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Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour established on 5th August, 2010 is a basic and strategic institution supporting more than 500 researchers and educationist towards imparting education at graduate and post graduate level, conducting basic, strategic, applied and adaptive research activities, ensuring effective transfer of technologies and capacity building of farmers and extension personnel. The university has 6 colleges (5 Agriculture and 1 Horticulture) and 12 research stations spread in 3 agro-ecological zones of Bihar. The University also has 21 KVKS established in 20 of the 25 districts falling under the jurisdiction of the University. The degree programmes of the university and its colleges have been accredited by ICAR in 2015-16. The university is also an ISO 9000:2008 certified organisation with International standard operating protocols for maintaining highest standards in teaching, research, extension and training.VisionThe Bihar Agricultural University was established with the objective of improving quality of life of people of state especially famers constituting more than two third of the population. Having set ultimate goal of benefitting society at large, the university intends to achieve it by imparting word-class need based agricultural education, research, extension and public service.
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ThesisItem Open Access Pheno-Physiological studies on Baramasi, regular and biennial bearing mango(Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), BAU, Sabour, 2015-12-17) Tiwari, Dhiru Kumar; Patel, V.B.Flowering in mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a very complex physiological phenomenon. The potentiality to form flower buds depends on the florious condition of the tree that depends on many factors such as genotypes, climatic factors, physiological behavior, agro-techniques, pests and disease management etc. Very less information is reported on the above subject. Hence, a study was carried out at AICRP (Fruit) experimental farm of the Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar during 2012-13 and 2013-14 to know the phenological behavior as well as to understand the physiological and biochemical activities during different stages. This experiment was laid out with four mango cultivars Baramasi, regular bearing (Amrapali) and biennial bearing (Langra and Alphonso) in RBD. The highest flowering intensity was produced by Langra (4295.50 flowers/sq. ft.) whereas Alphonso had longest panicle (32.86 cm), minimum flowering intensity (2621.00 flowers/sq. ft.) and panicle length in Baramasi (25.16). Results also indicated that flowering inhibit the photosynthesis (Pn) (6.22-12.11 µmol/m2/sec), stomatal conductance (gs) (0.131-0.229 µmol/m2/sec) and transpiration (E) (4.35-5.33 µmol/m2/sec) rates, these were higher during the post flowering stage however the lower values were recorded at flowering stage. The higher rate of photosynthesis was not due to variation in the water status of the leaves, since relative water content (RWC) was significantly lower in leaves of Langra. Chlorophyll has significant role in the photosynthesis. The highest chlorophyll content (2.45-4.00 mg/g) was estimated during the post flowering stage. Results also underlined the significance of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) system in flowering of mango. Increased accumulation of carbohydrates was also estimated during flowering stage compared to other stages in all cultivars but Baramasi exhibited almost similar level during all stages in terms of carbohydrate (88.44-89.2 8 mg/100g) as well as nitrogen content, flavonoids and total antioxidants capacity. Time of 50% flowering, panicle length, No. of flowers, No. of panicles, and hermaphrodite flowers were found to be positively correlated with Pn, gs, E, Fv/Fm while leaf area index (LAI) was positively correlated with total chlorophyll, phenolics, carbohydrates and nitrogen however, No. of flowers was correlated with carbohydrates and total chlorophyll, Pn, gs, E, Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll, temperature, RH and rainfall were positively correlated to each other whereas negatively correlated with internal CO2 concentration of leaf (Ci), relative water content (RWC), specific leaf weight (SLW), carbohydrates, phenolics and nitrogen content. Although, results are not clearly showing the actual factors involved in flowering, however this study is helpful to understand the relationship of physiology and biochemical attributes towards flowering of Baramasi, regular and irregular bearing mango. Baramasi bears five times flowers as well as more flushes in a year than other cultivars. Leaf area index observed significantly maximum in Baramasi. Higher chlorophyll content, electron transport rate, specific leaf weight and relative water content during all stages were observed in Baramasi. In the data, it was observed that Baramasi has exhibited much fluctuating carbohydrate reserve due to staggered flowering pattern during flowering process. During flowering increased level of carbohydrate reserve, indicating their decisive role in the flowering. Further works at molecular level (gene expression) are needed to understand the mango flowering. This information could be used for breeding programs to improve mango productivity by producing fruits throughout the year.ThesisItem Open Access Improvement in Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for yield and quality attributing traits(Department of Horticulture (Vegetable & Floriculture), BAU, Sabour, 2019-01-31) Adarsh, Anupam; Kumar, RandhirBitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is an important cucurbitaceous crop belonging to the family cucurbitaceae and is widely grown in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean for its fruit. Bitter gourd being rich in all the essential vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin A, B1, B2, C and iron, its regular intake prevents many complications such as hypertension, eye complications, neuritis and defective metabolism of carbohydrates. It increases body's resistance against infection. The crop is highly cross pollinated due to its monoecious nature. The genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, character association and path analysis for qualitative and quantitative characters were carried out in 21 accessions. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with 3 replications in years, (Feb-June) 2015, (Feb-June) 2016 and (Feb-June) 2017.Significant variation was observed among most of the genotypes for all the traits under studied. High PCV along with high heritability, and genetic advance were observed for fruit weight, vitamin C, carotenoid and total phenol content whereas high PCV along with moderate value of genetic advance was observed for days to 1st fruit harvest, fruit length, fruit fly infestation, number of seeds/fruit, flavonoid, iron and fruit yield/plant. The correlation analysis for morphological traits revealed that all the traits were positively correlated with yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic level except node number to 1st staminate flower, node number to 1st pistillate flower, days to 1st staminate and pistillate flower anthesis, days to 50% flowering and days to 1st fruit harvest. The correlation analysis for biochemical traits revealed that all the traits were negatively correlated with yield per plant except Vitamin C, total chlorophyll, total phenol and iron both at genotypic and phenotypic level. Path analysis revealed that lowest positive direct on yield per plant was observed for fruit fly infestations. Negative direct effect on yield per plant were recorded on node number to 1st staminate flower, internodal length, no. of primary branches/vine, days to 1st fruit harvest, days to 1st pistillate flower anthesis, node no.to 1st pistillate flower, days to 1st staminate flower anthesis, vine length, number of seeds/fruits. The indirect path analysis for morphological traits revealed that characters fruit diameter had maximum positive indirect effect via fruit weight (1.128), fruit length (0.911), vine length (0.745), days to 50% flowering (0.223), number of fruits/vine (0.174) and fruit fly infestations (0.142). Days to 1st pistillate flower anthesis had maximum positive indirect effect via fruit weight (1.095), node number to 1st pistillate flower (0.582), node number to 1st staminate flower (0.640), days to 1st pistillate flower anthesis (0.381) and days to 1st fruit harvest (0.369). The indirect path analysis for biochemical traits revealed that characters total Phenols had maximum positive indirect effect via flavonoids and acidity. Chlorophyll a had maximum positive indirect effect via Vitamin c, total sugar, flavonoids, chlorophyll b, acidity and total phenol. Residual effect of path analysis was very low (0.7339) suggesting inclusion of maximum yield influencing characters in analysis. The multivariate analysis according to Tocher’s method revealed that genotype was grouped into five clusters depending on their genetic divergence Cluster I had maximum number (11) of genotypes closely followed by cluster II (7). Cluster III, IV and V consists of only 1 genotypes. These accessions were further analyzed by multilocus RAPD and ISSR marker system. Combined data analysis of RAPD (17) and ISSR (11) markers provided 73.66 % polymorphism with 5.33 polymorphic amplicons per primer. The better discriminatory power of ISSR markers over RAPD markers may be due to comparatively higher values of average polymorphic information content (PIC;0.175), gene diversity (0.213) and allele frequency (0.814) as well as the diverse nature of the genotypes. The clustering of the both RAPD and ISSR marker divided the genotypes into five different sub-cluster. Some genotypes i.e. BRBTL, BRBTW, Pusa Aushadhi, Karela Safed, Gangajalee small and Pusa Rasdar were selected based on molecular and morphological diversity of genotypes. Random crosses were made and their heterotic effects had estimated. BRBBTL x Pusa Aushadhi and BRBTL x Gangajalee small had shown significant heterotic effects for most of the traits in terms of better parent and standard parent. Genetic effects of both qualitative and quantitative traits of both crosses of bitter gourd were studied using generation means analysis in six populations including P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2 generations of cross BRBTL x Pusa Aushadhi and BRBTL x Gangajalee Small. Significant parental difference was observed for all the traits in both the crosses. Scaling test indicate significant additive, dominance and non-additive gene action were responsible for most of the traits. The cross BRBTL x Pusa Aushadhi exhibits additive × dominance (j) and dominance × dominance (l) were highly significant for most of the traits whereas the additive(d), dominance (h) and additive x dominance (j) had found significant in cross BRBTL x Gangajalee Small.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the effect of GA3 application on physiological regulation of flowering and maturity in mango [Mangifera indica L.] cv. Langra(Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), BAU, Sabour, 2019-01-12) Singh, Deen Dayal; Singh, Rewti RamanMango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important fruit crops of many tropical and sub-tropical countries of world which belongs to the family Anacardiaceae (Nakasone and Paul 1998 and Purseglove 1972).The experiment was carried out in Horticulture Garden of Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour during Rabi season of 2013 - 2015 with the objectives focused in this direction on the effect of GA3 application on physiological regulation of flowering and maturity in mango [Mangifera indica L.] cv. Langra. A critical analysis of data revealed that wide range of phonological observation was observed on morphological traits. The traits such as panicle emergence (14.55 Days), days to 50 % flowering (38.45 Days), bud break to full bloom (45.85 Days) and period of full bloom to maturity (110.43 Days) was recorded with gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 100 ppm, respectively. The other traits like panicles per tree (1044.45) and maximum leaf area (89.73 cm2) were recorded when application of gibberellic acid @ 200 ppm respectively. The other traits like length of panicles (26.73 cm) was recorded when application of gibberellic acid @ 0 ppm while flowering intensity (67.09 %) was recorded when spray of gibberellic acid @ 100 ppm. A wide range was observed with application of gibberellic acid on Physiological parameters. The trait such as photosynthetic rate (8.71 µmol/m2/sec) and internal CO2 concentration (283.80 ppm) was recorded with gibberellic acid @ 200 ppm while Stomatal conductance of leaf (0.163 µmol/m2/sec) was recorded at the time of stone formation stage. The physical observations fruit set percentage (17.98 %) was recorded with gibberellic acid @ 50 ppm within pea stage and fruit retention percentage (0.67 %) and fruit drop percentage (99.01 %) was recorded with gibberellic acid @ 0 ppm within stone formation stage. The other traits like yield (288.73 Kg/ plant) and length of fruit (97.47 mm) was recorded with spray of gibberellic acid @ 100 ppm respectively. The other traits like pulp weight (210.00 g), edible: non edible ratio (2.69) and Pulp and stone ratio (6.11) was recorded with gibberellic acid @ 50 ppm, however, maximum stone weight (37.95 g) and peal weight (59.91 g) was recorded at the time of 20 days before expected harvest stage. A wide range of Chemical parameter was observed with application of different dose of gibberellic acid. The parameters such as total soluble solids (20.53 0Brix), acidity percentage (0.364 %), total sugar content (16.24 %) and ascorbic acid content (57.65 mg/ 100 g fruit weight) was recorded with gibberellic acid @ 100 ppm, respectively. The wide range of Leaf nutrient was observed with different dose of gibberellic acid. The parameters such as nitrogen content (1.31 %) and phosphorus content (0.109 %) was recorded with gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 0 ppm. Other traits like potassium content (0.91 %) and iron content (79.52 ppm) and manganese content (58.86 ppm) and copper content of leaf (32.90 ppm) were recorded with gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 200 ppm respectively. The traits like leaf calcium content (1.87 %) and magnesium content (0.188 %) was recorded with gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 100 ppm while as leaf zinc content (19.97 ppm) was recorded with gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 0 ppm.ThesisItem Open Access Estimation of morphological and genetical variation in some mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties using DUS testing’s norms(Department of Horticulture (Pomology), BAU, Sabour, 2018-12-20) Bhamini, Kanchan; Jaiswal, U. S.The experiment entitled “Estimation of morphological and genetical variation in some mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties using DUS testing’s norms” was carried out in Horticulture Garden of Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour during the year 2015-16 and 2016-17 with the main objectives (1) to study the genetic diversity in mango varieties based on morphological and phenotypic characters and (2) to access the genetic diversity of mango accessions through molecular markers focused on analysis of genetic variability and divergence in mango genotypes. As many as 48 varieties were selected for study. Wide range of variability was observed among various morphological traits like plant height (3.45-5.43 m), plant spread (3.18-4.63 m E-W direction & 3.21-4.68 m N-S direction), crown diameter (3.20-4.66 m), trunk circumference (45.03-67.04 cm.), crown height (0.72-1.34 m), canopy volume (23.09-52.95 m3), canopy height (2.99-4.09 m), leaf length (12.15-33.40 cm), leaf width (2.55-10.19 cm) and petiole length (1.90-5.75 cm), inflorescence length (10.24-40.73 cm), inflorescence width (5.73-26.56 cm) and hermaphrodite flower per cent (6.25-30.06 %). A wide range of variability was observed in physical parameters of fruit traits also. The maximum fruit length (14.94 cm) was found in Alfazli, fruit diameter (10.59 cm) in Dholikothi Maldah at par with Alfazli (10.43 cm) and Vanraj (10.27 cm) and fruit weight (598.27 g) in Hathi Jhula, while minimum fruit length (4.68 cm), fruit diameter (4.45 cm) & fruit weight (73.29 g) were noted in Gilas. The highest range of variability was found in fruit weight i.e. 73.29 to 598.27 g among all characters of mango varieties. The wide range of variability was also observed in biochemical traits. Variety Sabri recorded highest TSS (23.49%) at par with Nisar Pasand, Bag Bahar, Rani Pasand, Bombai, Prabhashankar, Kala Pahar, Husnara and Neeludin (23.21 %, 23.07 %, 23.05 %, 22.89 %, 22.88 %, 22.74 %, 22.58 % and 22.58 %). The minimum mean value was obtained in Gilas (12.55 per cent) which showed at par with Irwin, Sanha Karbi and Safed Bathua having TSS i.e. 13.26 per cent and 13.31 per cent, respectively. The lowest titratable acidity (0.12 per cent) was obtained in variety Sabri and maximum (0.56 per cent) in Vanraj which was at par with Gilas (0.55 per cent). At genetic level, more genetic variability was found in fruit weight among all characters in genetic parameters. Seven major clads were observed in dendrogram of morphological data using Euclidean D2 analysis. Maximum varieties (14) were found in cluster IV that included Husnara, Dalma, Taimuria, Prabhashankar, Mulgoa, Vanraj, Sital Pasand, Sanha Karbi, Rangraj, Safed Bathua, Seso Maldah, Khatma Belkhar, Irwin and Nisar Pasand. Maximum intra cluster distance (1110.02) was noted in Cluster IV and inter cluster distance (8563.81) was noted between Cluster III and Cluster VI. Maximum range of cluster means was found in Cluster IV among overall clusters. Among 19 SSR markers, MiIIHR04c primer showed highest polymorphism having PIC value, 0.87. The number of alleles detected varied from 2 to 5.Two major clads were observed in dendrogram derived based on UPGMA cluster analysis using SSR markers, which was further divided into sub-clusters (2). As per this dendrogram, only one variety Peri Poona was found to be unique variety while others varieties were divided in two main clusters. On the basis of Jaccard’s similarity co-efficient values, Menka and Hathi Jhula were found to be most closely related i.e. 0.78 and Peri Poona and Gourjeet genotypes were found to be most distantly related i.e. 0.31, respectively. As per the above results obtained in present study, it is clear that these 48 genotypes are totally distinct from each other and SSR markers are an excellent genetical tool for the diversity analysis among different mango varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of nitrogen levels, vermicompost and Azotobacter on phenology, yield and quality attributes of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Amrapali under high density planting(Department of Horticulture (Pomology), BAU, Sabour, 2018-09-27) Maurya, Vimlesh Kumar; Singh, R. R.Mango (Mangifera indica L.) of family Anacardiaceae is one of the most popular fruit of the tropical and sub-tropical region. In recent years high density planting is being promoted due to higher income per unit area. The high density planting is achieved by closer planting of 3.0 m X 2.5m in place of traditional planting distance of 10m×10m using dwarf varieties like Amrapali. The closer planting along with other cultural practices enhance the use efficiency of resources like land, water, fertilizer and solar radiation to its maximum potential. Application of vermicompost and bio fertilizer has been found to be beneficial in different fruit crops. Also, application of inorganic fertilizers like N, P and K are need to be standardize under high density planting. Thus, present investigation was undertaken with the objectives to standardize the nitrogen requirement of mango under high-density planting and to study the effect of levels of nitrogen, vermicompost and Azotobacter on phenology, yield and quality attributes of mango under high-density planting. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications as three factors namely nitrogen, vermicompost and Azotobacter. The four levels of nitrogen (60g, 80g, 100g, 120 g/plant), three levels of vermicompost (0 kg/tree, vermicompost @ 4.0 kg/plant and in-situ vermicomposting) and two levels of Azotobacter (0 g/tree and Azotobactor @ 200 g/plant) were taken for the experiment. The maximum fruit set (17.97%) was found with combined application of nitrogen 100 g/tree + vermicompost @ 4.0 kg/tree + Azotobacter @ 200 g/tree (N3×V1×A1). The heaviest fruit of 203.85 g was found with combined application of nitrogen @ 120 g/tree + in-situ vermicomposting along with Azotobacter @ 200 g/tree which was statistically equal with nitrogen @120g/tree + in-situ vermicomposting in the absence of Azotobacter and nitrogen @120g/tree + vermicomposting @ 4.0 kg/tree in the absence of Azotobacter. The highest number of fruits/plant (82.35) was noted with the application of interaction of nitrogen @ 100 g/tree along with vermicompost @ 4.0 kg/tree. The plant supplied with nitrogen @ 100 g/tree along with vermicomposting @ 4.0 kg/tree and Azotobacter @ 200g/tree (N3×V1×A1), gave the maximum TSS/acidity ratio (185.12), total carotenoid (18.75 mg/100g pulp) and total sugars (18.31 %). Soil health in terms of organic carbon, pH and nutrient content and microbial population improved with the application of nitrogen @ 120g + in-situ vermicomposting along with Azotobactor @ 200 g/plant.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of fertigation and mulch in Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda under High Density Planting(Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), BAU, Sabour, 2018-02-24) Mishra, Praveen Kumar; Sahay, SanjayThe investigation was carried out to assess the “Effect of fertigation and mulch on phenol-physiological, yield and quality attributes of their soil and leaf nutrient status in Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda under High Density Planting” at experimental fruit orchards of Bihar Agricultural College, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar. The present experiment was laid out in split plot design with two mulch levels M0 (Non-mulch) and M1 (Black polythene mulch) as main plot and four levels of two fertilizers i.e. nitrogen @100g, 200g, 300g & 400g/plant/year and potassium @75g, 150g, 225g & 300g/plant/year with sixteen treatment combinations as sub plot treatment with uniform basal dose of P (200g/plant) in three replications. The pheno-physiological, yield and quality attributes of guava cv. Allahabad Safeda along with their soil and leaf nutrient status was improved significantly in black polythene mulch as compared to non-mulch with subsequent levels of N, K and NK treatments in the main plot. The pheno-physiological, yield and quality attributes are varied significantly with the application of nitrogen, potassium and its combination. The highest plant height (2.77, 2.69 & 2.81 m), canopy volume (10.40, 9.55 & 10.91 m3 ), growth of current season shoot (33.44, 30.99 & 34.48 cm), leaf area (59.06, 55.18 & 61.74 cm2), leaf area index (5.84, 5.62 & 6.00), photosynthesis rate (8.70, 8.19 & 9.62 μmol/m2/sec), internal CO2 concentration (298.56, 284.59 & 312.45 ppm), stomatal conductance (0.34, 0.27 & 0.39 μmol/m2/sec), total chlorophyll (2.07, 1.74 & 2.15 mg g-1), relative water content (57.71, 53.33 & 58.60 %), specific leaf weight (12.80 & 12.87 mg/cm-2), fruit weight (257.19, 221.09 & 269.25 g), length (7.12, 6.77 & 7.38 cm), width (7.90, 7.66 & 8.21 cm ) and pulp: seed ratio (37.91, 35.04 & 39.59), T.S.S. (10.41, 11.11 & 11.52 °B), TSS: Acid ratio (39.69, 37.85 & 45.74), total sugars (8.62, 9.18 & 9.52 %), ascorbic acid (158.60, 153.09 & 160.68 mg/100 g FW), total carotenoid (0.437, 0.462 & 0.495 mg/100 g FW) and the lowest total acidity content (0.26, 0.30 & 0.26 %) were recorded with higher level of nitrogen applied @400g/plant and potassium @ 300g/plant. The fertigation do not showed any marked effect on reproductive growth as expressed the minimum period of bud break to full bloom, period of 50 % flowering, duration of fruit set to maturity and the maximum number of fruit set per plant, total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and yield attributes were gained with N3 (300gN/plant), K4 (300gK/plant) and N3 K4 (300:300gNK/plant) treatments. However, the little variation was there, it had a definite trend. The net income was gained significantly higher Rs.8,75,012.63/- per hectare from the M1N3K4 (300gN & 300gK under black polythene mulch) followed by Rs.8,24,560.96/- per hectare M1N4K1 (400gN & 75gK under black polythene mulch) as compare to other treatments while the maximum benefit: cost ratio (5.77:1) was noted under M0N4K1 (400gN & 75gK under without mulch) followed by 5.38:1 in M1N4K1 (400gN & 75gK under black polythene mulch). Hence, the balanced fertilizer dose of 300:300 g N and K per plant per year were found economically superior with better quality by the saving of 25 % N fertilizers over other doses of fertilizers. The available nutrients and enzymatic activity of soil under high density guava orchard with their leaf nutrient status varied significantly among the N, K & NK levels, in this view N4, K4 and N4K4 treatments were significantly higher in available soil N, P2O5, K2O, DHA, APA and leaf nutrient status of N, P, K, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn over N1K1and N2K2 treatments. The variations in above findings with different treatments of fertigation and mulch might be due to the soil and climatic factors as well as changes in metabolic activity of plants due to various nutrient levels. Therefore, above results showed that the guava cv. Allahabad Safeda is highly responsive to fertigation with mulching for growth, yield and quality. Conversely, the additional investigations are also required to validate the above result prior to its recommendation to the guava orchard growers for elevated production and maximum earnings.ThesisItem Open Access Introgression of gene for tomato leaf curl virus [ToLCV] resistance/ tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(Department of Horticulture (Vegetable & Floriculture), BAU, Sabour, 2017-10-06) Ray, Pankaj Kumar; Kumar, RandhirTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) belongs to the family Solanaceae and is the fourth most economically important crop in the world: after rice, wheat, and soybean (Nowicki et al., 2013). China is the world’s leading tomato producing country with 30.7 per cent share followed by India with 11.5 per cent share (Anonymous, 2014). At present the hybrid cultivars were getting boon in tomato all over the world for higher yield, quality and disease resistance. Therefore, the present investigation were carried out with entitled “introgression of gene for tomato leaf curl virus [ToLCV] resistance/ tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.).” was carried out at the Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Horticulture (Vegetable & Floriculture), Bihar Agricultural University, Bhagalpur, Bihar to know the extent of heterosis, assessing combining ability and generating information on gene action for tomato leaf curl virus [ToLCV] resistance/ tolerance in tomato. In this respect sixteen diverse parents (12 lines and 4 testers) were selected and intermated in a line x tester fashion and in the next year forty eight crosses along with 16 parents were evaluated in RBD. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among all the genotypes for all the characters under study. The genotypes, IC-395457 and Solanum peruvianum among parents while H-86 × Solanum peruvianum and Arka Meghali × IC-395461 among cross combinations were found superior for earliness. Heterobeltiosis for fruit yield and quality traits was recorded significantly positive in LA-3948 × Pusa Rohini, H-86 × Solanum peruvianum and LA-3967 × IC-395461. Maximum negative heterosis for ToLCV incidence was observed in LA-3948 × Pusa Rohini, H-86 × Solanum peruvianum and LA-3952 × Solanum peruvianum. For yield and quality traits LA-3930 and Solanum peruvianum was good general combiner. H-86 × Solanum peruvianum, LA-3948 × Pusa Rohini and LA-3952 × IC-395457 were good specific combiners for number of fruits per plant, harvest duration and fruit yield traits. Cross combinations viz. H-88-78-5 × IC-395457, Pant-T-5 × Solanum peruvianum and LA-3952 × IC-395461 were good specific combiners for all quality traits. LA-3976 was good general combiner for tomato leaf curl virus infestation. According to scaling test and generation mean analysis, epistasis (non-allelic interactions) and both additive and non-additive gene actions were found operating in the inheritance of almost all characters. Variance ratio was also found less than one for all the character except number of fruit per plants and phenol content, again it confirmed the predominant role of non-additive gene action for controlling almost all the characters. On the basis of investigation, H-86 × Solanum peruvianum, LA-3948 × Pusa Rohini and H-86 × Pusa Rohini were found most promising hybrids for yield and ToLCV tolerance in tomato and can be used in future breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access Nutritional Studies in Banana for alluvial soil of Bihar(Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), BAU, Sabour, 2017-09-23) Nayyer, Md. Abu; Ahmad, Md. FezaBanana is one of the leading fruit crop and considered as the “Apple of Paradise”. It is also known as “Adam’s fig”. Banana (Musa spp.) is believed to have originated in the hot tropical region of South-East Asia and India is believed to be one of the centers of origin. It belongs to the family Musaceae. Three experimentswere carried out. In first experiment nutritional survey of banana orchard is carried out in two district of Bihar, second and third experiment was carried out in tooth bagan, Bihar Agriculture college, Sabour to study the effect of nitrogen and potassium on growth, yield, quality and post harvest life of banana during the year 2013-15. The results of survey of orchard showed that the pH, EC, available N, available P and available K status of soils of Naugachia block of Bhagalpur district varied from 7.54 to 8.35, 0.22 to 0.34, 135.55 to 210.45 Kg/ha, 11.34 to 16.25 Kg/ha and 130.16 to 163.74 Kg/ha respectively, and pH, EC, available N, available P and available K status of soils of Bihpur block ranged from 7.18 to 7.81, 0.18 to 0.29, 171.89 to 215.24 Kg/ha, 10.58 to 16.13 Kg/ha and 136.03 to 163.02 Kg/ha respectively. The results of field experiment showed that the vegetative parameter such as maximum pseudostem height (188.81 cm), girth (62.31 cm), no of leaves (13.28 cm) were found when plants treated with 300g nitrogen per pseudostem. Minimum number of days taken to flowering, days taken from flowering to maturity and total crop duration (266.25, 96.83 and 363.79 days respectively) were found with 450g potassium per pseudostem. Besides flowering character, yield contributing characters such as number of hands per bunch, weight of finger, and weight of bunch (8.75, 194.67g and 26.35 Kg, respectively) were also increased significantly with potassium @ 450g per pseudostem whereas, maximum number of finger per bunch (138.31) was significantly increased with nitrogen @ 300g per pseudostem. Fruit quality character such as maximum TSS (22.78 0Brix) was found with potassium @ 450g per pseudostem whereas, no dose of nitrogen and potassium affect significantly on titratable acidity content of banana finger however, maximum acidity (0.31%) was found with nitrogen @ 150g or 300g and potassium @ 250g or 350g per pseudostem treated plants.The wide range of Leaf nutrient status was observed with different doses of nitrogen and potassium. The parameter such as highest nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium content (2.37, 0.13 and 0.29 % respectively) was recorded with nitrogen @ 300g per pseudostem. Other trait like maximum potassium content (3.37%) was recorded with potassium @ 450g per pseudostem. The traits like nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc and iron content in banana pulp (1.37%, 0.12%, 3.07 ppm and 19.85 ppm) was observed with nitrogen @ 300g per pseudostem however, maximum potassium content (2.35%) in banana pulp was found with potassium @ 450g per pseudostem.The results of post harvest quality of banana showed maximum TSS (19.44 0Brix) on 9th days of storage with potassium @ 450g per pseudostem, Acidity (0.29 %) was with nitrogen @ 300g per pseudostem during 9th days of storage, maximum Vit-C (11.21 mg/100g) was found with potassium @ 450g per pseudostem during day of storage, whereas, total phenol and total flavonoids content (88.99 and 62.69 mg/100g) was found with potassium @ 450g per pseudostem during 3rd days of storage. It is concluded from above results that doses of nitrogen @ 300g per pseudostem increased vegetative growth significantly. Higher doses of potassium viz potassium @ 450g per pseudostem significantly improved yield and quality characteristics of banana. Key words: Nitrogen, Potassium, Banana.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of different banana genotypes for pomological characters and resistance against Fusarium wilt using molecular marker(Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology), BAU, Sabour, 2017-01-12) Shrivatava, Piyush; Ahmad, M. FezaThis experiment has been conducted to study the genetic variability based on morphological and pomological characteristics of banana and phylogenetic analysis of various banana genotypes based on molecular markers against the Fusarium wilt during the year 2014-2016. As many as 28 genotypes viz. FHIA-23, Dwarf Cavendish, Gandevi Selection, Grand Naine, Jahaji, Lalkel, Robusta, Alpan, Bareli Chinia, Chinia, Chinia Ratwara, Doodhsagar, Kalibel, Marthman, Marthman Nemopur, Marthman Simra, Malbhog Barhari, Panchanan, Poovan, Rasthali, Bersain, Kanchkel, Kanthali, Kothia, Lambee, Panchabantha Battisa, Udhayam and Saba-8 were collected from R.A.U., Pusa for this study. Wide variation was found among different morphological as well as biochemical parameters like plant height (186.33-335.78 cm), girth (46.67-70.67 cm), number of leaves at shooting (9.67-16.76), leaf area (7.47-17.78 m2), duration from planting to shooting (266.17-343.0 days), duration from shooting to harvesting (109.60-135.16 days), bunch weight (8.75 - 21.25 kg), number of fingers per hand (9.16-15.33), number of fingers per bunch (80.78 – 147.03), fruit length (7.83-16.0 cm), fruit width (3.56-6.60 cm), fruit weight (72.35 - 214.17 g), peel thickness (1.07-3.58 mm), pulp: peel ratio (2.05 – 3.22), TSS (15.71-23.04 oBrix), acidity (0.339-0.419 %), total sugar (12.75- 18.43 %), starch (4.34-13.59 %), total phenol (13.67 - 36.80mg CE/100g), total flavonoids (0.0.87 – 4.39 mg CE/100 g), total antioxidant (0.76-4.04 micromole TE/g), ascorbic acid (10.3-25.0 mg/100g), Total carotenoids (2.06-4.80 mg/100g), dry matter content (19.49-25.31 %), potassium content (287.67-428.55 ppm) and calcium content (3.58-9.82 ppm). Significant genetic variability was found among the genotypes with respect to morphological and biochemical characters thus there is an ample scope for selection of promising genotypes. High heritability estimates for plant height, girth, bunch weight, no. of fingers per bunch, fruit length, fruit weight, peel thickness, starch content, total phenol, total flavonoids, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, total antioxidant, potassium and calcium content which indicates that the traits under study had great scope for genetic improvement. Under screening of genotypes against Fusarium wilt based on rhizome discoloration index Grande Naine, Bersain, Poovan and Kanchkel were found to be resistant among all studied genotypes. The photosynthesis rate (µmol/m2/sec), stomatal conductance (µmol/m2/sec), internal CO2 concentration of leaf (ppm), transpiration rate (µmol/m2/sec) and relative water content of leaf showed decline in inoculated plants as compared to non-inoculated plants among most of the susceptible and tolerant genotypes however less decline and in few cases even increase was found in resistance genotypes. Along with this, the phenolics content in roots of resistant plants were also higher as compared to tolerant and susceptible plants. The genetic similarity coefficients obtained with RAPD markers ranged from 0.474 (between the genotypes Panchanan and Udhyam) to 0.961 (between Grand Naine and Gandevi Selection). Based on this, the obtained dendograme divided all the genotypes in two clusters having 12 and 16 genotypes. Primer OPA3 produced a specific band, which was present in Fusarium wilt susceptible genotypes. Therefore, this primer can be used further in such type of studies to detect genotypes susceptible to Fusarium wilt. Overall, in this experiment among all genotypes like Grand Naine, Kanchkel and Bersain were found to be high yielder along with resistance against Fusarium wilt whereas Malbhog Barahari, Chiniya, Chiniya Ratwara were found to be better in terms of biochemical parameters however these were susceptible to Fusarium wilt which shows that under Bihar conditions cultivation of genotypes like Grand Naine, Kanchkel and Bersain may prove much beneficial to growers.
