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Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour established on 5th August, 2010 is a basic and strategic institution supporting more than 500 researchers and educationist towards imparting education at graduate and post graduate level, conducting basic, strategic, applied and adaptive research activities, ensuring effective transfer of technologies and capacity building of farmers and extension personnel. The university has 6 colleges (5 Agriculture and 1 Horticulture) and 12 research stations spread in 3 agro-ecological zones of Bihar. The University also has 21 KVKS established in 20 of the 25 districts falling under the jurisdiction of the University. The degree programmes of the university and its colleges have been accredited by ICAR in 2015-16. The university is also an ISO 9000:2008 certified organisation with International standard operating protocols for maintaining highest standards in teaching, research, extension and training.VisionThe Bihar Agricultural University was established with the objective of improving quality of life of people of state especially famers constituting more than two third of the population. Having set ultimate goal of benefitting society at large, the university intends to achieve it by imparting word-class need based agricultural education, research, extension and public service.
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of pre- and post-harvest application of methyl jasmonate on yield and quality of strawberry cv. Nabila(Department of Horticulture (Pomology), BAU, Sabour, 2020) Lalnunzawma; Karuna, KumariStrawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) is a man-made hybrid developed by crossing Fragaria chiloensis and Fragaria virginiana, which then become one of the most important soft fruits in the world. The fruit is consumed fresh and processed in many different products, making it to be in highly demand due to its rich flavour and aroma, excellent visual and quality. The fruits are not only rich in taste, but also rich in vitamins and minerals to which many people around the globe include it in their daily diet. The crop mainly grows well in temperate region with colder climate, but new technologies and improvements have made it easier and possible to be grown in tropical and subtropical regions like in Bihar as well through the introduction of day neutral cultivars grown in protected condition. Due to the short shelf life of strawberry fruits, the fruits require special treatments to enhance their post-harvest life and in maintaining their physico-chemical properties during it so as to increase their quality. Different investigations and studies have been performed in strawberry with different chemicals for their improvement in various aspects, may it be in their growth, yield and the quality of fruits. Among different methods and materials/chemicals used, methyl jasmonate has been proven to be one of the best chemicals in improving the quality of strawberry through various researches. The present investigation is focused on the treatment of strawberry with methyl jasmonate in order to improve their growth, yield and biochemical parameters, including their post-harvest life. The experiment was conducted in Horticulture Garden, Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour in Randomized Block Design with four treatments and five replications for the investigation of growth, physical, yield and biochemical parameters on the fresh fruit, and with ten treatments and three replications for the investigation of biochemical properties during the shelf life of strawberry fruits stored in room temperature. The treatment has been found to have a positive influence in many growth and yield parameters, to which it increased the values of parameters studied as compared to untreated plants. Significant effect of treatment has also been found in almost all the parameters. 0.6 mM MeJA treatment was found to be the most effective in increasing the yield of fruits. The pre- and post-harvest treatment with 0.6 mM MeJA showed the best result in maintaining parameters like TSS, total sugar, ascorbic acid and anthocyanin content during their shelf life, followed by the pre- and post-harvest treatment with 0.9 mM MeJA showing the best result in maintaining parameters like antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content in fruits during their storage period. In case of the losses in weight and decay, the pre- and post-harvest treatment of fruits with 0.9 mM MeJA was found to be the most effective in reducing the rate of losses due to disease or fungal infestation and weight loss.ThesisItem Open Access Studies of foliar feeding of chemicals and PGRs on quantitative, qualitative and molecular attributes of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)(Department of Horticulture (Pomology), BAU, Sabour, 2023) Pandey, Ankit Kumar; Sahay, SanjayLitchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is an important subtropical fruit crop with attractive colour, high economic and nutritional values. Bright red colour of the fruit skin and fruit quality is considered to be important quality attributes that contribute to consumer preference and market price. The fruit skin colour is desirable characters to fetch premium price by the litchi growers, but Deshi cultivar fruit colour is light red colour at maturity time. Keeping this in view, the present study entitled “Studies of foliar feeding of chemicals and PGRs on quantitative, qualitative and molecular attributes of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)” was conducted at litchi orchard of Horticultural Garden, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar (India) on Deshi variety of Litchi during the year 2020-22. Experiment was designed in randomized block design with three replications and twelve treatments including control. Pre-harvest application of potassium nitrate at 10 days after fruit setting resulted in maximum fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, aril weight, pericarp weight, seed weight and fruit yield per tree as to the control (T1). Fruit quality parameters like TSS, TSS/Acid ratio, total sugar and anthocyanin content was improved by the pre-harvest application of abscisic acid @ 150 mg/L (T10) at colour break stage as to the control (T1). The highest titratable acidity and vitamin C was obtained in control (T1) while minimum in treatment of abscisic acid @ 150 mg/L (T10) at colour break stage. Fruit colour of the litchi pericarp was observed maximum in all treatments as compared to the control (T1). Pre-harvest foliar application of potassium nitrate at 10 days after fruit setting resulted in higher leaf chlorophyll at all stages as to the control (T1). The highest fruit chlorophyll was obtained in control (T1) at all stages however minimum was found in treatment of magnesium Chloride @ 2% (T9) at 10 Days after fruit setting and abscisic acid @ 150 mg/L (T10) at colour break stage. Pre-harvest foliar application of potassium nitrate at 10 days after fruit setting resulted in higher nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in leaves and in fruits at all stages as compared to the control (T1). The conclusion was pre-harvest foliar application of potassium nitrate at 10 days after fruit setting considerably improved the fruit yield as compared to the control (T1) while pre-harvest foliar application of abscisic acid @ 150 mg/L (T10) at colour break stage enhance fruit quality as compared to the control (T1). Sample of litchi fruit was collected at colour turning stage for NGS transcriptome analysis. Total RNA was isolated from pericarp tissues using the RNA kit (Promega) and further cDNA library was prepared. The total assembled base was 10.10 million by RNA sequencing Illumina platform. The average total transcript per sample was 83,362 and average protein encoding genes was 40825 with median contig length was 881 and average contig was 1212.24 per sample. The GO database was used to classify the function of the predicted litchi pericarp unigenes. Approximately 825,599 unigenes were classified into three main categories: biological process, cellular component and molecular function. Within the Biological process involved gene was 459865, in cellular component process involved gene was 146422 and in molecular function involved gene was 219312. In order to observe the role of genes involved in pericarp colouring, and analysed the genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Eighteen genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway of litchi pericarp identified. In eighteen genes common unregulated genes in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway validated through qRT-PCR technique, which are directly associated in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in early or late stage that responsible for anthocyanin synthesis. The conclusion was pre-harvest foliar application of abscisic acid @ 150 mg/L (T10) at colour break stage and ethylene @ 500µL/L at (T11) at colour break stage found better in colouration of litchi pericarp as compared to combination of abscisic acid @150 mg/L and ethylene @ 500µl/L (T12) at colour break stage and control (T1).ThesisItem Open Access Application of BBCH scale for phenological studies in litchi in relation to temperature(Department of Horticulture (Fruit Science), BAU, Sabour, 2022) Aman, Ankita; Rani, RubyLitchi (Litchi Chinensis Sonn.) of the sapindaceae family is one of the important sub-tropical fruit crops of India and require very specific climate for its successful condition. The growth, flowering and yield in litchi is greatly influenced by temperature. Phenology is the study of periodical plant development events and how they are affected by environmental conditions factors mainly temperature. In fact, changes in the time of phenophases of fruit trees are of great economical importance because they have direct impact on factors influencing final fruit yield. Phenological studies in litchi are also important for planned management of orchards and alerting litchi growers against environmental vagaries. BBCH-scale (BBCH = Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) proposed by various workers has its own advantages of its simplicity and ease of use for annual, biennial and perennial plants and it also describes both the vegetative and reproductive stages of plant growth in sequential manner. Thus, an experiment was conducted to study the phenological development in litchi variety Deshi and Kasba using extended BBCH scale at experimental plot of Bihar agricultural University, Sabour that lies in indo gangetic plain of Bihar, India for three consecutive years from 2019 to 2021. The time, duration and prevailing temperature at each phenological stages of litchi were recorded as per extended BBCH scale in which 7 out of 10 principal stages were used, starting with bud development (stage 0) and ending with maturity of fruit (stage 8). Pictures of all phenophases were taken to see the morphological difference among them. Phenological development of all the stages of Deshi and Kasba was found significantly different in each year regarding their time of initiation and duration. The initiation of 1st vegetative flush started after 30-35 days in Deshi and 45-50 days in Kasba after harvest. The bud development (Stage 010) started in last week of June to first week of July in Deshi variety for 1st flush and first week of September for second flush. It was last week of July to first week of August in Kasba variety for first flush in both the year and first week of October for second flush. In variety Deshi phenological development was earlier in 2019 as Compared to 2020 and 2021 and it was delayed in 2020. Similar trend was noted in variety Kasba also. All stages of inflorescence were earlier in Deshi as compared to Kasba in each year of observation. It was also reflected that during 2020 all the mesostages was delayed in both the varieties. It was observed that prevailing temperature greatly influenced time and duration of particular phenophases in both the varieties. Positive correlation between maximum and minimum temperature with stages in both the variety was observed. Varietal difference was also observed in this regard and for stage 500, Deshi took higher temperature as compared to Kasba. However, all other stages, it was lower in Deshi as compared to Kasba. The principal stage flowering started earlier in Deshi than Kasba in all the years. But the phase duration of this stage did not vary much among the variety as it ranged from 30 to 32 days in Deshi and 28 to 33 days in Kasba during the year under study. Changes in leaf nutritional status in different phenological stages was also observed and highest Nitrogen (1.62 %) and Phosphorus content (0.27 %) was noted before beginning of stage 5 i.e. inflorescence stage and Potassium was maximum (1.25 %) at flowering stage. Similarly maximum carbohydrates (7.56 %) at stage initiation of stage 5 i.e. inflorescence stage. This study adds knowledge about year to year phenological development in relation to temperature. However, a long-term monitoring of litchi varieties for their phenophases and their relation to temperature is required to confirm the critical temperature for different phenophases and to see the phenological development in litchi with change in climate.ThesisItem Open Access Response of various levels of nutrients and PGRs on quality seed yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)(Department of Horticulture (Vegetable Science), BAU, Sabour, 2022) Thakur, Ghanshyam; Kant, KamalCoriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an important vegetable as well as seed spice crop mainly grown in rabi season and belongs to family Apiaceae. The present investigation entitled “Response of various levels of nutrients and PGRs on quality seed yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum)” was conducted at vegetable research farm Department of Horticulture (Vegetable & Floriculture), BAC, Sabour during the years 2020-21 and 2021-22 in rabi season. There were four levels of fertilizers F1 (N60: P40: K30), F2 (N70: P50: K40), F3 (N80: P60: K50), F4 (N90: P70: K60) and 10 levels of PGRs ie. P0 (Control), P1 (GA3 20 ppm), P2 (GA3 40 ppm), P3 (GA3 60 ppm), P4 (ethrel 100 ppm), P5 (ethrel 150 ppm), P6 (ethrel 200 ppm), P7 (NAA 25 ppm), P8 (NAA 50 ppm), P9 (NAA 75 ppm). Treatment wise fertilizer and PGRs were applied. PGRs were applied as seed treatment and foliar spray. Foliar spray of PGRs were made at 45 and 60 DAS. The variety used was Pant Haritima. The experimental design was Factorial Randomized Block Design with 40 treatment combinations which werereplicated thrice. Significantly highest number of primary branches (9.15), dry matter per plant at harvest (15.30 gm), number of umbels per plant (29.64), biological yield (50.33 q/ha.), straw yield (2613.75 kg/ha), N (2.84 %) in seed, protein content in seed (17.76 %), N (1.49 %) in straw, protein content in straw (9.34 %), P (0.36 %) in seed, P (0.086 %) in straw were obtained in F3P6 (N80: P60: K50 + ethrel 200 ppm) while plant height at harvest (136.55 days), number of secondary branches (27.09), dry matter per plant at 90 DAS (10.71 gm), umbellets per umbel (5.93), days to earlier first flower initiation (60.59 days), days to earlier 50 % flowering (75 days), earlier number of days to seed maturity (111.08 days) were found non- significant. Nitrogen (82.31 kg ha-1) and Phosphorus uptake (7.82 kg ha-1) were found significant in treatment combination F3P6 (N80: P60: K50 + ethrel 200 ppm) whereas potassium uptake (39.16 kg ha-1) was found significant in treatment F3P5 (N80: P60: K50 + ethrel 150 ppm). Test weight (12.79 gm), germination (90.90 %) seedling length (30.40 cm), seedling dry weight (313.10 mg), vigour index- I (2735.71) and vigour index- II (28.08) were found non- significant while K (0.78 %) in seed, K (1.10 %) in straw, available N (220.09 Kg ha-1), available P (18.97 Kg ha-1), available K (166.56 Kg ha-1), pH (8.08), EC (0.23) were also found non- significant. Harvesting index (33.55 %) was found highly significant in F3P5 (N80: P60: K50 + ethrel 150 ppm) while organic carbon (0.61) and number of seeds per umbellets (8.35) were highly significant in F4P6 (N90: P70: K60 + ethrel 200 ppm) and F3P3 (N80: P60: K50 + GA3 60 ppm) respectively. Therefore, it may be concluded that significantly highest seed yield (15.54 q/ha.) was obtained in treatment F3P6(N80: P60: K50 + ethrel 200 ppm) as well as maximum net return(Rs.1,05,616/ha.) with higher B:C ratio (2.75) were recorded in this treatment.ThesisItem Open Access Combining ability and stability analysis in bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.)](Department of Horticulture (Vegetable Science), BAU, Sabour, 2022) Patel, Pushpam; Sharma, Ramesh KumarThe present study was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm of the Department of Horticulture (Vegetable and Floriculture), Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur. The investigation was based on combining ability, heterosis and to estimate stable genotypes for planning of an appropriate strategy for development of high yielding bottle gourd lines and F1 (crosses). The line × tester analysis was carried out involving 7 lines viz., BRBG-23, BRBG-65, BRBG- 21-2, BRBG-42-, BGL-19, BRBG-22-1, BRBG-41-1 and 3 testers (Rajendra Chamatkar, Swarna Sneha and Narendra Rashmi). Each line was crossed with each of the tester during March 2019. The evaluation trials of crosses and parents were conducted during three seasons namely August 2020, February 2021 and March 2021 transplanting in randomized block design with 3 replications. The experimental material consisted of 7 parents, 3 testers, 21 F1’s and one check (Narendra Shankar-4). Data was recorded on 13 quantitative, 3 biochemical and 9 morphological traits. In each replication per treatment five plants were randomly selected for observations on plant, fruit and yield characters on individual plant basis. Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the genotypes for the traits under study. On the basis of pooled over seasons the estimates of variance component revealed that variance due to SCA was more pronounced than variance due to GCA for all the characters under study, indicating the importance of non-additive type of gene action for the expression for those characters. On the basis of pooled over seasons the GCA effect for fruit yield per hectare revealed that line BRBG22-1 was the best general combiner and among testers Narendra Rashmi was the best general combiner. The SCA effect of hybrids for fruit yield per hectare revealed that BRBG-21-1 × Swarna Sneha was the best specific combiner followed by BRBG-65 × Rajendra Chamatkar and BRBG-23 × Narendra Rashmi. Among the 21 crosses, the crosses, BRBG-22-1 × Swarna Sneha, BRBG-22-1 × Narendra Rashmi, BRBG-21-2 × Swarna Sneha and BRBG-23 × Narendra Rashmi showed more than 24 % standard heterosis for fruit yield per hectare. Thus, it was concluded that these crosses were the best and found suitable for higher fruit yield per hectare on the basis of mean performance and heterotic effect for fruit yield per hectare. BRBG-23 × Swarna Sneha, BRBG-65 × Swarna Sneha and Narendra shankar-4 were found stable genotypes for fruit yield per hectare in pooled data of the seasons. Genotypes BRBG-41-1 × Narendra Rashmi for number of primary branches per plant; BRBG-23 × Narendra Rashmi, BRBG-21-2 × Swarna Sneha, BRBG-22-1 × Swarna Sneha, BRBG-22-1 × Narendra Rashmi, BGL-19, BRBG-22-1 for number of node to first male flower; BRBG-23 × Narendra Rashmi, BRBG-42-1 × Swarna Sneha, BRBG-65 for number of node to first female flower; BRBG-23 × Swarna Sneha, BGL-19 × Rajendra Chamatkar, BRBG-41-1 × Swarna Sneha, BRBG-23, BRBG-65, Swarna Sneha, Narendra Rashmi, Narendra shankar-4 for days to first male flower opening; BRBG-23 × Swarna Sneha, BGL-19 × Rajendra Chamatkar, BRBG-41-1 × Swarna Sneha, Swarna Sneha for days to first female flower opening; BGL-19 × Rajendra Chamatkar, BGL-19 for days to first fruit harvest; BRBG-23 × Narendra Rashmi for vine length at the time of final harvesting (m); BRBG-41-1 × Swarna Sneha for length of fruit; BRBG-65 × Swarna Sneha, Narendra Rashmi for number of fruit per vine; BRBG-23 × Rajendra Chamatkar, BRBG-23 × Swarna Sneha, BGL-19 × Narendra Rashmi for weight of fruit; BRBG-23 × Swarna Sneha, BRBG-65 × Swarna Sneha and Narendra shankar-4 for fruit yield per vine; BRBG-22-1 × Swarna Sneha for total Protein; BRBG-23 × Narendra Rashmi, BRBG-65 × Swarna Sneha, BGL-19 × Rajendra Chamatkar, BRBG-22-1 × Rajendra Chamatkar, BRBG-41-1 × Swarna Sneha for fibre content were found stable genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Curd Cutting Techniques and Micronutrients Application on Seed Yield and Quality of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.)(Department of Horticulture (Olericulture), BAU, Sabour, 2022) Kumari, Manju; Shree, SangeetaCauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) is an important member of Cruciferae having chromosome number 2n= 2x=18. The present investigation entitled “Curd Cutting Techniques and Micronutrients Application on Seed Yield and Quality of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.)” was conducted at vegetable seed production farm, Department of Horticulture (Vegetable & Floriculture), BAC, Sabour for two years 2019-20 and 2020-21. There was two level of boron in form of borax (0.3 % and 0.4 %) and molybdenum (Mo) in the form of ammonium molybdate (0.15 % and 0.20 %) sprayed at 40 and 60 days after transplanting. Four curd cutting techniques were applied viz., intact curd (S1), scooping (S2), cross cutting (S3) and one fourth curd removal (S4) on variety (Sabour Agrim) the design of the experiment was Factorial Randomised Block Design with 36 treatment combinations which were replicated thrice. Curd scooping significantly influenced days to 50 % flowering (127.19 days) than that of no scooping. Curd scooping also significantly out yielded than no curd scooping for seed yield and other attributes viz., plant height (82.99 cm), days to 50 % flowering (127.43 days), number of flowering stalk per plant (10.17), days to maturity of siliqua (183.06 days) and number of siliqua per plant (2019.71). Central curd scooping resulted in higher per plant seed yield (48.67 g) than that of intact curd. Seed yield per plot obtained from scooping was (324.25 g). The highest germination % was obtained in seed produced from scooping ((91.01 %) followed by one fourth curd removal (88.75 %) and cross cutting (87.50 %). Maximum plant height (84.41 cm), days to 50 % flowering (126.97days), number of flowering stalks per plant (9.86), days to maturity of siliqua (180.88 days) number of siliqua per plant (1943.90), seed yield per plant (43.45 g), seed yield per plot (300.50 g) and seed germination percentage ((90.37 %) were obtained when (M5, boron 0.3 % with molybdenum 0.15 %) applied through foliar application. Scooping (S2, central curd cutting) significantly superior to rest of the treatments. M5 (boron 0.3 % with molybdenum 0.15 %) proved the best treatment combination in this study. Therefore, it may be concluded that the scooping (S2) along with foliar application of 0.3 % boron and 0.15 % molybdenum at 40 days 60 days after transplanting was found beneficial for getting more seed yield with higher benefit-cost ratio. These treatment was also found outstanding for better seed quality like higher germination per cent and 1000 seed weight whereas, treatment combination scooping of curd and foliar spray of micronutrient could 0.3 % ranked second in merit.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on genetic improvement in litchi using in vitro approaches(Department of Horticulture (Pomology), BAU, Sabour, 2022) Prakash, Shashi; Mir, HidayatullahLitchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), a member of the family Sapindaceae and subfamily Nepheleaceae, is one of the economically important fruit crops of the world. However, its geographical expansion and commercial production is still very limited due to several reasons including limited climatic adaptability of this crop, limited availability of quality planting material of elite varieties and narrow genetic base owing to limitations of conventional breeding programs. In vitro approaches can be utilized to overcome these limitations to a great extent. So, the present investigation was carried out with the aim to develop protocol for in vitro organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in litchi cultivars Purbi and Shahi. Attempts were also made to enhance seedling recovery using in vitro embryo culture technique. Maximum callogenesis was obtained from leaf explants cultured in MS medium fortified with 1.0 mg/L BAP + 2.0 mg/L IAA and 2.0 mg/L BAP + 3.0 mg/L 2,4-D in Purbi and Shahi cultivars respectively. MS medium was found to be better for callogenesis than WPM. WPM added with 2.0 mg/L BAP+ 1.0 mg/L kinetin+ 0.5 mg/L GA3 resulted in maximum number of shoots per explant in cultivars Purbi and Shahi. MS medium fortified with 1.5 mg/L 2, 4 D + 0.5 mg/L BAP was recorded to be the best treatment for embryogenic callus induction and formation of maximum number of somatic embryos per explant. NAA although induced some embryogenic callus but these calluses failed to develop into somatic embryos. Litchi embryos cultured 30 days after fruit set or at later stages resulted in either callogenesis or direct germination. The germination percent increased with increasing age of the embryo. Maximum germination was obtained in seeds which were soaked in water overnight. Significantly higher numbers of shoots per seed were obtained when seeds were soaked in BAP (1.0 mg/mL) for overnight or 2 days. Soaking of seeds in GA3 (1.0 mg/mL) for overnight or 2 days resulted in formation of longest shoots. Maximum number of adventitious shoots per embryonic shoot was recorded in all the cross combinations when the embryonic shoots attached with cotyledons were transferred to MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L BAP + 15 % coconut water. Highest rooting of regenerated shoots was recorded in ½ MS + 2.0 mg/L IBA. Plant regeneration from leaf and nodal segment explants could provide a simple but effective method for propagating difficult-to-propagate litchi cultivars and could also provide the basis for biotechnological approaches for genetic improvement of this species. Multiple shoots from a single litchi embryo which has been successfully developed in this study can provide a number of plants for evaluation of progeny under breeding programs thus overcoming limitations of conventional breeding methods. The present study unlocks new frontiers to genetic improvement of litchi using in vitro approaches.ThesisItem Open Access Estimation of genetic diversity of Jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels) grown in Bihar(Department of Horticulture (Pomology), BAU, Sabour, 2022) Kumar, Santosh; Ahmad, M. FezaJamun is an important minor fruit crop, botanically known as Syzygium cuminii Skeels having chromosome number 2n=40 belongs to the family Myrtaceae, native to India. Because of the allogamous nature of fruits and the predominance of seed propagation, there is a great deal of variation in their appearance and physico-chemical characteristics. However, only a few elite lines have been identified, and there is little information on how to improve the Jamun fruit harvest. As a result, an attempt has been made to comprehend the scope of genetic variation and investigate genetic variation found in Jamun germplasm of Bihar for identifying the superior clone with special reference to using Test for Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability and by polymorphic molecular marker for commercial use. Title of the thesis : Estimation of genetic diversity of Jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels) grown in Bihar Name of the student : Santhosh Kumar Registration number : D/HORT-F/141/BAC/2017-18 Major subject : Horticulture (Pomology) Minor subject : Biochemistry and Cop Physiology Degree programme : Ph.D. (Ag.) Major Advisory Committee : Prof. M. Feza Ahmad An experiment was carried out at BAU, Sabour, Bhagalpur, during 2020-21. "Wide range of variability was observed, among various morphological traits like tree height (8.26 -19.49 m), plant spread (5.15-9.74 m E-W direction & 5.30 -9.72 m N-S direction), canopy height (4.13-9.75 m), canopy volume (471.85-3857.60 m3), internodal length (4.44-7.48cm), Petiole length (1.25-2.57) leaf length (11.50-20.71 cm), leaf width (3.93-7.69 cm) and Leaf length: width ratio (1.71-3.76 cm), inflorescence length (12.98-16.18 cm), inflorescence diameter (3.68-6.65cm) and inflorescence length: diameter ratio (2.18- 4.04%) were observed during the study. Wide range of variability was observed in physical parameters of fruit also. The maximum fruit length (3.76 cm) was found in BK3, fruit breadth (2.37cm) in BK3, fruit size (8.92 cm2) in BK3, fruit weight 18.10 g) in BK3, Pulp content (81.19 %) in P1, Pulp weight (14.76 g) in BK3, Seed weight (3.54 g) in BK3 and Pulp seed ratio (5.00) in P1 while minimum fruit length (2.02cm) in BG3, fruit breadth (1.12 cm) in BG3, fruit size (2.27) BG3, fruit weight 5.82 g) in BG3, pulp content (67.97 %) in S1, pulp weight (4.48 g) in BG3, seed weight (1.14 g) in P5 and pulp seed ratio (2.40) were noted in S1. The maximum range of variability was found in number of panicle per tree i.e. 444 to 880, no. of fruits per panicle (11.16 to 37.61), Yield kg/panicle (0.08 to 0.31) and average yield/kg/tree (34.05- 395.50 kg) among all characters of jamun genotype. The wide range of variability was also observed in biochemical traits. Genotype BK3 was recorded highest TSS (14.780B), total sugar content (8.40 %) and total anthocyanin content (53.06 mg/100g). Genotype BG3 was maximum recorded titrable acidity (0.80%) and maximum Vit.C (44.48 mg/100g) was recorded in BK1 genotype. Dendogram Clusters based on ward’s minimum variance of 22 genotypes, A total of 11 clusters were formed among maximum number of genotypes were observed in cluster number (BK1, BG1, BK2, S3). UPGMA based on Euclidian dendrogram developed using similarity coefficient data among 22 genotype after RAPD analysis, total no. of cluster 3 but maximum no. of genotype where in cluster 1 & 2 while it was minimum in cluster 3. On the basis of molecular marker all the genotypes were diverse from each other. As per the Jaccard’s similarity co-efficient values, the genotypes BK3 and BG3 were found to be most distantly related (0.825) followed by BK3 and BG2 (0.811). Among all the 20 primers (RAPD) used during the study, only 10 primers showed polymorphism in which OPA-09 primer showed highest polymorphism. Whereas, the remaining were of monomorphism. The genotypes (BK3 & BG3) were observed to perform highest dissimilarity matrix i.e., 0.825. Finally, it is possible to conclude that the genotypes BK3 and P1 should be used as genetic material for varietal development and as a commercial variety.ThesisItem Open Access In vitro mutagenesis in banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) cv. Grand Naine for its improvement against salinity(Department of Horticulture (Fruit Science), BAU, Sabour, 2021) Rajan, Rajni; Ahmad, Mohammad FezaThe present investigation entitled “In vitro mutagenesis in banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) cv. Grand Naine for its improvement against salinity” was carried out in the Division of Horticulture (Fruits and Fruit Technology), BAU, Sabour during 2017-2020 with the aim to develop salinity tolerant mutant in banana cv. Grand Naine using gamma irradiation and chemical mutagens. Six different experiments were laid out under in vitro and in vivo condition. The irradiation experiment was carried out in 5×5 factorial complete randomized design consisting days of subculture (DAS) (4 DAS, 7 DAS, 10 DAS, 13 DAS and 16 DAS) and irradiation doses (0 Gy, 10 Gy, 20 Gy, 30 Gy and 40 Gy) replicated five times. The chemical mutagen experiment was conceded in 5×7 factorial completely randomized design comprising days of subculture (4 DAS, 7 DAS, 10 DAS, 13 DAS, 16 DAS) and chemical mutagen doses (Control @ 0 mM, EMS @ 3 mM, EMS @ 5mM, DES @ 3 mM, DES @ 3 mM, NaN3 @ 1mM, NaN3 @ 2 mM) replicated three times. The observations with regards morphological characters were taken up to M1V4 generation (up to 120 days from M1V1 to M1V4 at 30 days interval). Under in vivo condition, ten mutant lines (SM1, SM2, SM3, SM4, SM5, SM6, SM7, SM8, SM9, SM10, SM11 and SM12) were used for evaluating salinity tolerance with the application of NaCl (0, 100 and 250 mM) under factorial completely randomized design. Results revealed that 39.5 Gy as the LD50 dose among gamma irradiated shoot tips. 10 Gy treated over 16 DAS explants was found most effective in terms of number of new shoots (8.86), survival (80-90 %), shoot length (5.54 cm), root length (5.44 cm). The LD50 of EMS, DES and NaN3 for shoot tip culture of banana was recorded at 5.5, 5.1 and 2.1 mM respectively. EMS and DES retained dormant condition until M1V2. EMS was found most effective in new shoot development. Morphological characters like shoot length (4.40 cm) and root length (5.30 cm) found maximum in NaN3 @ 1 mM and DES @ 3 mM respectively. All the morphological characters increased with increase in DAS. Explant of 16 DAS exposed with EMS @ 3mM improved survival rate in the range of 60-90 % and rooting by 70-75 %. EMS @ 3mM and EMS @ 5 mM performed best in the development of visible mutant when subculture was done at 10 and 13 DAS. As many as seven microsatellite markers were selected for identification of salinity, three have been found most suitable for screening of mutant tolerant to salinity. Ma2/3 showed no amplification whereas Ma1/3 and STMS 1fp/1rp showed amplification at 160 bp and 250 bp were selected for screening of salinity. 10 Gy when exposed over 13 DAS explants distinguished positive for markers whereas higher doses i.e. 20, 30 and 40 Gy were found screened positive at 4 DAS and 7 DAS. EMS @ 3 mM, EMS @ 5 mM and DES @ 5 mM at the 4, 7 and 10 DAS was found positive for salinity markers while NaN3 generated explants didn’t identified salinity tolerant line using molecular markers. There was no evidence of salinity positive lines in all the treatments at above13 DAS. Out of 1100 putative mutant line derived, 134 lines confirmed through molecular markers. Out of molecularly confirmed line 22 mutant lines were found effective based on survival, plant height and root length for further screening under in vitro salinity condition. The 12 most effectively performed lines were again screened for in vivo salinity experiments. Under in vivo condition among irradiated mutant lines SM1 and SM2 obtained from 10 Gy and 20 Gy and chemical mutagen treated lines SM7 and SM8 obtained from EMS @ 3 mM, EMS @ 5 mM respectively were found most effective treatments among mutant lines with respect to per cent change in plant height, leaf area, necrosis, number of leaves, MSI, RWC and proline. SM11 and SM12 obtained from treatment of NaN3 @ 1 mM and NaN3 @ 2 mM performed higher in terms of per cent change in salinity damage, chlorophyll, MSI and proline. SM9 (DES @ 3 mM) showed the improved per cent change in no. of leaves, proline and chlorophyll then other mutant lines. The entire set of experiment suggested that under in vitro condition lower gamma irradiation doses (10 Gy, 20 Gy) exposed over 13 DAS explants was found to be most effective to generate salinity tolerant mutant lines. Among chemical mutagens, EMS provided maximum number of visible mutant and salinity tolerant mutant line from 4 to 10 DAS. Under in vivo condition, 10 Gy and 20 Gy derived mutant lines were most effective to improve plant height, leaf area, necrosis, no. of leaves, MSI, RWC and proline under salinity condition. However, EMS @ 3 mM was found effective in improving plant height, leaf area, no. of leaves, MSI and proline. Also, DES @ 3 mM improved RWC and NaN3 @ 1 mM enhanced chlorophyll content of the mutant lines against salinity.
