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Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour established on 5th August, 2010 is a basic and strategic institution supporting more than 500 researchers and educationist towards imparting education at graduate and post graduate level, conducting basic, strategic, applied and adaptive research activities, ensuring effective transfer of technologies and capacity building of farmers and extension personnel. The university has 6 colleges (5 Agriculture and 1 Horticulture) and 12 research stations spread in 3 agro-ecological zones of Bihar. The University also has 21 KVKS established in 20 of the 25 districts falling under the jurisdiction of the University. The degree programmes of the university and its colleges have been accredited by ICAR in 2015-16. The university is also an ISO 9000:2008 certified organisation with International standard operating protocols for maintaining highest standards in teaching, research, extension and training.VisionThe Bihar Agricultural University was established with the objective of improving quality of life of people of state especially famers constituting more than two third of the population. Having set ultimate goal of benefitting society at large, the university intends to achieve it by imparting word-class need based agricultural education, research, extension and public service.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on major lepidopteran pests of mango and their management(Department of Entomology, BAU, Sabour, 2023) Krishna, Hari; Ray, S.N.Mango (Mangifera indica L.) belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. It is known as king of fruits and considered as “National fruit of India” due to its flavour, taste, nutritious value, religious and therapeutic significance. It is widely cultivated in the tropical and subtropical region in the world. Among lepidopteran insect pests of mango, mango leaf webber and fruit borers have become major threats in last few decades in Bihar. The present investigation entitled ‘Studies on major lepidopteran pests of mango and their management’ was conducted in the year 2019-20 and 2020-21 at AICRP mango orchard of Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour. Screening of cultivars, seasonal incidence of mango leaf webber, biophysical and biochemical parameters and management against mango leaf webber and mango fruit borers were carried out on mango cultivars. The mean of two consecutive years regarding screening of cultivars against mango leaf webber suggested that the number of webbed leaves per tree in Baramasia had significantly highest infestation level where as Alphonso recorded second highest infestation which was at par with Fernandin. Regarding the other cultivars, infestation in Dashehari was at par with Bombay, Mulgoa, Bangalora, Bombay Green, Kesar and SB Chausa whereas infestation level in Amrapali was at par with Bangalora, Bombay Green, Gaurjeet, Mulgoa and Prabhashankar. The cultivar Langra was found to be free from the infestation. With respect to direction preference (East, West, North and South), the mango leaf webber preferred the tree canopy of South direction followed by the West and the East direction. Therefore, the study identified the cultivar Langra as resistant to leaf webber whereas Dashehari was found as most susceptible cultivar to this pest. The present study revealed that the cultivar Mahmood Bahar and Prabhashanker were free from the infestation by red banded mango caterpillar during both the studied years. Significantly highest infested cultivar was recorded as Langra (15.90) followed by Zardalu (12.84), Keshar (11.93), Dashehari (13.05) and SB Chausa (10.23). Therefore, the present finding of Langra as highly susceptible cultivar to the RBMC where as Mahmood Bahar and Prabhashanker were free from the fruit borers. The mango leaf webber was found to be highly active (with more than 10 webs/tree) during the July to December. During rest of the periods, relatively lower activity of the pest was there with less than 1 web/tree. There were no active webs from the 2nd fortnight of February to 2nd fortnight of May. Infestation levels of mango leaf webber were different in the cultivars with different tree canopy type. Therefore, probably, the tree canopy type also played a crucial role in having variation in the level of pest infestation. Among the different canopy types (TC1 to TC7), TC3 was least preferred with mean infestation ranging from 0 to 0.61. Cultivars under this category were Prabhashankar (0), Mahmood Bahar (0.03) and Baneshan (0.61). Significant and negative correlation (r = -0.51**) of RBMC was found with peel thickness at fruit tip and significant and positive correlation (r = 45*) was found with seed length of fruits. Rest of the parameters like length of fruits, width of fruits, and width of stone/seed and thickness of mezocarp at fruit tip were not having any significant correlation. It was pertinent to notice that the highly infested cultivar Langra had 0.76 mm peel thickness in contrary to cultivar Prabhashanker (one of the least preferred cultivars) where the peel thickness was 0.86 mm at the fruit tip. The present investigation inferred that the total phenol content and mango leaf webber infestation had significantly negative correlation (r = -0.69) as presented. Significantly higher tannin contents were found in the cultivars namely, Prabhashanker, Baneshan, Mahmood Bahar, Langra and Gourjeet with the values of 17.33, 17.22, 16.67, 16.33 and 15.67 mg/g, respectively in comparison to the cultivars like Baramasia (9.00), Fernandin (9.67), Mulgoa (10.78), Kesar (11.45) and Himsagar (12.11). The formerly mentioned cultivars were among the least preferred whereas the later cultivars were among the most preferred cultivars. This parameter also had significantly negative correlation (r = -0.70) with the leaf webber infestation. The biochemical parameters such as phenol content (mg/g), tannin content (mg/g), reducing sugar (%), total sugar (%) and TSS (%), all measured separately in pulp and seed suggested that correlation coefficient values against RBMC infestation was significantly and negatively correlated with the phenol content in pulp (r = -0.56**) and seed (r = -0.42*). Against mango leaf webber, among the test insecticides, Lambda cyhalothrin 2.5 EC @ 1 ml/litre was found to be significantly superior over the other treatments containing least number of active webs per tree (along with highest percent reduction over control) followed by Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 0.5 ml/l of water. Against mango fruit borer complex, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC @ 0.2 ml/litre was found as the best molecule followed by Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.2 g/litre and Flubendiamide 20 % WG @ 0.3 g/litre.ThesisItem Open Access Investigation of strains, resistance level and microbial association of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)(Department of Entomology, BAU, Sabour, 2022) Sahani, Shrawan Kumar; Saha, TamoghnaThe present experiment was conducted in the laboratory Department of Entomology, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur during the year from 2020 to 2022. The present investigation was aimed with the following objectives namely, (i) to find out the prevalence of strain of Spodoptera frugiperda present in Eastern India, (ii) to study the degree of resistance acquired by Spodoptera frugiperda against selected insecticides, (iii) to find out the association of microbiomes with Spodoptera frugiperda and (iv) detection of larval parasitoid of Spodoptera frugiperda. The fall armyworm (FAW) larvae had identical morphological characteristics and were identified as S. frugiperda. The present study successfully amplified S. frugiperda strains by mtCOI-5 in 18 locations in the eastern part of India (Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Orissa) and found considerable 12 nucleotide position variations when compared with ‘rice strain’ i.e. (R Strain). Similarly, variations were also observed in nucleotide positions when compared with the "corn strain," i.e. (C strain). Thus, phylogenetic analysis of the 18 fall armyworm samples revealed that the Rstrain predominated over the C-strain in the eastern part of India, with the majority of samples, i.e., twelve samples, showing a closer resemblance to the Rstrain and six samples showing a closer resemblance to the C-strain. In addition to that, the resistance levels of fall armyworm were recorded against different chemistries of newer insecticides with different modes of action. The results revealed that among the different districts of Bihar, the Munger population showed the highest resistance ratio (RR50) to sodium channel modulator groups, namely deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin, with 9.33fold and 7.67-fold, respectively. As far as the RR50 level of different insecticides is concerned, among the different insecticides, deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin showed maximum resistance, followed by chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide, while emamectin benzoate, spinosad and spinetoram showed highly toxic, i.e., least resistance, against fall armyworm samples collected from different agro-climatic zones of Bihar. On the other hand, the experimental result revealed the composition of bacterial communities present in the larval gut of S. frugiperda and grouped them into each taxonomic category from phyla to species level. Among them, under the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, the genera Enterococcus and Klebsiella showed more dominance over other groups of bacteria associated with the different location samples of S. frugiperda. Species-level analyses revealed a total of 33 species of bacteria associated with the gut of S. frugiperda, which were collected from various locations in Bihar, West Bengal, and Jharkhand. Among the 33 species collected from various locations, Enterococcus group species are the most abundant, followed by Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp., with a minor proportion of Raoultella, Citrobacter, Leclercia, and Pantoea genus were also present. As we know, biological control is the most promising and ecofriendly pest management approach in IPM, therefore, an experiment was designed to identify the larval parasitoid of S. frugiperda. The present findings revealed that lab-collected braconid parasitoid was successfully preferred for paralysed, oviposition on the metathoracic sternum of fall armyworm. Furthermore, the mean number of eggs, cocoons, and total braconid wasps emerging were also observed from S. frugiperda larvae. The different morphometric parameters like antennae, total length (mm), length of scape (mm), and width of scape (mm), although measured from single male and female individuals, showed similar trends as previously reported, i.e., the values were numerically higher in males than in females. The habitus photo of the braconid larval parasitoid, as well as the male genitalia, clearly showed its resemblance to the species Bracon (= Habrobracon) hebetor. The molecular characterization also provides strong evidence for the presence of a larval parasitoid, i.e. Bracon hebetor.ThesisItem Open Access Population dynamics and efficacy of biopesticides and entomopathogenic nematodes against Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in Maize(Department of Entomology, BAU, Sabour, 2021-06) Kumar, Pintu; Kumari, KiranMaize is a staple crop in India. The recent invasion of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) threatens the food security of millions of people. Economic damage in maize is mainly associated with defoliation of the whorl by fall armyworm larvae, although the insect also acts as a ‘cutworm’ by severing the main stem near the crown early in the growing season. It has potential to cause damage up to 100 %. Hence, in light of above facts the present study was undertaken with the following objectives: 1. Population dynamics of S. frugiperda in maize, 2. Comparative efficacy of bio-pesticides against S. frugiperda under laboratory condition, and 3. Bio-efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae against S. frugiperda under laboratory condition. During the period of investigation it was observed that the initial average population of fall armyworm in the first week of January was 2.05 at 30 days old crop and reached to peak in the first week of March with a mean population of 22.32 at 89 days old crop, thereafter it declined and low population was found throughout the cropping season of Rabi, 2019-20 while, the activity of fall armyworm started in the last week of July with initial average population of 2.52 at 30 days old crop with maximum population in last week of August at 59 days old crop, then declined gradually and remained associated throughout the cropping season of Kharif, 2020. The correlation studies of fall armyworm and abiotic factors during Rabi, 2019-20 revealed that relative humidity was positively associated whereas rainfall and sunshine hours was negatively associated with the population build-up of fall armyworm. However, remaining parameters did not show significant correlation with fall armyworm population. During Kharif, 2020 with regards to the population of fall armyworm not any significant correlation was found with the weather parameters. Further, different bio-pesticides (mycotoxins) at three different doses and one semi synthetic biopesticide were tested against fall armyworm in vitro, the result indicated that the Emamectin benzoate @ 0.4 g/l caused highest per cent mortality (100 %) within 72 hours after treatment application. While, Metarhizium anisopliae @ 7 ml/l caused 100 per cent mortality after 96 hrs of application. Efficiency of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae was evaluated at five inoculums levels i.e., 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 IJs against S. frugiperda. Result showed that Steinernema carpocapsae could bring 100 per cent mortality of S. frugiperda within 72 hrs, applied at 500 IJs/ petri plate. The results revealed that the mortality of S. frugiperda larvae increased due to the increase in the inoculum level and period of exposure up to certain level. The present investigation reflects that the mycotoxins of Metarhizium anisopliae can able to generate toxicity to the larval instars and their detoxifying enzymes could be suitable to replace the toxic chemicals available in the pesticide market. The results also demonstrate the possibility of using the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) as biological control agents for S. frugiperda. Thus, the fungal bio-pesticide, Metarhizium anisopliae and the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Steinernema carpocapsae appeared more effective and can be alternative to chemical pesticide. Hence, these may be incorporated in Integrated Pest Management strategies against S. frugiperda.
