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Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour established on 5th August, 2010 is a basic and strategic institution supporting more than 500 researchers and educationist towards imparting education at graduate and post graduate level, conducting basic, strategic, applied and adaptive research activities, ensuring effective transfer of technologies and capacity building of farmers and extension personnel. The university has 6 colleges (5 Agriculture and 1 Horticulture) and 12 research stations spread in 3 agro-ecological zones of Bihar. The University also has 21 KVKS established in 20 of the 25 districts falling under the jurisdiction of the University. The degree programmes of the university and its colleges have been accredited by ICAR in 2015-16. The university is also an ISO 9000:2008 certified organisation with International standard operating protocols for maintaining highest standards in teaching, research, extension and training.VisionThe Bihar Agricultural University was established with the objective of improving quality of life of people of state especially famers constituting more than two third of the population. Having set ultimate goal of benefitting society at large, the university intends to achieve it by imparting word-class need based agricultural education, research, extension and public service.
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ThesisItem Open Access Comparative study of Phosphorus Dynamics under Tomato and Maize Rhizosphere(Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Sabour, 2021) Rani, Pooja; Chattopadhayaya, N.Phosphorus (P) is the major nutrient which is a part of ATP nucleic acid, phospholipids and requires for the several enzymatic reactions Phosphatic fertilizers applied for correction of its deficiency undergoes through the process of fixation depending on soil reaction. P use efficiency generally ranges between 15-20 %. Technological interventions in efficient management of P is required. The phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) are cost effective and environment friendly and can easily solubilize phosphorus by the process of solubilization. Nanoformulations of fertilizers are promising owing to its higher aspect ratio and targeted delivery system. Against this background present investigation was undertaken entitled “Comparative study of Phosphorus Dynamics under Tomato and Maize Rhizosphere”. Purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize efficient P solubilizers, its evaluation in tomato and maize rhizosphere in combination with nanophosphorus in term of available P, its fractions and effect on biological parameters and P uptake. This study involves isolation and characterization of phosphate solubilizing bacteria from tomato and maize rhizosphere. Total 16 isolates were isolated (8 from each crop rhizospheric soil) and their phosphate solubilizing efficiency were analysed. The best two isolates each from tomato and maize were molecularly identified with the help of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The identified spp. were Aceinotobacter spp. strain BAU_P1 (Accession number: GQ289378) and Paenibacillus spp. strain BAU_P2 (Accession number: MH261004) from tomato and maize rhizosphere respectively. These isolates of PSB solubilizes considerable amount of Ca3(PO4)2 from tomato ranging from (52.59 to 63.93 µg/15 mg insoluble P). From maize the amount of solubilized Ca3(PO4)2 ranges from (68.14 to 74.41 µg/15 mg insoluble P) and IAA and GA production by tomato isolates were 14.93 μg ml-1 and 39.71 μg ml-1 respectively. Whereas IAA and GA production by maize isolates were 21.03 μg ml-1 and 57.69 μg ml-1 respectively. Nano phosphorus were synthesized and characterized in the laboratory and used as foliar application. Foliar spray of nanophosphorus penetrates and enters directly to the plant parts via stomata, cuticle, trichomes and other epidermal structures. Then after they were applied to the pot experiment with tomato and maize crop respectively. Total eight treatments and three replications each were applied in pot experiment with tomato and maize crop at Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, and Bhagalpur. The experimental finding reveals that the application of treatment T7 {100 % RDF (NK) + 75 % RDF P + 25 % foliar application of nano P + PSB} in both the crops showed the maximum dehydrogenase activity (23.03 μg TPF g-1 soil h-1), acid phosphatase activity (15.63 μg TPF g-1 soil h-1) and alkaline phosphatase activity (29.94 μg TPF g-1 soil h-1) respectively in tomato and dehydrogenase activity (46.34 μg TPF g-1 soil h-1) acid phosphatase activity (18.04 μg TPF g-1 soil h-1) and alkaline phosphatase activity (34.07 μg TPF g-1 soil h-1) for maize. Phosphorus dynamics in terms of fractions for both the root rhizosphere were analysed. In tomato, labile P fraction were maximum (7.29 mg kg-1) in T7 (100 % RDF (NK) + 75 % RDF P + 25 % foliar application of nano P + PSB), while Al-P (73.23 mg kg-1) and Fe-P (86.81 mg kg-1) was higher (106.28 mg kg-1) in T5 {100 % RDF (NK) + 50 % RDF P +PSB}. However, Ca-P (106.28 mg kg-1) was found maximum in T2{100 % RDF}. However, the value of labile P (7.89 mg kg-1) and Al-P (78.85 mg kg-1) in maize rhizosphere was higher in T7 {100 % RDF (NK) + 75 % RDF P+ 25 % foliar application of nano P + PSB}, and Fe-P (87.82 mg kg-1) in T5{100 % RDF (NK) + 50% RDF P +PSB} and Ca-P (110.34 mg kg-1) in T2{100 % RDF} respectively. Phosphate buffering capacity were analysed for tomato and maize crop respectively. The buffering capacity of rhizospheric soil of tomato (31.66 ml g-1) and maize (37.07 ml g-1) were found maximum in T7 {100 % RDF (NK) + 75 % RDF P + 25 % foliar application of nano P + PSB}. Combined application of PSB along with nano phosphorus as foliar application enhance the P solubilization in the soil and enriched the microfloral diversity in the vicinity of tomato and maize rhizosphere. Integrated management option of P (100 % RDF (NK) + 75 % RDF P + 25 % foliar application of nano P + PSB) need to be evaluated in long-term cropping system for benefit: cost ration and wide scale farmers adaptability.ThesisItem Open Access Herbicide-Microbial Interaction in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Sabour, 2021) Patel, Shriman Kumar; Chattopadhyaya, N.The present investigation entitled “Herbicide-Microbial Interaction in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was carried out during kharif seasons of 2019 and 2020 on a sandy loam soil of Bihar Agricultural College farm, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar with four objectives: (1) To study the effect of various doses of herbicides on microbial population, microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activities at different days of interval under laboratory incubation experiment, (2) To study the effect of pre and post emergence herbicide on microbial population, microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activities at different days interval in rice field, (3) To study the effect of herbicide on chemical properties of soil and (4) To study the effect of herbicide on weed and yield attributes and yield of rice crop. The soil of the experimental field moderately well drained fine loamy one occurring on level to nearly recent alluvial plain loamy, surface slightly eroded having pH-7.8, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and available potassium. Incubation experiment was conducted under factorial completely randomized design with five treatments T1 (pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP 15 g a.i. ha-1), T2 (pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP 30 g a.i. ha-1), T3 (carfentrazone ethyl 40 % DF 25 g a.i ha-1), T4 (carfentrazone ethyl 40 % DF 50 g a.i ha-1), T5 (Control) and four replication.Whereas, in case of field experiment, conducted under factorial randomized design (FRBD) with six treatment T1 (pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP 15 g a.i. ha-1), T2 (pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP 30 g a.i. ha-1), T3 (carfentrazone ethyl 40 % DF 25 g a.i ha-1), T4 (carfentrazone ethyl 40 % DF 50 g a.i ha-1), T5 (weed free) and T6 (weedy) and four replications. The experimental results revealed that the application of herbicidal treatments made on effect of microbiological properties (microbial population, microbiol biomass carbon and enzyme activity) and chemical properties under incubation experiment as well as rice filed experiment differ significantly among different herbicidal treatments. Under incubation experiment, the application of herbicidal treatments declined microbial population, microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activity except for urease activity at 7 days after application. While, at 28 DAA significant increases in all herbicidal treatments as compared to control. Maximum increasement produced by the treatment T2 (pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP 15 g a.i. ha-1) followed by T3 (carfentrazone ethyl 40 % DF 25 g a.i ha-1), over control, respectively. In case of field experiment, the application of pyrazosulfuron ethyl (pre-emergence T1 and T2) and carfentrazone ethyl (post emergence T3 and T4) produced effect on biological properties such as microbial population, microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activity such as dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase made a decline at 30 days after application but did not show any inhibitory effect on urease enzyme activity. Thereafter at 90 DAA, significant increase has been observed in all microbiological parameters like bacteria (19.97 to 37.56 %), actinomycetes (15.52 to 33.78), Fungi (15.74 to 27.35) as well as microbial biomass carbon status, dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase and urease enzyme activities. At 145 DAA, further decline microbiological parameters was observed in all experimental plot. Application of pyrazosulfuron ethyl and carfentrazone ethyl did not show any significant effect on chemical properties of soil. The maximum growth parameters, yield attributes and yield (57.88 q ha-1) were recorded under the treatment T5 (weed free) followed by T2 (pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP 30 g a.i. ha-1), T4 (carfentrazone ethyl 40 % DF 50 g a.i ha-1) respectively, over control. The application of T2 (pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP 30 g a.i. ha-1), significantly lower (37.75 No. m-2) weed density, weed dry weight (22.87 gm-2) and found statistically similar T4 (carfentrazone ethyl 40 % DF 50 g a.i ha-1) but significantly highest compared to T6 (weedy). Thus, it can be concluded that the application of pyrazosulfuron ethyl (pre emergence T1 and T2) and carfentrazone ethyl (post emergence T3 and T4) effect on biological properties such as microbial population, microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activities declined at 30 DAA but in case of urease enzyme activity no adverse effect was observed. Moreover, at 90 DAA significant increase under herbicidal treatment was observed as compared to hand weeding and untreated plot. Thereafter, there was no significant effect on chemical properties of soil was found. Overall, there was no long term adverse effect created on microbiological properties in transplanted rice grown soil.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on zinc solubilizing bacteria and its efficacy level under rice (Oryza sativa L.) rhizosphere(Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Sabour, 2021) Chanchal, Ankesh Kumar; Singh, MahendraZinc is the micronutrient which is essential for the survival of not only for plant but also important for human population as means to overcome the widespread problem of malnutrition. The zinc solubilizing bacteria are the cost effective and environment friendly option for combated the problems by converting the unavailable form of zinc into available form by the process of solubilization. This study involving isolation, characterization of zinc solubilizing bacterial isolates including two checks for their ability of zinc solubilization. The isolated ZnSBs were molecularly identified with the help of 16S rRNA gene sequencing namely Peribacillus simplex strain BAU_A1 (Accession number: OK037153), Bacillus sp. strain BAU_A2 (Accession number: OK037154), Priestia megaterium strainBAU_A3 (Accession number: OK037165) and Bacillus subtilis strain BAU_A5 (Accession number: OK037166). These isolates effectively solubilized the considerable amount of zinc oxide (ZnO) ranging from 55.80 to 62.41 mg kg-1 and zinc phosphate Zn(PO4)2 ranging from 42.09 to 56.56 mg kg-1 and zinc carbonate (ZnCO3) 42.78 to 51.12 mg kg-1 under optimal laboratory conditions. All seven isolates were able to produced Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) ranging from 13.66 to 24.95 (µg ml−1) and Gibberellic Acid (GA) ranging from 9.66 to 18.50 (µgml-1). The efficiency of most potent bacteria (ZnSB1-Peribacillus simplex strain BAU_A1, ZnSB2-Bacillus sp. strain BAU_A2 and ZnSB3-Bacillus subtilis strain BAU_A5) also had been evaluated in the field condition with rice crop at Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur. The experimental findings revealed that the application of treatment T5 (100 % RDF+ ZnSB2 @ 750 ml ha-1) showed the maximum dehydrogenase activity (56.81 µg TPF g-1 soil h-1), alkaline phosphatase activity (27.23 µg PNP g-1 soil h-1) and acid phosphatase activity (28.42 µg PNP g-1 soil h-1) at panicle initiation stage. The application of T4 (100 % RDF+ ZnSB1 @ 750 ml ha-1) produced highest water soluble and exchangeable fraction of zinc (0.65 mg kg -1) followed by treatment T5 (100 % RDF + ZnSB2 @ 750 ml ha-1). Although the highest organically bounded zinc (3.69 mg kg -1) was observed under control treatment and while lowest (2.33 mg kg -1) was recorded with T5 (100 % RDF + ZnSB2 @ 750 ml ha-1). Similarly, Mn-Oxide bounded zinc (0.1M NH2OH.HCl) was found to be statistically at par (p=0.05) with each other. Perhaps the application of treatment T6 (100 % RDF + ZnSB3 @ 750 ml ha-1) was having highest concentration (3.72 mg kg-1) among all treatments. The highest concentration of Crystalline Fe-oxide was found in soil which was treated with the treatment T3 (100 % RDF + 25 kg ZnSO4.7H2O) while the lowest concentration of 4.08 mg kg-1 was found with the treatment T2 (100 % RDF). The application of treatment T5 (100 % RDF+ ZnSB2 @ 750 ml ha-1) gave highest grain yield (4555.00 kg ha-1), zinc concentration in rice grain (27.45 mg kg-1) zinc uptake by rice grain (0.13 mg kg-1), DTPA Zn (0.85 mg kg-1) and also produced maximum microbial population, respectively. However, this dataset originates from single season experiment, so more holistic approach is needed to draw a conclusion amongst these applied treatments on the basis of various field and climatic conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Optimizing Soil Moisture and PAR Utilization with Fertilizer Splitting for Rainfed Rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Sabour, 2021) Yadav, Ramjeet; Kohli, AnshumanThe present investigation entitled “Optimizing Soil Moisture and PAR Utilization with Fertilizer Splitting for Rainfed Rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was carried out during the kharif seasons of 2017 and 2018 on a sandy loam soil of Bihar Agricultural College farm, Sabour to derive inputs for rationalizing the use of K and N fertilizers by splitting and real time management respectively for making them more suitable for rainfed conditions. Nutrient and water management are important for diversifying and intensifying the rainfed rice based cropping systems. The experiment involved three K splitting schemes viz., K0(No K application), K40 (K applied as basal @ 40 kg K2O per ha) and K20+20 (K application as basal, and at panicle initiation stage @ 20 kg K2O per ha)in main plots, and five N splitting schemes in sub plots viz.,N0 (No N application), N50+50 (N application as basal and at active tillering, each @ 50 kg per ha) NSPAD (N application as basal each application @ 33.33 kg ha-1 and top dressing as guided by SPAD meter with critical SPAD value of 38, NGS (N application as basal @ 33.3 kg per ha and top dressing as guided by Green Seeker optical sensor) and N33+33+33 (N application as basal, at active tillering and at panicle initiation, each @ 33.3 kg per ha.). The recommended fixed time split N applications under rainfed conditions are not adequate to synchronize N supply with actual N demand due to variations in crop N demand. During 2017, NSPAD resulted in an additional N application of 33 kg ha-1 in 5 out of 9 cases. However during 2018 no plot under NSPAD received any extra N application. This could have possibly resulted because of greater uniformity among various plots due to cultivation of lentil crop in the preceding rabi season. It was generally observed that N- application time through 1st topdressing increased beyond active tillering stage by up to one week. However, the 2nd top dressing was still achieved by panicle initiation stage. Under rainfed conditions, real time N management can promote crop growth. Real time N management as in NSPAD and NGS resulted in reduced tiller mortality during the reproductive stage. Reduced tiller mortality is suggestive of optimized soil moisture and radiation utilization under real time N management. K application in two split doses stimulated tillering in rice crop. The tillers were significantly higher by 5.24 and 7.28 per cent with K application in two split doses over single basal application and no K application respectively and decreased the death of tillers during the reproductive stage of the crop. K application in two split doses also significantly increased the number of effective tillers by 5.30 and 7.64 per cent over single basal application and no K application respectively. This again suggests that split application of K results in better utilization of intercepted radiation and acquired water and nutrients by rainfed rice. NSPAD recorded significantly higher value of growth and yield attributes as compared to other N splitting schemes during both the years. NSPAD recorded significantly higher grain yield (3941 kg ha-1) in comparison to other N-splitting schemes. At active tillering stage the available nitrogen content in the 0-15 cm depth of soil was significantly lower in N0 in comparison to other N splitting schemes. Restricting nitrogen availability in the surface soil could be a potential tool under rainfed conditions to stimulate deeper root penetration in rice to tap subsurface water and nutrients. The increase in N uptake in NSPAD over fixed time N splitting regimes has proved that the rice crop requires lower N at the early stages, more N during its grand growth period (panicle initiation to flowering) and a comparatively lower N during the later stages of crop growth. Thus NSPAD promotes sufficient nitrogen application for increased nutrient uptake and yield in rainfed rice. K application in two split doses under rainfed conditions reduces the stress tolerance as compared to single basal application and no K application. Precise dose and real time N management as in NSPAD resulted in reduced stress tolerance indices. GreenSeeker optical sensor guided fertilizer N application at AT and PI stage in rainfed rice can lead to improved nitrogen use efficiency because of lower N fertilizer application rates than in fixed time N application. Under rainfed conditions, higher initial application of nitrogen as in N50+50 or in NSPAD resulted in greater photo synthetically active radiation interception in comparison to NGS and N33+33+33 during the early vegetative stage. However, towards the early reproductive stage, PAR interception in N50+50 became significantly lower than in N33+33+33, NSPAD and NGS. This again indicates that maintaining greater temporally staggered nutrient availability provides benefits in terms of PAR interception and utilization. Thus, it can be concluded that SPAD based N application is the best treatment in terms of growth, yield and nutrient uptake on account of N fertilizer splitting in rainfed conditions. This assumes greater significant considering that despite the uncertainty in soil moisture regime of the rainfed rice crop; optical sensor measurement can help in better management of fertilizer nitrogen.ThesisItem Open Access Soil Phosphorus Dynamics as Influenced by Chemical Fertilizers and Vermicompost under Pea (Pisum sativum var. hortense) Cultivation(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Sabour, 2021) Kumar, Amarjeet; Jha, Arun KumarPhosphorus is a vital element for plant and animal nutrition. It is one of the important limiting nutrients for crop production in many agricultural areas. Despite its importance, only a small proportion (~ 0.1-1.0 %) of it is available for plants. Based on soil testing reports of 38.5 million samples, 42 % of Indian soil samples were found deficient in available phosphorus. For the farming system to remain productive, and to be sustainable in the long term, it is necessary to replenish the reserves of nutrients that are removed or lost from the soil, which is possible by the application of renewable agricultural resources at a large scale. Influence of organics on dynamics of phosphorus is required to studied to improve P availability to the crops. Vermicompost is one of those organic sources of plant nutrient having potential to maximize the benefits from the legume-Rhizobium system by increasing organic matter content in soils. The quality of vermicompost, mainly its phosphorus (P) content might be upgraded by introducing some minerals like rock phosphate (RP) and phosphate along with solubilizing bacteria in the substrate during the vermicomposting. This enrichment technique of vermicomposting has potential to popularize vermicompost among farming community. But only less information is available on the effect of enriched vermicompost on growth, nodulation, dry matter accumulation and yield of garden pea. Information related to the influence of enriched vermicompost on P transformation and other chemical as well as biological properties of soil is also very scanty. Thus, there is a need to study the effect of enriched vermicompost on fertility of soil and productivity of the crops for achieving sustainability in agriculture. In the view of above facts, the present investigation “Soil Phosphorus Dynamics as Influenced by Chemical Fertilizers and Vermicompost under Pea (Pisum sativum var. hortense) Cultivation” was carried out with four objectives:1) To find out the effect of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost on phosphorus release pattern under incubation study. 2) To study the influence of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost on growth, yield and uptake by garden pea (Pisum sativum var. hortense) crop. 3) To assess the effect of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost on soil phosphorus transformation under garden pea (Pisum sativum var. hortense) crop and 4) To estimate the impact of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost, on soil microbial dynamics specially Rhizobium, PSB, and Azotobacter population. One incubation study was carried out in a completely randomized design with 13 treatments and three replications to examine the effect of P sources on the transformation of phosphorus at different intervals. Details of treatments are as under: T1 (N0: P0: K0), T2 (N40: P0:K50), T3 (N40: P30:K50), T4 (N40: P45:K50), T5 (N40: P60:K50), T6 (50 % RDP through VC), T7 (50 % RDP through SSP + 50 % RDP through VC), T8 (75 % RDP through SSP + 25 % RDP through VC), T9 (50 % RDP through EVC), T10 (50 % RDP through SSP +50 % RDP through EVC), T11 (75 % RDP through SSP +25 % RDP through EVC), T12 (100 % RDP through VC), T13 (100 % RDP through EVC). Four sets of the experiment were established for incubation study and each set was used for phosphorus dynamics study at 0, 30, 60, and 90 days after incubation (DAI) respectively. Phosphorus transformation was also studied under field conditions with these treatments to study the effect of vermicompost on productivity of garden pea. It is evident from the results of incubation study that labile-P, Fe- Al-P and Ca-P content of experimental soil treated with vermicompost increased up to 60 DAI and decreases then after. However, content of these fractions in soil treated with fertilizer increased only up to 30 DAI. The highest contents of labile P were recorded when soil was treated with T10 (50 % RDP through SSP + 50 % RDP through EVC), however, the highest Fe-Al-P and Ca-P fraction were recorded in the soil treated with enriched vermicompost alone. The percentage increase in labile P, Fe-Al-P and Ca-P in enriched vermicompost treated soil over fertilizer treated soil at 90 DAI were 11.03, 18.36 and 2.78 percent respectively. Similar trend of P transformation was observed under field conditions. It was probably due to augmenting effect of enriched vermicompost on availability of phosphorus in soil. Residual-P content of experimental soil was not affected significantly by the treatments. Application of 50 % RDP through SSP + 50 % RDP through EVC resulted the highest plant height, root length, nodule count, nodule dry weight, dry matter accumulation, yield attributes, pod yield and uptake of N, P and K by the crop. Application of 50 % RDP through chemical P and 50 % RDP through enriched vermicompost resulted in higher green pod yield (93.42 q ha-1) of garden pea which was 12.81 % higher than that recorded with RDF. The highest increase in available N, available P2O5 and K2O was recorded in soil treated with T10 (50 % RDP through SSP + 50 % RDP through EVC), however, SMBC, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and microbial count (Rhizobium, Azotobacter and PSB) were found to be the highest in soil treated with enriched vermicompost alone. Based on experimental finding it can be concluded that to achieve the highest yield of garden pea 50 % RDP should be supplied through enriched vermicompost and 50% through chemical fertilizers, however, to increase microbial population, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity in soil 100 % RDP should be supplied through enriched vermicompost. Enriched vermicompost was found superior to normal vermicompost and chemical fertilizer for increasing labile P pool in soil. Enriched vermicompost was found superior to normal vermicompost in increasing soil microbial biomass carbon, population of Rhizobium, Azotobacter and PSB and activities of acid phosphatase (AcP) and alkaline phosphatase (AlP). SMBC, count of Rhizobium, Azotobacter and PSB, AcP and AlP in enriched vermicompost treated soil were found to be 18.18, 6. 67, 9.17, 12.88, and 2 percent higher respectively over that recorded in normal vermicompost treated soil.
