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Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour established on 5th August, 2010 is a basic and strategic institution supporting more than 500 researchers and educationist towards imparting education at graduate and post graduate level, conducting basic, strategic, applied and adaptive research activities, ensuring effective transfer of technologies and capacity building of farmers and extension personnel. The university has 6 colleges (5 Agriculture and 1 Horticulture) and 12 research stations spread in 3 agro-ecological zones of Bihar. The University also has 21 KVKS established in 20 of the 25 districts falling under the jurisdiction of the University. The degree programmes of the university and its colleges have been accredited by ICAR in 2015-16. The university is also an ISO 9000:2008 certified organisation with International standard operating protocols for maintaining highest standards in teaching, research, extension and training.VisionThe Bihar Agricultural University was established with the objective of improving quality of life of people of state especially famers constituting more than two third of the population. Having set ultimate goal of benefitting society at large, the university intends to achieve it by imparting word-class need based agricultural education, research, extension and public service.
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ThesisItem Open Access Study of Combining Ability and Yield Stability Analysis in Quality Protein Maize (Zea mays L.)(Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2019-02-02) Kumari, Hemlata; Singh, P. K.The present investigation entitled “Study of Combining Ability and Yield Stability Analysis in Quality Protein Maize (Zea mays L.)” was conducted during rabi 2016-17, kharif 2017 and rabi 2017-18. Six parents were crossed in diallel fashion including reciprocal during rabi, 2016-17 at farm of Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar (India). The 38 genotypes (06 parents, 30 F1's and 2 checks) were evaluated in six environments during kharif 2017 and rabi 2017-18, at three different farm of Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (Bhagalpur), namely , Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour; Bhola Paswan Shashtri College of Agriculture College, Purnea and Pulse Research Centre, Mokama with objectives to study inter-relationship of component character with grain yield and among themselves, to estimate the general and specific combining ability of inbred lines and crosses, respectively and to study the G x E interaction and stability parameter of crosses. Data were recorded for twelve quantitative characters such as days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk , anthesis-silking interval, plant height, ear height, days to 75 per cent maturity, number of grain per plant, 1000-grain weight, protein per cent in kernel, lysine per cent in kernel protein, tryptophan per cent in kernel protein and grain yield per plant. The pooled analysis of variances for the design of experiment revealed that, the mean squares due to genotype and environment were highly significant for all the characters. Similarly, mean squares due to genotype x environment was also found to be highly significant for all the characters except, protein, lysine and tryptophan. The mean performance, crosses, namely, CML 167 x CML 161, CML 161x CML167, CML 167 x VL1037, VL1056 x CML 167 and CML 167 x VL1056 were found to be top rankers for grain yield per plant in comparison to the better check, Shaktiman-4. Pooled analysis of variance revealed highly significant mean squares due to general combining ability (GCA) for the characters viz., days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk, plant height, ear height, number of grain per plant, 1000-grain weight, protein per cent in kernel, lysine per cent in kernel protein, tryptophan per cent in protein and grain yield per plant were highly significant except anthesis-silking interval and days to75per cent maturity was found to be non-significant. The mean squares due to specific combining ability were highly significant for the characters, namely, days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk, plant height, ear height, days to 75 per cent maturity , number of grains per plant, 1000 - grain weight, protein per cent in kernel, lysine per cent in kernel protein, tryptophan per cent in kernel protein and grain yield per plant except anthesis-silking interval was found to be non-significant. mean squares due to reciprocal specific combining ability (RSCA) for the characters viz., days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk, plant height, ear height, number of grain per plant, 1000-grain weight, protein per cent in kernel protein, lysine per cent in kernel protein, tryptophan per cent in kernel protein and grain yield per plant were highly significant except anthesis-silking interval and days to75 per cent maturity was found to be non-significant. Estimates of components of variance for twelve characters revealed that variance due to SCA was more than variance due to GCA for the characters viz., days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent silk, anthesis-silking interval, plant height, ear height, days to 75 per cent maturity, number of grain per plant, 1000-grain weight, protein per cent in kernel, lysine per cent in kernel protein, tryptophan per cent in kernel protein and grain yield per plant. Parent CML 167 was found to be good general combiner for grain yield per plant. Crosses, namely, CML 161 x CML 167, CML 167 x VL 1056, CML 171 x VL 1037, CML 161 x CML 193 and CML 193 x VL 1037 were found to be top five good specific combinations for grain yield per plant. Reciprocal specific combinations, VL 1037 x CML 167, VL 1056 x CML 171, VL 1056 x CML 161, VL 1037 x CML 161 and CML 171 x CML 161 were found to be top combinations good for grain yield per plant. The best hybrid CML 161 x CML 171 and CML 161 x VL 1037 was identified on the basis of SCA/RSCA, GCA, mean performance and stability for grain yield across the environment. So, the experimental hybrid, CML 161 x CML 171 was identified as the promising hybrids for grain yield per plant and VL 1037 x VL 1056 for quality parameter across the environment.ThesisItem Open Access Marker assisted backcross breeding for submergence tolerance in rice variety Rajendra Sweta(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2019-02-02) Smriti, Smriti; Singh, S.P.Submergence stress regularly affects rice crop in major parts of eastern India comprising Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Chhattisgarh and eastern Uttar Pradesh. Out of 42 biotic and abiotic stresses that prevail in rainfed lowland rice areas of eastern India, submergence stress is the third most important limitation to rice production. A major QTL mapped on chromosome 9, designated as sub1, has provided the scope to apply marker assisted backcrossing (MABC) to develop submergence tolerant varieties suitable to be grown in these regions. Developing rice cultivars with tolerance of submergence and with agronomic and quality traits acceptable to farmers is a feasible approach to address this problem. In the present study, BC2F1 generation was developed between a submergence tolerant donor, Swarna-Sub1and the widely grown recurrent parent, Rajendra Sweta. A parental polymorphism survey between these two parents revealed 46 polymorphic SSR loci covering all the chromosomes of rice genome. Foreground selection was done in each generation for the confirmation of Sub1 QTL. Molecular markers that were tightly linked to Sub1, flanking Sub1 and unlinked to Sub1 were used to apply foreground, recombinant and background selection, respectively, in BC2F1 generation. Out of 91 plants, 50 plants were found positive in foreground selection using Indel primer Sub1bc2. Recombinant selection was done on these 50 heterozygous plants with RM219. Out of these 50 individuals, five recombinants were selected namely, BC2F1-4,BC2F1-28,BC2F1-37,BC2F1-43 andBC2F1-79. Background selection was carried out on these five recombinants with 46 SSR markers. Recipient allele frequency was calculated for these five recombinants which ranged from 51.1% to 78.2%. In BC2F1 generation, maximum recipient parent recovery obtained was 78.2% for individual BC2F1-79. Screening for submergence tolerance revealed that the recombinants were able to survive complete submergence for 14 days and were also able to recover faster upon de-submergence. Higher ADH enzyme activity was observed in donor as well as recombinants during submergence. Similarly, higher concentration of carbohydrate before submergence and its slower depletion during submergence was observed in all the recombinants. Chlorophyll content was found greater in the recombinants than the recipient parent Rajendra Sweta.Morphological observations (days to flowering, plant height, tiller number, flag leaf length, panicle length, number of grains per panicle and grain yield per plant) under stress condition revealed that for all the traits Sub1’s were similar to or better than Rajendra Sweta. The newly improved rice line, BC2F1-79 containing Sub1and showing highest recovery may further be utilized in backcross breeding program to improve its recovery percentage and the similar strategy can be followed to introgress other QTLs for biotic and abiotic resistance into the high yielding varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Marker assisted introgression of a major QTL (qDTY1.1) for grain yield under drought at reproductive stage in Oryza sativa L. cv. Sita(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2019-02-11) Kumar, Rishav; Singh, P. K.Rice is the second largest crop in the world in terms of area and production which is grown in all the continents except Antartica. It is the primary source of food, nutrients, energy and provides employment to more than 3.5 billion people. But being one of the staple food crops, it is also affected by biotic and abiotic stress. With the change in environmental condition, drought is emerging as one of the major threats to rice. As per India Meteorological Department, there was an early departure of monsoon in 2018 which resulted in failure of Hathiya Nakshtra, causing drought coincide with the reproductive stage. Last but not the least is the susceptibility of most of the mega varieties of rice like Sita during reproductive stage. Hence, there is need to improve such varieties which can cope up such harsh period. Previously, conventional methods were used for improvement of crop variety but it takes a lot of time. With the advancement in the field of molecular biology, MAS acts as a milestone in this field. Now with the discovery of QTLs efficiency of MABB has surpassed the conventional breeding. With this view, marker assisted introgression of a major QTL (qDTY1.1) for grain yield under drought at reproductive stage in Oryza sativa L. cv. Sita has been taken under consideration. To incorporate drought tolerance, the variety ‘Sita’ was introgressed with QTL qDTY1.1 from Nagina-22. The present research work started from Kharif 2015 and Sita and Nagina-22 were sown for availability of pollens. Twenty five F1 plants obtained were sown in Kharif 2016 and validated with RM431 which identified ten heterozygous plants were identified on which further backcrossing was done with Sita to obtain sixty seven BC2F1 plants that were sown in Kharif 2017 and validated with RM431. A total of sixty seven heterozygous plants were obtained which were again backcrossed with Sita to produce 179 BC2F1 plants. Through foreground selected marker RM431 identified 98 plants which were found heterozygous. The selected plants were subjected to recombinant selection with RM3825 and RM12091. RM3825 identified three plants (plant number 23, 65, 94) sowing band size similar to Sita (130 bp), while through RM12091 a total of six recombinant plants were identified (plant number 23, 63, 65, 94, 97 and 119). Three plants were common when checked with both the recombinant markers. So, six recombinant plants (plant number 23, 63, 65, 94, 97, 119) were selected for carrying out background selection with 49 polymorphic markers. Recipient allele percentage ranged from 69.38 to 79.59%. Plant number 119 showed maximum background recovery (79.59%) followed by plant number 94, 97, 65 and 23 with 77.55%, 75.51%, 74.48%, 73.46% recovery respectively. Plant number 63 exhibited minimum recovery (69.38%). Morphological observations (days to anthesis, plant height, panicle length, number of panicles, grains per panicle and grain yield per plant) were taken during drought and it was found that recombinants obtained were superior with respect to recurrent parent Sita for all the characters. Biochemical observations (proline content, relative water content and total chlorophyll content) also revealed that recombinants were superior with respect to recurrent parent. On the basis of molecular, morphological and biochemical observations the plant number 119 should be carried forward for further backcrossing to improve its recipient allele percentage.ThesisItem Open Access Study of Genetic Diversity and Stability in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAU, Sabour, 2019-07-04) . Kumar, Sudhir; De, NitishGroundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop globally. The present study was aimed at the phenotypic assessment of 51 groundnut genotypes and five control varieties for yield, oil and related traits under irrigated and post flowering drought stress conditions. These genotypes were evaluated under ten environments for seventeen traits. Experimental material was evaluated at two distinct locations, one at ICRISAT Patancheru, Hyderabad and at Bihar Agricultural University (BAU) Sabour. At ICRISAT the experiment were conducted during Kharif, 2015, Rabi 2015-16, Kharif 2016, Rabi 2016-17. At BAU Sabour the experiment was conducted during summer 2016. ICGV 13097, ICGV 13098 and ICGV 13100 showed higher pod yield per plot (kg/ha) with higher oil content and good buffering capacity. These genotypes for their specific performance can be utilized as cultivar for reference environments to harvest maximum pod yield with higher oil content. For nutritional quality traits like oleic acid content and O/L ratio, ICGV 13099, ICGV 13103, 13115, ICGV 13117, ICGV 15321, ICGV 15323, ICGV 15325, ICGV 15333 and ICGV 15339 had good buffering capacity with higher mean than population mean. These genotypes will be used for the quality oil production with international acceptance. In present investigation, there were heavy losses of pod yield in post flowering moisture stress conditions. Pooled mean yield (kg/ha) was higher in irrigated condition than rainfed condition and a loss of more than 29 per cent in stress conditions than in rainfed conditions for yield. ICGV 15314 had highest drought tolerance efficiency (DTE) with pod yield 2725 kg/ha in irrigated and 2242 kg/ha in rainfed conditions. Five best drought tolerant genotypes were ICGV 15314, ICGV 15321, ICGV 15325, ICGV 15331 and ICGV 15315. The higher yield level was due to higher number of branches/plant, higher number of pods per plant, pod yield per plant, 100 seed weight and shelling percentage and which are most important and key traits for stability of pod yield and these traits could be successfully employed for realization of higher productivity and ensures the possibility of predicting the performance of genotypes for higher productivity in groundnut.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative analysis of genetic diversity in Bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.] using RAPD and ISSR markers for developing crop improvement strategies(Department of Horticulture (Olericulture), BAU, Sabour, 2019-05-21) Kumar, Rajesh; Kumar, RandhirAmong the all cultivated cucurbitaceous vegetables, bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.) with chromosome no. 2n = 22, is an annual monoecious crop synonymously called as calabash gourd. For the above investigation twenty-four genotypes collected from various states adjoining Bihar including breeding lines developed, collected and maintained at department. The genotypes of bottle gourd laid out in statistical design named Randomized Block Design with 3 replications in spring summer season of 2014 and 2015, respectively to examine the magnitude of variability and genetic diversity for several traits horticultural importance. In morphological study genotypes performed significantly in all traits studied, however BRBG-65 (591.10 q/ha) was proved to be high yielder with supporting traits like yield of marketable fruits/plant (15.19 kg) and no. of fruits/vine (14.85) in pooled analysis of both season than compare to the all three check varieties used in past study. Traits like fruit length, fruit circumference, no. of fruits per vine, yield of marketable fruits/vine, no. of seeds/fruit and fruit yield/hectare exhibited high GCV and PCV. Almost all the traits under study shown high percentage of heritability with maximum genetic advancement percentage for the traits like fruit length, fruit circumference, average fruit weight, no. of fruits/vine, yield of marketable fruits/vine, no. of seeds/fruit and yield per hectare. Traits like average fruit weight, no. of fruits plant and yield of marketable fruits/vine shown strong character association with fruit yield/hectare. Based on D2 values, twenty-four genotypes were classified amongst five clusters which indicated a large genetic diversity. Cluster II produced maximum no. (11) of genotypes followed closely by cluster I (8), whereas cluster V was proved to be mono-genotypic. Fruit length has given maximum contribution for total divergence. In the molecular study, average polymorphism percentage was obtained by RAPD pattern was studied by using 10 random primers. Total 58 reproducible amplicons were generated by 10 RAPD primers, of an average around 5.8 amplicon per primer. The value corresponding average polymorphic information content was 0.58 and ranged from 0.43 to 0.81. The major allele frequency was ranged from 0.33 to 0.73 with the average of 0.57. The major genetic diversity was ranged from 0.30 to 0.59 with the average of 0.41. ISSR pattern was studied by using 7 primers. Total 48 reproducible amplicons were generated by 7 ISSR primers of an average around 6.85 amplicon per primer. The value of average polymorphic information content was 0.56 and ranged from 0.29 to 0.76. The major allele frequency was ranged from 0.39 to 0.80 with the average of 0.59. The major gene diversity was ranged from 0.20 to 0.71 with the average of 0.44. Wide range of value regarding Jaccard’s similarity coefficient in RAPD markers (0.46 to 0.86), ISSR markers (0.37 to 0.910) and in combination (0.50 to 0.80). The dendrogram concluded relative magnitude of resemblance also amongst different clusters formed. Dendrogram and similarity matrix produced from both the markers RAPD and ISSR data then compared and concluded similar but not genetically identical phylo-genetic relationships, when RAPD, ISSR, and RAPD combination with ISSR derived dendrograms were compared, the discrimination among genotypes within these clusters was more effective with the combined analysis. Most genotypes studied in the present experiment differed with their geographic origin. The promising lines collected from different source were classified amongst different clusters and sub clusters. The genotype BRBG 65 was extremely diverse from other genotypes and the genotype BRBG 11-1 was genetically similar to BRBG 52 and BRBG 12-3. The investigation highlights the potential utilization of these germplasm for future breeding programmes.The genotypes of more divergent cluster may be utilized in breeding programme for developing high yielding varieties and F1 hybrids with desirable quantitative traits. The most promising genotype BRBG 65 may be recommended for commercial cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Divergence in Pointed Gourd for Antioxidant, Nutritional and Postharvest Quality(Department of Horticulture ( Veg. & Flor.), BAU, Sabour, 2019-05-03) Ahmad, Mukhtar; Verma, R.BAn experiment was conducted during 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Vegetable Research farm, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (Bhagalpur) to study the existing genetic variability and to assess the genetic diversity among twenty-five genotypes of pointed gourd. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the twenty-two characters studied. High heritability accompanied with high genetic advance as per cent of mean were recorded for total flavonoids (77.38 %) chlorophyll ‘b’ (72.85 %), total phenols (71.14 %), titratable acidity (57.45 %), number of marketable fruits per plant (53.52 %), yield of marketable fruits per plant (47.26 %), CUPRAC (46.58 %), carotenoids (40.11 %), number of primary branches per plant (38.95 %), chlorophyll ‘a’ (38.68 %), node number at which first female flower appears (37.58 %), average fruit weight (28.00 %) and fruit length (22.31 %). Correlation analysis revealed that the yield of marketable fruits per plant was significantly and positively correlated with fruit length (0.23), number of marketable fruits per plant (0.82) and titratable acidity (0.23). Path analysis further revealed that the number of marketable fruits per plant (0.8569), average fruit weight (0.3261), total phenol (0.1978), days to last fruit harvest (0.1709) and chlorophyll ‘b’ (0.1145) had positive direct effect on yield of marketable fruits per plant. Genetic diversity study grouped all the genotypes into six clusters and revealed that there was presence of considerable amount of genetic diversity in the materials for different yield and yield attributing traits. The cluster I contained the maximum of 8 genotypes followed by 6 genotypes in cluster II and V, three genotypes in cluster IV, and only one (mono-genotypic) in cluster III and VI, respectively. The highest intra-cluster distance was exhibited by cluster V (289.96) followed by cluster IV (187.57), II (159.29) and I (105.68). The highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster III and V (766.29) followed by cluster IV and VI (758.47) and cluster V and VI (681.39). The above results indicated that these genotypes had maximum genetic diversity and useful for developing potential genotypes through selection for high yield coupled with desirable traits. The genotypes of cluster V showed the highest mean values for yield of marketable fruits per plant (3.96 kg) and titratable acidity (0.43 %) and the lowest mean value for days to first fruit harvest (153.94). The cluster VI exhibited highest mean value for average chlorophyll ‘a’ (24.13 mg/100g), chlorophyll ‘b’ (19.48 mg/100g), carotenoids (0.012 mg/100g), TSS (Total Soluble Solids) (3.42 0Brix) and free radical scavenging activity (52.57 %) while, the cluster IV exhibited highest mean value for fruit breadth (3.41 cm), number of marketable fruits per plant (119.50) and total sugar (1.56 %). The cluster III exhibited highest mean value for fruit length (8.16 cm), number of primary branches per plant (7.67), days to last fruit harvest (172.00), carotenoids (0.012 mg/100g) and total flavonoids (1.19 mg/100g) while, the cluster II exhibited highest mean value for ascorbic acid (28.03 mg/100g), total phenol (1.06 mg/100g), dietary fibre (5.40 mg/100g), CUPRAC (Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity) (2.27 %) and lowest mean value for node number at which first female flower appears (12.68). The promising genotypes viz; BRPG 13-30, BRPG 12-1, BRPG 12-8, BRPG 12-9, BRPG 12-7, BRPG 12-11 and Rajendra Parwal-1 were identified from cluster V and III on the basis of mean values for yield of marketable fruits per plant, number of primary branches per plant, days to last fruit harvest, fruit length, carotenoids, total flavonoids, titratable acidity and days to first fruit harvest for early maturity which could be utilized for the selection and development of high yielding genotypes. Among the twenty-two traits studied, maximum contribution was made by average fruit weight (49.33%) followed by yield of marketable fruits per plant (23.00%), number of marketable fruits per plant (15.00%), chlorophyll ‘b’ (5.67%) and total phenol (2.67%). Therefore, these characters may be given importance during selection and varietal development programme. Among the chemical treatment for reducing the post-harvest losses, Carnauba wax 1.0 % was found most effective for controlling low PLW (Physiological loss in weight), low TSS (Total Soluble Solids), high Chlorophyll and low carotenoids in almost all the genotypes except BRPG 12-7 in which BAP @ 200 ppm treatment was found to be the most effective. However, BRPG 12-9 was found promising among all genotypes for overall post- harvest treatments applied.
