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Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour established on 5th August, 2010 is a basic and strategic institution supporting more than 500 researchers and educationist towards imparting education at graduate and post graduate level, conducting basic, strategic, applied and adaptive research activities, ensuring effective transfer of technologies and capacity building of farmers and extension personnel. The university has 6 colleges (5 Agriculture and 1 Horticulture) and 12 research stations spread in 3 agro-ecological zones of Bihar. The University also has 21 KVKS established in 20 of the 25 districts falling under the jurisdiction of the University. The degree programmes of the university and its colleges have been accredited by ICAR in 2015-16. The university is also an ISO 9000:2008 certified organisation with International standard operating protocols for maintaining highest standards in teaching, research, extension and training.VisionThe Bihar Agricultural University was established with the objective of improving quality of life of people of state especially famers constituting more than two third of the population. Having set ultimate goal of benefitting society at large, the university intends to achieve it by imparting word-class need based agricultural education, research, extension and public service.
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ThesisItem Open Access Nitrogen and weed management in direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Department of Agronomy, BAU, Sabour, 2017-09) Kumar, Chandan; Tyagi, ShashankA field experiment entitled “Nitrogen and weed management in direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)’’ was conducted during kharif 2015 at Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar. Treatments were laid out in split plot design replicated thrice. Three nitrogen splitting, 1/3 at sowing + 1/3 at tillering + 1/3 at panicle initiation (N1), 1/4 at 20 days after sowing + 1/2 at tillering + 1/4 at panicle initiation (N2), 1/3 at 20 days after sowing + 1/3 at tillering + 1/3 at panicle initiation (N3) were kept in main plot and each main plot is sub-divided in five sub-plots having five weed management treatments,viz., weedy (W1), weed free (Three hand weeding at 15, 30 and 45 DAS ) (W2), pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 PE fb one hand weeding at 30 DAS (W3), pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 PE fb bispyribac sodium @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 POE (W4), pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 PE fb ethoxysulfuron @ 18.5 g a.i. ha-1 POE (W5). Among different nitrogen splitting methods 1/3 at 20 days after sowing + 1/3 at tillering + 1/3 at panicle initiation (N3) resulted the best expression of growth characters and yield attributes at harvest, which was ultimately reflected highest grain yield (36.6 q ha-1), which exhibited statistical parity with N2 treatment and was found significantly superior over N1 treatment which recorded lowest grain yield (35.3 q ha-1). Lowest weed dry weight, highest weed-control efficiency, minimum N uptake by weeds and maximum net returns were recorded with the splits involving 1/3 at 20 days after sowing + 1/3 at tillering + 1/3 at panicle initiation (N3). Among weed management practices, weed free (Three hand weeding at 15, 30 and 45 DAS) (W2) and pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i.ha-1 PE fb hand weeding at 30 DAS (W3) were found to be superior in respect of growth characters and yield contributing attributes and final grain yield of rice. The highest N uptake by rice, higher recovery of applied nitrogen, minimum dry weight of weeds, highest weed-control efficiency and minimum depletion of nitrogen by weeds and maximum net returns were recorded with weed free (Three hand weeding at 15, 30 and 45 DAS) (W2) which was at par with pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 PE fb one hand weeding at 30 DAS (W3). From the results of the present study, it may be concluded that among nitrogen splitting, application of 1/3 N at 20 days after sowing + 1/3 N at tillering + 1/3 N at panicle initiation in direct seeded rice produced higher growth, yield attributes and net return and among weed management practices, weed free (Three hand weeding at 15, 30 and 45 DAS) and pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 PE fb one hand weeding at 30 DAS were found the best & reflecting higher yield of rice and reduced weed density leads to more weed control efficiency and less weed index, however, pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 PE fb ethoxysulfuron @ 18.5 g a.i. ha-1 POE exhibited maximum B:C ratio. However, the results are of one season. Further experimentation is needed to have the right recommendation of time of nitrogen application and weed management practices for direct seeded rice for a particular agro-climatic situation.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of sowingdates and fertility levels on growth and yield of Katarni rice(Department of Agonomy, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Kumar, Kailash; SushantRice (Oryza sativa L.) is a cereal belongs to the family Poaceae and genus Oryza with chromosome no. = 24. Rice is one of the most important food grains produced and consumed all over the world. Global rice demand is expected to rise 496 mt in 2020 and further increase to 553 mt in 2035. In Bihar, rice is the major food crop which is grown in 3.23 mha with a production of 6.80 mt with productivity 2.11 t/ha during the season 2015-16 (Directorate of Economics and Statistics, G.O.B. 2016-17). The increasing demand for rice grain production has to be achieved by using the efficient sowing dates with an integration of suitable fertility levels to maintain the sustainability in crop production. Being an aromatic rice - determining quality and yield of Katarni rice sowing time is a major factor. It is due to the fact that the chemical compound (2-Acetyl-1-pyrolline) is highly volatile in nature and its amount in final harvested grain depends upon the atmospheric temperature when the plant enters into anthesis stage or bears panicle. Another key factor for the production of aromatic rice is fertilizer. It plays a vital role in food grain production specially nitrogen. As aromatic rice, especially those which are of tall traditional type like “Katarni” are low yielder and excess nitrogen may cause lodging and deterioration of quality due to inverse relationship between nitrogen content and amylose content in grain its proper dose plays a crucial role for realising an optimum yield of Katarni rice. Keeping in view the above facts an experiment entitled “Effect of Sowing Dates and Fertility Levels on Growth and Yield of Katarni Rice’’ is undertaken during the Kharif 2016-17 at Research Farm, of Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India The experiment was laid out in split plot design replicated thrice. Three rice sowing dates, 1stweek of July (D1), 2ndweek of July (D2)and 3rd week of July (D3)were kept in main plot and each main plot is sub-divided in five sub-plots having five fertility levels (kg N: P2O5: K2O ha-1), 40:30:20 (F1), 45:35:25 (F2),50:40:30 (F3), 55:45:35, (F4) and 60:50:40 (F5) Among different sowing dates, the maximum grain (36.06 qha-1)) and straw (69.24 qha-1) yield were recorded on1stweek of July sowing (D1) which were at par with 2nd week of July sowing (D2) but significantly superior over 3rd week of July sowing (D3). Grain and straw yield increased significantly at fertility level (F2) 45:35:25 kg N: P2O5: K2O ha-1. The maximum net return(Rs. 59849 ha-1) was recorded on 1st week of July sowing (D1). Significantly the maximum benefit cost ratio (1.54) was recorded on 1st week of July sowing (D1). Gross return and net return increased significantly at fertility level (F2) 45:35:25 kg N: P2O5: K2O ha-1. Thus the study suggested that for getting higher yield and net returns, among different sowing dates 1st week of July sowing (D1) and among different fertility levels, 45:35:25kg N: P2O5: K2O ha-1(F2) may be a good optionfor cultivation of Katarni rice.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of weed competitive abilities of rice varieties under different chemical weed management practices in direct seeded rice(Department of Agronomy, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Vivek; Singh, Mahesh KumarThe present investigation entitled “Evaluation of weed competitive abilities of rice varieties under different chemical weed management practices in direct seeded rice” was conducted during the kharif season 2016 at the Research Farm, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur to find out effect of different chemical weed management practices and varieties on growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, weed dynamics, nutrient uptake and economics of direct seeded rice. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with four levels of weed management practices viz. W1 (pendimethalin 30 % EC @ 750 g a.i. ha-1), W2 (bispyribac sodium 10 SC @ 30 g a.i. ha-1), W3 (pendimethalin 30% EC @ 750 g a.i. ha-1 followed by bispyribac sodium 10 SC @ 30 g a.i. ha-1) and W4 (control) in main plot and five varieties viz. V1 (Swarna Shreya), V2 (Sahbhagi Dhan), V3 (DRR Dhan 41),V4 (DRR Dhan 42) and V5 (DRR Dhan 44) in sub plot and replicated thrice. The experimental plot was loamy in texture, neutral pH (7.25), medium in organic carbon (0.55%) and low in available nitrogen (201.25 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (22.38 kg ha-1) and available potassium (215.5 kg ha-1). Sequential application of pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium resulted in significant growth characters and yield attributes but at par to sole application of bispyribac-sodium. As regards to varieties, significantly higher growth characters and yield attributes were noticed with Sahbhagi Dhan which was remained at par with variety Swarna Shreya. Significantly higher grain yield (37.88 q ha-1) was recorded with sequential application of pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium which was 50.14% higher over weedy check. As regards to varieties, Sahbhagi Dhan recorded significantly higher grain yield (38.82 q ha-1) but remained at par (37.28 q ha-1) with variety Swarna Shreya. Whereas, interaction effect between sequential application of pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium x Sahbhagi Dhan produced significantly higher grain yield (46.00 q ha-1) which showed (43.33 q ha-1) parity with pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium x Swarna Shreya. Weed population (number m-2) and weed dry weight (g m-2) were noticed lowest while weed control efficiency (71.78%) was recorded highest with sequential application of pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium. Among varieties, Sahbhagi Dhan recorded significantly lowest weed population (number m-2) and weed dry weight (g m-2) but parity with variety Swarna Shreya and DRR Dhan 44 while, weed control efficiency (48.56%) was recorded highest in variety Swarna Shreya remained at par to variety Sahbhagi Dhan. Highest gross return, net return and B:C ratio were recorded with sequential application of pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium. Among varieties, highest gross return, net return and B:C ratio was recorded in variety Sahbhagi Dhan. The interaction effect was found significant between treatment on gross return (Rs. 86708 ha-1), net return (Rs. 55579 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.79) were noticed significantly higher with application of pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium x Sahbhagi Dhan) but remained at par with pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium x Swarna Shreya. The results of one year study lead to conclusion that sequential application of pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium along with either variety Sahbhagi Dhan or variety Swarna Shreya may be cultivated for higher yield, net return and for weed suppression under direct seeded condition. However, to reach a specific conclusion and recommendation the same experiment need to be repeated and should be done over different Agro-climatic zones of Bihar.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation and performance of CERES Wheat DSSAT v4.6 model for growth, development and yield of wheat in agroclimatic zone (IIIA) of Bihar(Department of Agronomy, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Sar, Koushik; Mahdi, S. SherazCrop growth simulation models are useful tools for considering the complex interactions between a range of factors that affect crop performance, including weather, soil properties and crop management. Crop Environment Resource Synthesis (CERES)- Wheat DSSAT v4.6 model was used to simulate responses of wheat varieties with various sowing environments. In this context, an experiments during the year 2015-16 and 2016-17 on two sowing dates (November 23, December 15) and three varieties (cv. HD2733, GW322 and K307) with four replications was conducted at the wheat section, Research Farm, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur. As an input data for DSSAT model, layer wise soil data was generated and climate data was collected from meteorological observatory, Sabour. Crop management and experimental data was measured from the experimental field. Results revealed that irrespective of variety, timely sown wheat (D1) registered significantly higher grain yield over the two years of study than the wheat crop sown under late conditions (D2). The pooled yield over two years also followed a similar trend. Crop sown on DI recorded a grain yield increase of 15.91 per cent over crop yield sown at D2. The interaction effect between date of sowing and varieties was found to be significant. The treatment combination (D1V1) recorded significantly highest grain yield (47.5 and 48.3 q ha-1) over rest of the treatment combinations and next in order was D1V2 treatment combination with grain yield of 43.7 and 44.4 q ha-1 during both the years of experimentation and pooled of the years. The lowest yield reduction of 13.35 % was recorded in V1 while the maximum yield reduction of 17.30% was recorded in V3 for D2 sowing. Model outputs viz., simulated growth and development (anthesis, physiological maturity, maximum leaf area index and grain yield) were close to observed and measured parameters for both the years of study. The root mean square error (RMSE) values ranged from 2.70-2.97, 0.34-0.36, 2.34-3.08 and 318-343 for anthesis, LAI, physiological maturity and grain yield respectively. D-index, R2 and error percentage values were also in acceptable range between simulated and observed values for different phenophases, LAI and grain yield during both years of study. Based on these results it can be concluded that the model was very robust in predicting the critical phenological growth stages and yield of different cultivars of wheat under different sowing environment. To calibrate and validate the model, it is necessary to determine the genetic coefficients of each wheat genotype used in the study. Therefore, for development of genetic coefficients, all the genotypes were entered into the CUL file extension. Seven genetic coefficients were considered of which three were related to crop development (P1V, P1D, and P5), three to growth (G1, G2, and G3), and one called phyllochron (PHINT) that involves the thermal time requirement for leaf appearance. These coefficients establish the genetic differences among cultivars and give an idea about the duration of the growth cycle and harvest index of each one. It can be concluded from the obtained results that the genetic coefficients derived from the calibration of the CERES Wheat DSSAT v4.6 model for three varieties (HD2733, GW322 and K307) under two dates of sowing (November, 23 and December, 15) showed reasonably very good agreement between simulated crop phenology, LAI and grain yield with experimental measured data. The RMSE, R2 and D-values showed the accuracy of genetic coefficient better fit to project future wheat yield levels. The wheat cultivar "HD2733" sown on 23 November, took longer duration for attaining different phenophases and recorded the maximum yield over two years and pooled. However, the similar set of experiment should be conducted at different locations of Bihar for further confirmation of present study.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of N management strategy using SPAD meter for irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(Department of Agronomy, BAU, Sabour, 2017-07) Prakash, Ved; Ghosh, MainakTop dressing of N fertilizer, whenever leaf greenness, as measured by Chlorophyll meter (SPAD), falls below the threshold value can be used for site-specific N management in wheat cultivation. Herein, an investigation was carried out to analyze the effect of SPAD based N management on wheat productivity and N use efficiency on alluvial soil of eastern India. In the experiment wheat was grown during the dry season (November to April) of 2015-16 in experimental farm of Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour, Bhagalpur. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with fourteen treatment combinations of two SPAD levels (42 and 44) as main plot and seven wheat cultivars (HD 2967, HD 2985, HI 1563, PBW 343, HW 1105, HD 3086 and Sabour Samriddhi) as sub plot treatments with basal dose of 40-60-40 kg N-P2O5-K2O ha-1 in three replications. The growth attributes in SPAD 42 are comparable with SPAD 44 in most of the cases, but using considerably less amount of N (19%) than SPAD 44. The growth and yield components are varied significantly among the wheat cultivars and in this regard cultivar HD 2967 and Sabour Samriddhi performed markedly over the others. The N management through SPAD based technology not only maintained the growth and productivity of wheat cultivars but can also be saved the N fertilizer when compared with state recommendation (120 kg N ha-1). The highest grain yield (5172 kg ha-1) was recorded in cultivar HD 2967 followed by Sabour Samriddhi (4817 kg ha-1) and both these cultivars were significantly superior over the cultivar PBW 343 which had scored the lowest productivity among the sub plot treatments. Similar trend was noticed in case of straw yield, where SPAD 42 and 44 were comparable likewise in grain yield. Study confirmed that chlorophyll meter based N management, especially maintenance of SPAD threshold value of 42 with N application of 20 kg ha-1 in each top dressing could save substantial amount of N along with the positive impact on grain yield. The leaf N content and SPAD value at CRI and tillering stages were linearly correlated and the optimum SPAD values for these growth stages were measured as 45.3 and 42.0, respectively for maximization of grain yield. The partial factor productivity of applied N (PFPN) decreased steadily with increasing the rate of N top dressing. The highest PFPN (54.05 kg kg-1) value was recorded in HD 2967, which was significantly superior over all other cultivars except HD 2985. Overall, HD 2967 recorded 12.8% higher value of PFPN than that of other cultivars. The internal N use efficiency (IEN) was also noted highest in HD 2967 (42.6 kg kg-1) and it was statistically superior over the Sabour Samriddhi which had noted the lowest IEN among the sub plot treatments. The highest gross (88215 Rs. ha-1) and net (56404 Rs. ha-1) returns were obtained in HD 2967 followed by Sabour Samriddhi and these cultivars were markedly higher over PBW 343 in both the cases. The maximum return per rupee invested in SPAD based wheat production system was also noted in HD 2967 (2.77) followed by Sabour Samriddhi (2.58). The productivity, N use efficiency and the economics i.e. gross return, net return and return per rupee invested remained non significant with the SPAD thresholds. Hence, from economic point of view SPAD 42 based N management strategy was found very promising in efficiently managing N fertilizer for maintaining wheat productivity and increasing N use efficiency in eastern part of India.