 and Lumpnah1) were grown with four nitrogen levels (60, 80, 100 and 120 kgN ha-1) for the study. Data generated in the study were used for calculation of genetic coefficients and calibration of DSSAT CERES-Rice model. Shahsarang1 recorded significantly higher plant height over the CAU-R1and at par with Lumpnah1. A significant difference was observed in tillers per hill at 60, 90DAT and at harvest. Shahsarang1 was significantly superior over Lumpnah1 and at par with CAU-R1 at 90 DAT and at harvest. The dry weight of biomass in Shahsarang1 showed significant superiority at 90 DAT and at harvest over other two varieties. At 30 DAT Shahsarang1 showed significant difference between CAU-R1 and at par with Lumpnah1.Leaf area and leaf area index showed significant superiority of Shahsarang1 over CAU-R1at all the stages of observation and at par with Lumpnah1 at 90 DAT. Shahsarang1recorded highest panicle length over Lumpnah1 and at par with CAU-R1. Test weight was maximum in CAU-R1 which was significantly higher over Shahsarang1 and at par withLumpnah1. Highest grain yield and above-ground-biomass yield were obtained from Shahsarang1 which was significantly superior over Lumpnah1 and CAU-R1, Grain yield of CAU-R1 was at par with Shahsarang1. Total N and K uptake in grain, straw were maximumin Shahsarang1 following by CAU-R1 and Lumpnah1. Production of tillers per hill varied significantly due to nitrogen levels at 60 DAT and at harvest. Successive increase in nitrogen level produced significantly more number of tillers and leaf area. At 30 DAT and 60 DAT, 120 kg N ha-1 showed significantlyhigher leaf area over the 60 and 80 kg N ha-1 and at par with 100 kg N ha-1. However, most of the growth parameters had not shown statistically significant difference but increased with each level of nitrogen resulting increase in plant height, tillers hill-1, leaf area, leaf area index and dry matter production, CGR, RGR and higher values were recorded at 120 kg N ha-1 compared to 60 kg N ha-1. Number of filled grain panicle-1 was highest at 120 kg N ha-1which was significantly superior over 60 kg N ha-1. However, Nitrogen level 120 kg ha-1 at par with 100 and 80 kg N ha-1. Nitrogen levels significantly affected the potassium uptake by grain and total potassium uptake. Nitrogen levels of 120 kg ha-1 recorded significantly more potassium uptake in grain which was at par with 100 kg N ha-1 but significantly superior over 80 kg ha-1 and 60 N kg ha-1. Due to nitrogen levels soil organic carbon showed the significant difference. Highest soil organic carbon was obtained from the nitrogen level at 80 kg ha-1 which was superior over the N level of 120 kg ha-1 and at par with 100 and 60 kg N ha-1. Genetic coefficients were calculated from the field experiment data and used for the calibration of the CERES-Rice model. Predicted grain yield and above ground biomass yield was well agreed with observed yield, but anthesis day and maturity day were underestimated by the model for CAU-R1 and Lumpnah1. For Shahsarang1, all the parameters, viz. predicted anthesis day, maturity day, grain yield and above ground biomass yield were much close to the observed yield.ThesisItem Open Access A study on entrepreneurial behaviour of tribal farmers in adoption of improved pig farming practices in Dhalai district of Tripura(College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University , Imphal, 2018-08) Debnath, Biswajit; Singha, A. K.Entrepreneurship has now been recognized as a concept not only vital for industries but also in the development of agriculture. Development of entrepreneurship is directly related to the socio-economic development of the society. Pig farming has been recognized as one of the profitable ventures among the rural masses in Tripura, particularly among tribal farmers. It plays a significant role in ensuring livelihood security to the millions of tribal small & marginal farmers, landless labourers and rural folk. This is one of the most profitable entrepreneurial avenues among different livestock farming and gaining momentum under rural backyard condition. Piggery is an important activity that provides opportunity as an income generating activity for small scale farmers, especially in developing countries like India. With the increase demand for meat, fast-growing species like pigs with efficient feed conversion rates likely to solve the meat requirement. The present study was conducted on entrepreneurial behaviour of tribal farmers in adoption of improved pig farming practices in Dhalai district of Tripura during 2017-18. Based on the objectives of the study, Ex-post facto research design was followed. In Dhalai district, two blocks namely Ambassa and Salema were purposively selected and from each of the selected block, three villages were selected purposively based on highest population of tribals in the villages. A total 120 farmers were selected by proportionate random sampling. Data were collected by personal interview method using structured interview schedule and collected data were analyzed by using appropriate statistical tools. The socio-economic profile of the respondents revealed that more number of pig farmers belonged to middle age group. And out of total respondents more number of respondents had up to primary school education (38.30%), medium family size (73.34%), medium level of experience in farming (54.16%), medium economic motivation (50.84%), medium mass media exposure (48.34%), medium extension contact (43.34%) and medium annual income (46.67%). The entrepreneurial behaviour of the respondents revealed that more number of respondents have medium innovativeness, medium achievement motivation, medium decision making ability, low planning ability, medium risk orientation, medium level of co-ordinating ability, medium cosmopoliteness, medium self confidence, medium level of information seeking behaviour. The pig farmers faced multiple constraints in pig farming. The major constraints were high cost of concentrate feed, non-availability of vaccines / medicines / timely health care in the area of study, mortality due to frequent disease outbreak, lack of scientific knowledge and skills in modern piggery / livestock practices, limited awareness and lack of government supports, traditional system of rearing of pigs among the tribal farmers, less availability of good quality piglets, lack of credit facilities to support entrepreneurial venture in piggery, lack of transportation and communication facilities as well as processing units in the district and poor economic condition of tribal farmers to incur initial investment for scientific rearing of pigs.ThesisItem Open Access Ascertaining m4agriNEI farmers' innovations on climate-smart agriculture : a case study(College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University , Imphal, 2018-08) Salam Prabin Singh; Rajkumar Josmee SinghClimate change has adversely impacted agriculture in way of variabilities in rainfall, temperature, dry & cold spells, sunshine hours, emergence of new pathogens and diseases to crops & animals. With this sensitiveness and vulgarised problems of the climate change, innovation to its adaption in terms of farmers’ innovations towards Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices become inevitable for the subsistence of small and marginal farmers. CSA is an agricultural approach that sustainably increases productivity, adaptation and reduces greenhouse gases. The collaborative research project - m4agriNEI between CPGS and Digital India Corporation (formerly Media Lab Asia) which is an innovative mix of mobile with Toll Free IVRS based farmer specific advisory system in which the system allows transmitting need based Agro-Advisory Services (AAS) through voice, text, images and videos from both end (farmer to expert and back) encompassed the domains of sustainable crop production intensification, control of pest and diseases of crops, soil and water conservation practices, conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources of agricultural crops, livestock production and management, building synergies with local institutions for enhanced crop production etc. which are climate smart in their content. The adaptability of the farmers in their local context, is also an important factors to determine how registered farmers’ acts in coping with the effects of climate change. The relevance of the study creates an originality in knowledge to design societal adaptation practices to adapt and mitigate climate change. Hence, the present study was undertaken with the following objectives :- (1) To identify the Climate-Smart Agricultural (CSA) Innovations of registered farmers of m4agriNEI; (2) To ascertain the factors of m4agriNEI in enhancing the Climate-Smart Agricultural (CSA) Innovations of registered farmers; and (3) To prioritize the constraints faced by registered farmers in innovating Climate-Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices. The study followed a Case study research design. In the research, the four project districts viz., Ri-Bhoi, East Khasi Hills, West Khasi Hills and West Jaintia Hills were selected purposively. With the criteria being a respondent who have made proactive average calls of 5 times a week and above were considered in the sampling frame and a total of 65 registered farmers were selected. Q-sort method was employed to identify climate smart agricultural innovations. Altogether, 5 Innovations have been identified and documented in the study. Multinomial Logistic Regression analysis was used to determine the factors enhancing the Climate-Smart Agricultural Adaptations by registered farmers. The study revealed, with Cox & Snell R2 and Nagelkerke R2 value of .557 and .633 respectively, determined that 55.7% and 63.3% of the variability on the factors of m4agriNEI viz., Timeliness, Relevancy, Economy and Accuracy of AAS in enhancing the CSA innovations of registered farmers. Paired comparison analysis was employed for prioritizing the problems face by the registered farmers. ‘Poor access to market’ was the most prioritized problem as reported by the respondents meanwhile ‘crop insurance’ did not exist well in the study area . The study concludes that Innovation concepts are no longer metaphors in m4agriNEI, there is necessity for continuous guidance from such AAS, so that farmers can augment their capacity to surge the productivity besides innovating their efforts in local as well as national level.ThesisItem Open Access Agro-advisory effectiveness of m4agriNEI on climate sensitive sustainable agriculture: an evaluative study(College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University , Imphal, 2018-07) Hussain, Irshad; Rajkumar Josmee SinghThe complex, diverse and risk prone agriculture of North East India is exposed to challenges caused by climate change. Extreme weather events or inter annual variations in rainfall and temperature results in reduced yields or even the destruction of crops, affecting farmers’ incomes and livelihoods. Mobile-enabled information services have the potential to play an important role in improving the adoption of modern technologies, inputs, and best practices. The collaborative research project - m4agriNEI between CPGS and Digital India Corporation is an innovative mix of mobile and web applications along with Toll Free IVRS based farmer specific advisory system in which the system allows transmitting the Agro-Advisory Services (AAS).The dissertation, in order to examine the AAS effectiveness of m4agriNEI inclimate sensitive sustainable agriculture CSSA, has embodied two research objectives viz., (1) To develop the evaluative indicators of Agro-Advisory Services of m4agriNEI on climate sensitive sustainable agriculture, and (2) To ascertain the effectiveness of Agro-Advisory Services to registered farmers ofm4agriNEI on climate sensitive sustainable agriculture. The Study followed diagnostic research design. Based on agricultural importance two project districts namely the Ri-Bhoi and East Khasi Hills districts were selected purposively. Consequently, two agriculturally important project blocks, one from each district, were selected purposively, further from each selected block three agriculturally important villages having highest registered farmers were selected purposively. Keeping power = 0.95, α = 0.05, effect size of 0.3, a total of 134 respondents were finally selected for the study by following proportionate random sampling without replacement. By performing content analysis from the universe of 104 kinds of SMSs which had been pushed to registered farmers, ten (10) evaluative indicators have been identified. Administering the agro-advisory effectiveness index of m4agriNEI, which has been developed for the study, it was found that high percentage –nearly (44.10%) of respondents claimed that the AAS of m4agriNEI was highly effective pertaining to CSSA. The study also examined the socio-economic, knowledge and adoption profiles of the respondents w.r.t. CSSA. It was noted that more than (55.20%) of respondents were in middle age; majority of respondents with the percentage of about (80.60%) and (68.70%) belonged to marginal farmers and had medium level of annual income, respectively. Higher percentage, about (38.80%) of respondents had education up to high school. Pertaining to the ‘Knowledge on Mitigation and Adaptation of CSSA practices’ and ‘Adoption of CSSA practices’, it was revealed that the respondents belonged to medium category with percentage of about (75.30%)and (56.70%) respectively. On testing the independence, by using chi-square, between ‘Effectiveness of AAS of m4agriNEI on CSSA’ and ten evaluative indicators, it was divulged that all the nine indicators expecting ‘Frequency of calls made by respondents’ were found to be significant at 1% level of significance. The study conclude that AAS of m4agriNEI is an effective tool for disseminating information on CSSA, however the effectiveness can be further enhanced if there were provision for customized decision support systems.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of child poverty in rural farm households of Garo hills, Meghalaya(College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University , Imphal, 2018-07) Hegde, Guruprasad Nagesh; Loukham DevaraniPoverty is a multidimensional concept and affects social groups differently of which children are most vulnerable. Many studies have shown that undernourished,uneducated poor children are likely to become undernourished, uneducated poor adults.Since,the common aim of rural extension programmes is the improvement of the lives of the ruralpeople, understanding the situation of the children of the rural farm households is an importantpart of extension. The study was conducted in Garo Hills region of Meghalaya with theobjectives to study the profile of children living in the poor rural farm households and to find outthe dimensions of poverty among those children. From three villages of Tura and Ampati subdivision,60 households were randomly selected. Depending on the number of children of theselected age range of 5-14 years in a household, either one or two children from eachhousehold was selected for the study, a total 80 children selected as respondents of the study.Majority of the children (86.25 %) had their parents as the primary care giverthe number ofsiblings of the selected children ranged from 2-6. Average family size was 6.66 persons with arange of 4-9 members. 88.33 percent of the children lived in nuclear families with both parents.The literacy rate of the mothers was 83.37 per cent and that of fathers was 85.00 per cent. Themean annual household income of the sampled households was ₹. 44,850. Majority of thehouseholds (75.00%) had marginal land holding of up to 1.0 hectare. Highest deprivation ratewas recorded in the indicators safe drinking water (87.50%), cooking fuel (81.80%), housing(71.25%) and access to information (41.25%) respectively. If seen dimension wise, deprivationwas highest in living standard (90.0%) followed by health (71.25%) and nutrition (60.00%).Average deprivation score of the children was 0.34 with a range of 0.03 to 0.79. 77.50 per centof the children were multidimensionally poor of which 18.75 percent were classified to beseverely poor. It was found that parents’ education, parents’ age, family income, land holdingand livelihood diversification were found be important determinants of child deprivation. Theoverall C-MPI (Child Multidimensional Poverty Index) of the study area was 34.00 per cent.Interventions by development agencies in order to aware and educate the parents regardingpoverty alleviation and livelihood linked programmes as well as provide basic amenities for agood living condition of the rural households is recommended.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption behaviour of rice growers on improved rice technology through Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) in Khowai district of Tripura(College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University , Imphal, 2018-08) Das, Debjani; Chauhan, J. K.The KVK as frontline extension system is mandated to assess and refine (if needed) the newly released technologies, demonstrate the proven ones and train farmers and extension functionaries on the same. It has been reported that, some of the KVKs have been effectively contributing to the technology development and promotion process while many are plagued with several problems. Hence, the present study was undertaken to analyze the adoption behaviour of rice growers on improved rice technology through Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) in Khowai district of Tripura.The objectives of the study were: i) To find out the level of knowledge on improved rice cultivation technologies of farmers. ii) To find out the extent of adoption of improved rice technologies among farmers. iii) To study the problems faced by the farmers in the adoption of improved rice cultivation technologies. It was conducted in four purposively selected villages under KVK, Divyodaya, Chebri Khowai district of Tripura with 120 sample size from the adopted villages selected through simple random sampling with equal allocation. Data collection from the selected respondents was made with the help of structured schedule through personal interview method. Out of 120 respondents, majority were of middle aged (50.83%) with medium education level (45.84%), medium family size (67.50%), and with nuclear family type (61.67%) in case of their personal characteristics. While majority respondents were marginal farmers (68.34%), belonged to medium category of annual income (88.34%), medium farming experience (60.00%) and with medium level of training received (62.50%).The study also revealed that majority of the respondents in KVK adopted villages had medium level of knowledge on improved rice farming practices (54.16%), level of adoption (55.00%), level of productivity (68.34%), annual net income (81.67%), self confidence (58.33%) and materials possession (60.00%). Among the independent variables under study age, education, farming experience, annual income, training received, land holding, were found to be significantly associated with the knowledge and adoption level of improved practices of rice technologies. Inadequate availability of quality seed at proper time, lack of knowledge about scientific cropping pattern, cropping system, method of application, non-availability of improved implements and other critical inputs such as FYM/organic fertilizers, low price of product in local market, lack of storage and marketing facilities, lack of guidelines about seed treatment were the major problems faced by the respondents with respect to adoption of improved rice cultivation practices in the study area. Hence more number of trainings should be organized by KVKs so that it can benefited to more number of rice growers. Different training programmes followed by field demonstration should be organised and imparted so that farmers develop confidence in them to take up improved methods to increase their productivity and improve their socio-economic condition. Strong extension network for effective transfer of latest technologies, Improvement of credit and market facilities and crop insurance are required to solve the problems related to rice cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access A study on entrepreneurial behaviour of the members of women self help groups in West Garo hills district of Meghalaya(College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University , Imphal, 2018) Sangma, Chekame A.; Chauhan, J. K.The first Prime minister of Independent India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru has rightly said, “You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women.” It is a well known fact that the growth of women in turn develops her family, village and the nation in general since women constitute 48.46% of total population in India as per census data 2011. Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are proving to be a helpful instrument for the women empowerment through entrepreneurship development and income generating activities. Keeping this in view, the focus of the study has been put on the SHGs comprising of only women members with the following three objectives:(1) To study the socio-economic profile of members of Women SHGs, (2) To study the entrepreneurial behaviour of members of Women SHGs, and (3) To find out the problems faced by members of Women SHGs and suggest measures for the better management of Self-Help Groups. Descriptive research design was adopted in the study, with eight independent variables, viz., “Age”, “Education”, “Family Size”, “Monthly Family Income”, “Size of Land Holding”, “Social Participation”, “Mass Media Exposure” and “Level of Aspiration”, and one dependent variable, i.e. “Entrepreneurial behaviour”. West Garo Hills District of Meghalaya was purposively selected owing to the highest number of SHGs in the state. Two blocks, viz., Selsella and Rongram, of the selected district were also purposively selected. Women Self-Help Groups were selected proportionally to the total number of SHGs in each of the block by employing random sampling technique. Five WSHGs were selected from Selsella block and three WSHGs from Rongram block. The study highlighted that more number of WSHG members (45.00%) belonged to age group of 35 – 50 years. Highest number of the respondents (41.25%) was educated upto 10th standard. More than half of the respondents (75.00%) had family size ranging from 5 to 9. Most of the respondents (58.75%) belonged to medium monthly income category, and 90.00 per cent of respondents had land holding of less than 1 ha. Majority (70.00%) of the respondents had medium level of social participation. More than two-third of the respondents (68.75%) had medium mass media exposure. More than half of the respondents (56.25%) had medium level of aspiration. 66.25 per cent of respondents had medium level of entrepreneurial behavour. The variables “Education”, “Social participation”, “Mass media exposure” and “Level of aspiration” were found to be significantly and positively correlated with entrepreneurial behaviour. The most serious problem faced by the respondents was found to be “Non-availability of many inputs”, followed by “Tight repayment schedule”, “Borrowers do not repay on time”, “Inadequate loan”, “Lack of electricity”, and “Longdistance of the market”. For better management of SHGs, the study suggests that there should be rotational allotment of leadership, training programmes must be provided to increase self-confidence of the group members, rural development agencies, NGOs and self help promoting institutions must organize exhibitions of agricultural innovations in the local area, organize group discussions, meetings, study tours and field trips to expose the rural women-folk to the outer advanced practices, thereby increase their entrepreneurial behaviour.ThesisItem Open Access Socio-economic study on Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in Ri-bhoi district of Meghalaya.(College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University , Imphal, 2018-07) Shaikhtabrez; Choudhury, AnjuThe Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) aims at enhancing the livelihood security of the people in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage employment in a financial year, to a rural household whose members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. Per capita annual income of Meghalaya is `60,966, which is less than all India average of `77, 524. This scheme is mainly for rural people and Ri-Bhoi district has more than 90 percent of rural population. Ri-Bhoi district, consists of marginal workers (95.59%), cultivators (96.49%) and agricultural labours (92.03%) respectively. As marginal workers work less than six months in a year and they don’t get employment all-round the year, MGNREGA has a great potential to fill the gap. Taking this into consideration, the present study was undertaken with the objectives. 1. To evaluate the impact of MGNREGA on income, expenditure and assets of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. 2. To study the constraints faced by the beneficiaries. Multi stage random sampling technique was applied for the present study. Meghalaya and Ri-Bhoi was chosen purposively. From the district, two blocks viz., Umsning and Umling was also chosen purposively. Two villages from each block as 90 respondents (beneficiaries and non beneficiaries) were selected randomly from the four villages. To attain the first objective, personal interview was carried out for both the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries.To find the constraints faced by the beneficiaries two FGD was conducted in two villages of each block. It was followed by conducting PRA tools such as constructing seasonal calendar and social map. There was increase in income (20.79%), which was statistically significant and significant increase in expenditure of food items like cereals, pulses, vegetables, oil, meat milk and it’s by products, sugar,salt and spices, and non-food items also like cooking, electricity, transportation children education, medicine, cloths, and ceremony or function after getting wage from MGNREGA. There was significant difference among the expenditure of food items like vegetables, fruits and grocery, fermented pickle, egg, dry fish and sea food and non-food items like medicine between beneficiary and non-beneficiary. There was increase in the purchase of farm implements and household assets like T.V, mobile phone, bike, LPG connection and livestock as mainly pigs after employment get from MGNREGA. The non-beneficiaries were advanced in using television, radio, mobile phone, bike and LPG connection than beneficiaries. There is no significant difference in the income between the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. In case of expenditure also there is no significant difference, except in vegetables, fruits, others and medicine. No records entered in job card, demanded 100 days of work is not provided, delay in payment of wages and inappropriate work season were the major constraints faced by the beneficiaries.
