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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of foliar application of plant growth regulators and micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of acid lime cv. Kagzi (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)
    (AAU, Anand, 2012) MADHUKAR, JAGTAP VAIBHAV; Patel, H. C.
    The present investigation on "Effect of foliar application of plant growth regulators and micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of acid lime cv. Kagzi (Citrus aurantifoUa Swingle)" was carried out during spring season of the year 2011 at Horticultural Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The results revealed that treatment ZnS04 0.5 % + FeS04 0.5 % produced significantly the maximum tree height (3.45, 3.73 and 3.98 m at 4, 6 and 8 month after first spray). East West canopy spread (3.44, 3.76 and 4.04 m at 4, 6 and 8 month after first spray), South North canopy spread (3.40, 3.70 and 3.97 m at 4, 6 and 8 month after first spray). Treatment GA3 50 mg/1 took significantly minimum number of days for fruit set after first spray (23.67 days) while significantly minimum number of days for fruit maturity after first spray (135.67 days) were recorded with NAA 200 mg/1. Simultaneously, GAs 50 mg/1 also showed significant increased in tree height, East West canopy spread, South North canopy spread as well as also minimized number of days for fruit set. Yield attributing characters like fruit volume (47.90 cc), fruit diameter (4.54 cm), fruit weight (47.40 g) and fruit yield per tree (46.38 kg) significantly increased under treatment GA3 50 mg/1. In case of number of fruits per tree treatment NAA 200 mg/1 significantly increased the number of fruits per tree (1020.33) and it was statistically at par with treatments 2,4-D 20 mg/1, ZnS04 0.5 % + FeS04 0.5 %, NAA 100 mg/1, GA3 50 mg/1, ZnS04 0.5 % and FeSO4 0.5%. Quality attribiiting characters like total soluble solid (9.58 Brix.) and ascorbic acid content (30.41 mg/lOOg pulp) were significantly increased while number of seeds per fruit (6.13) and acidity (7.05 %) were significantly decreased under treatment GA3 50 mg/1. However, in case of total soluble solid and number of seeds per fruit, it was statistically at par with treatments GAs 50 mg/1, NAA 200 mg/1 and 2, 4-D 20 mg/1, ascorbic acid content was at par with treatment ZnS04 0.5 % + FeS04 0.5 %, NAA 200 mg/1, ZnS04 0.5 %, FeS04 0.5 %, 2, 4-D 20 mg/1 and GA3 25 mg/1 and acidity % was statistically at par with treatment NAA 200 mg/1, ZnS04 0.5 % + FeS04 0.5 %, 2, 4-D 20 mg/1, ZnS04 0.5 % and FeS04 0.5%. From economical point of view, the maximum net realization of ? 89,664 ha with BCR of 1:2.41 was obtained in treatment NAA 200 mg/1 due to increased in fruit retention of plant followed by treatment GA3 50 mg/1 with net realization of ? 87,379 ha and BCR of 1:2.30 due to increased in fruit weight and size. It can be concluded that for securing higher fruit yield (46.00 kg), net return (Rs 89,664) and cost benefit ratio (1:2.41) with quality fruits the treatment NAA 200 mg/1 perform best and next best treatment was found GA3 50 mg/1.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    HAEMATOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND ENDOCRINE PARAMETERS AT DIFFERENT AGES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STAGES IN GIR CATTLE AND JAFFARABADI BUFFALOES
    (AAU, Anand, 2012) JACOB, NINAN; ARYA, J. S.
    The study titled "Haematological, Biochemical and Endocrine parameters at different Ages and Physiological stages in Gir cattle and Jaffarabadi buffaloes" was imdertaken in different age groups and physiological stages in Gir cattle and Jaffarabadi buffaloes with the objective to determine and compare the species differences for (i) haematological parameters viz. TEC, Hb, PCV, TLC, DLC (ii) biochemical parameters viz. plasma glucose, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium (iii) enzymes viz. aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase (iv) hormonal levels of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, insulin, growth hormone, Cortisol, estradiol - 17 β, progesterone and testosterone and (v) to observe the milk components viz. percentage of fat, protein and lactose in lactating Gir cows and Jaffarabadi buffaloes and their relationship with the stage of lactation under study. The blood samples were collected from Gir and Jaffarabadi females (n=8 for each sampling stage) at 1 wk, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months age, at 1, 2 and 3 month of lactation and in non-lactating pregnant and non-pregnant animals. In Gir and Jaffarabadi males (n=6 for each sampling' stage) blood samples were collected at 1 wk, 1, 3, 6 and 12 month of age and in bulls. Castrated males were also used for blood sampling in Gir males. A total of 270 blood samples were collected and the analysis was conducted by standard techniques.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MONITORING POSTPARTUM REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN KANKREJ COWS THROUGH CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS, BLOOD PROFILE AND HORMONAL THERAPY
    (AAU, Anand, 2012) NAIKOO, MEHRAJUDDIN; Dhami, A. J.
    The present study was carried out at Livestock Research Station of the University on 42 Kankrej cows of 2nd to 4th parity. The chief objectives were: to monitor the early postpartum period (0-90 days) clinically and through plasma profile of progesterone, metabolites and macro-micro minerals at 10 days intervals; to evaluate the efficacy of a sustained release mineral supplement (Mega bolus PO) on the day of calving and five oestrus induction and synchronization protocols (Ovsynch, CIDR, Ovsynch + CIDR, Cosynch and PGF2α) on day 90-95 postpartum towards augmenting reproductive efficiency of anestrous and subestrous cows (6 animals in each group), keeping 6 normal cyclic animals as control, and its effect on above profile till day 40 post-treatment/post- AI, and to compare plasma profiles of conceived and non-conceived cows at first Al. The time required for expulsion of fetal membranes, weight of expelled fetal membranes and the birth weight of calf (pure and crossbred) were 5.04 ± 2.0 hrs, 2.84 ± 0.76 kg and 24.29 ± 1.54 kg, respectively. The Kankrej cows showed complete uterine involution by mean interval of 36.80 ±1.21 (range 32-45) days postpartum. The interval for occurrence of first oestrus postpartum clinically and through plasma P4 profile was 105.49 ± 1.66 (range 86-106) and 56.42 ± 3.88 (range 30-80) days, respectively (P<0.05). The first service and overall conception rates obtained at spontaneous/ induced oestrus, within 150 days postpartum were 30.95 (13/42) and 40.47 (17/42) per cent. The comparative evaluation of the efficacy of five oestrus induction/ synchronization protocols tested, on 6 cows each, viz. Ovsynch, CIDR, Ovsynch + CIDR, Cosynch and PGF2α revealed oestrus induction response of 66.66, 83.33, 50.00, 66.66 and 66.66 per cent, respectively, with behavioural signs at FTAI as confirmed by palpation per rectum. The first service conception rates obtained were 16.66, 33.33, 16.66, 50.00 and 50.00 per cent, respectively, as compared to 33.33 per cent in normal cyclic control cows. The corresponding second service conception rates were nil, 25.00, 20.00, nil, nil and nil per cent, as compared to 25.00 per cent in untreated control animals. The overall conception rates of three cycles over the 45 days period were 33.33, 50.00, 33.33, 50.00 and 50.00 per cent, respectively, as against 50.00 per cent in normal cyclic group. The results of CIDR, Cosynch and PGF2α protocols were better than the Ovsynch and normal control groups.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    B-Mode Ocular Ultrasonography in Dogs and Horses
    (AAU, Anand, 2012) Kumar, Dharmendra; PARIKH, P. V.
    The present clinical study entitled "B-Mode Ocular Ultrasonography in Dogs and Horses" was undertaken in 135 dogs (4 months -15 years) and 50 horses (1-15 years) of either sex from 01st April, 2011 to 31st March, 2012 at university clinic, Anand. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the normal and affected eyes was done using linear transducer (7.5-18 MHz) by transcomeal (129 dogs) and transpalpebral (six dogs) approaches. In 50 horses ocular ultrasonography (US) was performed by transpalpebral approach. In all animals corneal anesthesia was achieved with proparacaine HCl 0.5% instilled directly on cornea. Age wise distribution of canine cases revealed maximum incidence of ophthalmic affections in the age group of 5-10 years (39.26%, 53) followed by 10-15 years (28.89%, 39), 1-5 years (22.22%, 30) and 0-1 years (9.63%, 13). Breed wise ophthalmic affections were maximum in Pomeranian (59.26%, 80) followed by Labrador retriever (13.33%, 18), German shepherd (11.11%, 15), Beagle (5.18%, 7), Dalmatian, Golden retriever (2.96%, 4 in each), Doberman (2.22%, 3), Lhasa apso (1.48%, 2), Boxer and Pug (0.74%, 1 each). Sex wise distribution showed more affections in male (57.03%, 77) than females (42.97%, 58). Age wise distribution of equine cases revealed maximum ophthalmic affections in 5-10 years (36%, 18) followed by 10-15 years (30%, 15), 1-5 years (24%, 12) and 0-1 years (10%), 05). Breed wise incidence of ophthalmic affections was maximum in Kathiawadi and Marwari horses (40%, 20 each) followed by Sindhi (20%, 10). Sex wise distribution showed more affections in females (54%, 27) than males (46%, 23). In dogs and horses different ophthalmic parameters like anterior chamber depth, anterio-posterior depth of the lens, latero-medial diameter of the lens, vitreous depth and axial length were studied according to age, sex, breed, left and right eyes and normal and abnormal eyes. Different parameters of eye increased in dogs of age group greater than five years than 0-1 year. Parameters of eye like anterior chamber depth, vitreous depth and axial length were significantly longer in male dogs than female. Whereas anterioposterior depth and latero-medial diameter of the lens differed non significantly. According to breed, anterior chamber depth and latero-medial diameter of lens differed nonsignificantly, but anterio-posterior depth of the lens in Dalmatian and German shepherd differed significantly. Axial length in Dalmatian differed significantly than German shepherd and Labrador retriever. An insignificant difference was observed for different parameters between left and right eyes. In normal and abnormal eyes, anterior chamber depth differed nonsignificantly, but all other parameters like anterio-posterior depth of the lens, latero-medial diameter of the lens, vitreous depth and axial length differed significantly. Among types of canine cataracts, different ophthalmic parameters differed non significantly in 5-10 years age group, but all the eye parameters in morgagnian cataract differed significantly fi-om immature, mature and hypermature cataracts in 10-15 years of age group. Out of 50 horses, five were of 0-1 year age group, 12 of 1-5 years, 18 of 5-10 years and 15 of 10-15 years. Anterior chamber depth, anterio-posterior depth of the lens, latero-medial diameter of the lens, vitreous depth and axial length increased with age. Different parameters of eyes in male and female, breed, left and right eye and normal and affected eyes varied non significantly. In dogs ophthalmic affections like cataract, luxation of lens, vitreous degeneration and (RD) were diagnosed. Secondary luxation of lens was seen in five cases of which two had anterior luxation and rest posterior luxation. Detached vitreous revealed multicurved lines with different varying reflectors in 18 dogs; of which, four dogs had bilateral vitreous degeneration and in the rest (14) unilateral. Vitreal syneresis was observed in one dog. Vitreous degeneration was more in males than females. Fourteen cases of RD were diagnosed on US, of which five cases were in Pomeranian, with bilateral involvement in one case; four cases in Labrador retriever with bilateral involvement in two cases, one case each in Pug, Beagle, Golden retriever and German shepherd. In four cases close- close type of RD was found and in nine cases open-close type. In horse, five cases of RD were diagnosed, of which four were Kathiawadi and one Marwari. All cases revealed open-close type of RD. Eight horses diagnosed with Setaria eye worm in anterior chamber (6 cases) and vitreous body (2 cases). Thus ultrasonography is a safe and non-invasive method which can be used m diagnosis of ocular disorders as complementary to routine ophthalmic examinations in dogs and horses. Further this study established ocular echobiometry dimensions for certain breeds of dogs and horses bred in India.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    REPRODUCTION IN MARES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ENDOMETRIAL BIOPSY
    (AAU, Anand, 2012) KUMAR, NISHANT; Patel, D. M.
    The present study on "Reproduction in Mares with Special Reference to Endometrial Biopsy" was carried out on mares of different police head quarters like Anand and Kheda districts. The mare visiting Teaching Veterinary Clinical Service Complex, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anand, were also included in the study. The research work included study of normal and abnormal estrous cycle of mare. In this study special emphasis was given on collection of endometrial biopsy for histopathology and blood for different hemato-biochemical parameters. A detailed histopathological study was carried out on endometrial biopsies to know the reproductive status of mares. The research work was carried out on 18 police mares and privately owned mares of Anand and near by Anand area. Each of the three groups had 6 animals and were divided on the basis of reproductive status, viz.. Group 1- Mares with normal estrous cycle, Group 2- Mares with abnormal estrous cycle. Group 3- Mares with infertility. These mares were studied for normal and abnormal estrous cycle, histopathology of endometrial biopsy and hemato-biochemical studies. On the basis of study in 172 mares it was found that mare is a seasonal polyestrous animal with breeding seasons in the months of spring and summer. As day length increases in spring mares show signs of heat and as day length decreases in winter mare were found to be going into deep anestrous condition. The mean estrous cycle length of mares during breeding seasons were found to be 21 ±0.58 days with estrus period of 5-7 (6.07 ± 0.87) days. The signs of estrus include frequent urination, deviating tail away from the perineum, standing still with the hind limbs spread apart, clitoral winking (rhythmic eversion of the clitoris), squealing, kicking and sensitivity over the flanks, hindquarter, and abdomen. The recently parturited mares were showing foal heat between 7-13 (9.38 ± 2.57) days of parturition. The mean estrous cycle lengths of abnormal cyclic mares was 10 ± 2.32 days (Short) and 32 ± 3.6 days (Long) during breeding season of spring and summer months. The abnormal cyclic mare were also shown wide range of estrus period of 3- 10 (5.6 ±2.8) days. Endometrial biopsy and histopathology studies indicated normal endometrium exhibiting mild to moderate neutrophil infiltration, specially in case of estrus period. In estrus the epithelial cells were tall cuboidal to low columnar and progressing to high columnar during diestrus. Acute endometritis was characterized by accumulation of inflammatory cells (neutrophils), mild to moderates stromal fibrosis, stromal oedema, congestion of blood vessels and accumulation of inflammatory exudates which may be temporary in nature. Chronic endometritis was characterized by moderate to severe endometrial gland atrophy, extensive fibrosis (i.e., more than five layers of fibrocytes around endometrial glands) and mononuclear cell (specially lymphocytes) infiltration. In some cases diffiisely less density of endometrial glands were found The serum calcium levels of normal cyclic, abnormal cyclic and infertile mares were 12.09 ± 0.14, 11.04 ± 0.15 and 10.62 ± 0.10 mg/dl, respectively and was found to differ significantly to each other. The serum magnesium levels of normal cyclic, abnormal cyclic and infertile mares were 2.13 ± 0.06, 1.96 ± 0.03 and 1.85 ± 0.03 mg/dl. The serum phosphorus levels of normal cyclic, abnormal cyclic and infertile mares were 3.86 ± 0.07, 3.22 ± 0.10 and 2.63 ± 0.11 mg/dl. Both serum magnesium and serum phosphorus levels were significantly lower in infertile than normal and abnormal cyclic animals.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE AND HEAT STRESS ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY COWS AND VALIDATION OF CONTINUOUS BODY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT IN IDENTIFYING ESTRUS
    (AAU, Anand, 2012) SUTHAR, VISHAL S.; Dhami, A. J.
    The present study with four experiments and manifold objectives were conducted on German (HF) dairy cows at or affiliated farm facilities of Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany, during January 2010 to June 2012. The overall objectives of this study were to evaluate: 1) performance of temperature data logger in in vitro and in vivo conditions, 2) validity of BT to identify induced estrus, 3) effect of exogenous and endogenous P4 on BT of dairy cows and 4) and to study effect of heat stress on BT and postpartum performance of dairy cows. In first study to evaluate performance of temperature data logger (Minilog 8, Vemco Ltd., Halifax, Canada), three sub-experiments were conducted. The study began with an in vitro validation of 24 temperature loggers comparing them to a calibrated liquid-in-glass thermometer as a reference method (sub-experiment 1). The association and agreement between the 24 temperature loggers with the reference method was r = 0.996 (P < 0.001) and a negligible coefficient of variance (0.005) between the loggers. In vivo temperature loggers were tested in 11 healthy postpartum cows (sub-experiment 2) and 12 early postpartum cows with greater BT (sub-experiment 3). Temperature loggers were set to record VT and RT at 1 min intervals. To prevent rectal and vaginal straining and potential expulsion of temperature logger an epidural injection of 2.5 ml of 2% Procain was administered. Association between RT and VT was r = 0.92 (P < 0.001) in sub-experiment 2 and r = 0.94 (P < 0.001) in sub-experiment 3 with a negligible difference of -0.1 and 0.01°C, respectively. Bland-Altman plots demonstrated an agreement between RT and VT for healthy and early postpartum cows with greater BT in sub-experiment 2 and 3, respectively. Therefore, continuous VT monitoring with temperature loggers can be used as a measure for BT in dairy cows.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITES OF POULTRY IN ANAND DISTRICT
    (AAU, Anand, 2012) Gupta, Yogesh Kumar; Hasnani, J. J.
    Studies on prevalence of GI parasites on commercial poultry farms under deep litter and cage system of housing with it's effect on haemato-biochemical profile and histopathology were imdertaken during July 2011 to June 2012. Studies involved 600 birds dropping, 30 carcasses and 100 blood samples from 30 Commercial layer and broiler farms in 6 talukas of Anand district. The overall prevalence of GI parasites on the farm basis was found 46.67 % m 30 farms of 6 taluka. Out of these overall taluka-wise prevalence was found 20% in layer farms, while 26.67% in broiler farms. However, incidence was lowest overall and among the farm and bird basis in Anand taluka, while it was highest in Umreth and Petlad taluka. Among the layers, lower incidence was observed on birds-basis in Anand and highest in Borsad taluka. The overall prevalence was found higher in deep litter than the cage reared birds/farms and also in broilers as compared to layers. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic eggs/oocyst in chickens in commercial layer as well as broiler was 9.17% on the basis of faecal/litter dropping among 600 samples. Out of these 7.67% prevalence was in layers and 10.67% in broilers. The prevalence of GI parasitic infection was higher in overall poultry birds during monsoon season (12.50%), followed by winter season (8.50%), and summer (6.50%), whereas month-wise prevalence was found to be the highest in the month of July (17.07%), while lowest incidence was found in the month of April (5.66%). A total of 4 species of gastrointestinal parasitic eggs/oocyst were identified. All of these Coccidia were the most predominant parasites followed by nematode and cestodes. The following Parasitic eggs/oocysts were found in layer birds: Eimeria spp. (3.33%), Ascaridia galli (1.33%) and Heterakis gallinarum (0.67%). some cestodes identified were: Raillietina spp. (2.33%). The following Parasitic eggs/oocysts were found in Broiler birds: Eimeria spp. (4.33%), Ascaridia galli (3.33%)), Heterakis gallinarum (1.33%) and Raillietina spp. (1.67%). No significant differences in the intensity of endoparasitic infection was observed between broiler and layer chickens. Among the layer birds the prevalence of GI parasites in the age group of 0-8, 9-20 and 21-72 weeks was 1.33, 4.67 and 1.67 %, respectively on the basis of faecal samples examination. The findings revealed that the incidence was highest in the age group of 9- 20 weeks, lowest in the age group of younger birds of 0-8 weeks and intermediate in the 21-72 weeks age group on the basis of faecal samples examination. Among the broiler birds, the prevalence of GI parasites was found to increase gradually with the advancing age from 1-4 weeks in the range of 4.00% and 5-6 weeks was 6.67 %, respectively. Overall incidence was higher for broiler birds in the age group of 5-6 weeks as compared to those in 1-4 weeks. Haematological studies revealed the haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume significantly lower in GI parasitic infected group compared to the healthy groups of birds (9.02±0.13 vs 10.93±0.20 gm% and 24.83±0.28 vs 31.60±0.31%) irrespective of type of birds or system of rearing; where as total leucocytes count and different leucocytes count were increased significantly. The overall mean total leucocytes count (TLC) for the healthy and infected group of birds was 28.58±0.22 and 31.74±0.32 thousand/mm^, respectively. In overall GI parasitic infected cases, heterophils were significantly (P< 0.05) higher (41.82±0.19%) when compared with that of uninfected (37.13±0.25%) birds. The percentage of lymphocytes (34.03±0.20) were significantly (P<0.05) lower in overall helminths affected birds than uninfected (47.26±0.33) birds. Statistical analysis revealed significant (P<0.05) eosinophilia (13.03±0.21%) in GI parasitic infected birds. The average percentage of eosinophils in uninfected birds was 7.82±0.17. The average monocyte count in birds affected with helminths was 9.60±0.20 % and in uninfected birds was 5.92±0.11 %. Studies on biochemical profile revealed significantly (P< 0.05) lower serum total protein concentration due to GI parasitic infection as compared to healthy birds. The overall mean total serum protein recorded in GI parasitic infected birds was significant (P<0.05) lower as compared to healthy birds (2.64±0.7 and 3.71±0.04 gm %). The overall mean value of AST and ALT in GI parasites infected birds was 72.36±0.25 and 8.51±0.09 U/I, and in healthy birds 68.41±0.42 and 6.71±0.10 U/I, respectively. The overall mean serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity recorded in infected birds was 814.54±4.39 and in healthy birds it was 764.09±1.91 KAU/100 ml. The overall mean serum acid phosphatase (ACP) activity recorded in infected birds was 35.22±0.28 KAU/100 ml and in healthy birds it was 23.28±0.30 KAU/100 ml. A non-significant increase in AST, ALT, AKP and ACP activities was noticed in infected birds as compared to healthy birds. The overall means A: G ratio recorded in infected birds was 0.61±0.01 and in healthy birds it was 0.75±0.04. Histopathologically, gross lesions in Raillietina spp. infection was characterized by nodule formation on duodenal mucosa. Necrotic foci, pin point haemorrhages, rough and pale mucosa of duodenimi. Microscopical lesions included villous atrophy, desquamation of epitheliimi, catarrhal enteritis, granuloma formation in duodenum, congestion, cellular infiltration, desquamation of submucosal glands and haemorrhagic exudate were observed. In case of Ascaridia galli infection, lesions were characterized by haemorrhagic enteritis, anaemia, severe diarrhoea, young parasites penetrate the duodenal or jejimal mucosa, inflammation and thickening of intestinal mucosa were found due to continuous penetration done by young larvae. Necrotic foci were seen over the intestinal mucosa whereas the embedded larvae cause haemorrhage and extensive destruction of the glandular epitheliimi. hi case of Heterakis gallinarum, the macroscopical lesions were thickening of caecal wall, hemorrhagic exudate and cheesy core in caecal lumen. Severity grades of microscopical lesions were: severe hyperplasia of tunica muscularis, massive lymphocyte, heterophil and macrophage infiltration with coagulative necrosis. In case of intestinal coccidiosis, the exterior of intestine showed reddish white pinpoint foci on its wall, especially in the initial part of the small intestine. The intestinal contents were liquid and mixed with variable quantity of mucous, while some show streaky haemorrhages. Catarrhal enteritis with blood tinged mucous exudates during moderately heavy infections of coccidia in birds and diffused or localized areas of coagulation, necrosis and sloughing of the mucosa in severe infections. In case of caecal coccidiosis, gross lesions were characterized by distention of caecal pouches with blood clots and reddish brown contents in haemorrhagic type of infection. Caecal walls were thickened, congested, extensive vacuolations in the glandular epithelial cells with increased goblet cells activity were observed. Histopathologically, intense hyperaemia of the caecal mucosa and patchy areas of haemorrhages were observed.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON ETIO-DIAGNOSIS OF SUBCLINICAL INTRAMAMMARY INFECTIONS OF COWS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SOME MASTITIS MARKERS
    (AAU, Anand, 2012) Langer, Anil; Nauriyal, D. S.
    The dairy sector in India has shown remarkable progress in the recent years and consequently the country has now become the largest milk producer in the world. In spite of this the milk production per animal is substantially less compared to developed countries which is largely attributed to inflammation of mammary gland or mastitis. Mastitis a disease of cows and buffaloes which results in severe economic losses to livestock owners and dairy industry world wide. The present study was conducted during August 2011 to January, 2012 at the Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand with a view to work out the prevalence of subclinical mastitis among cows, to compare the efficacy of six mastitis markers in detecting subclinical mastitis by using bacteriological culture examination as reference test, and to study the antibiogram pattern of bacterial isolates recovered from cases of subclinical mastitis. On screening of 69 lactating cows (Kankrej-26, Gir-8, triple cross-35) belonging to the herd maintained at Livestock Research Station, Anand, the overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis was observed to be 66.67 per cent in one or more quarters. Quarterwise prevalence was recorded at 33.45 per cent. Among infected quarters, fore and right-side quarters exhibited greater involvement. More frequent infection of two quarter was noticed than single and multiple quarters. Cows in their first lactation showed highest prevalence of subclinical mastitis. Similarly, cows in their late stage of lactation were found to be more frequently associated with insidious subclinical udder infection. Out of 89 infected quarters, 50 quarters yielded monomicrobic isolates whereas remaining 39 quarters harboured mixed infection. On bacteriological culture examination, a total of 190 bacterial isolates were recovered which comprised of 54 isolates of CPS (Staph, aureus-8 Staph, hyicus-40. Staph, intermedius-6), 115 isolates of CNS (Staph, chromogenes-94. Staph. epidermidis-21), 2 isolates of Micrococcous varians, 11 isolates of Str. agalactiae, 8 isolates of coliforms (Enterobacter sp.-3, E. coli and Klebsiella sp.-2 each, Serratia marcescens- one).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON HEMATOLOGY, BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND SENILE CHANGES IN GERIATRIC DOGS
    (AAU, Anand, 2012) JAIN, SANJEETA; PATEL, P. R.
    The "Studies on hematology, blood biochemistry, oxidative stress and senile changes in geriatric dogs" was undertaken from January, 2012 to July, 2012, in canine population which was brought for health check up, vaccination and treatment of various ailments in the hospital. The basic objectives of present study were to know the haematobiochemical, oxidative and senile changes and prevalence of common diseases and disorders in geriatric dogs. In present study, 100 dogs (for haematobiochemical study) and 156 dogs (for diseases and senile changes) were included from hospital cases. These were divided in different groups as per parameters and purpose of study. In haematobiochemical study, 100 dogs were divided in different group i.e. apparently healthy adult dogs (10) as control group, apparently healthy geriatric dogs (30) and diseased geriatric dogs (60). Oxidative stress parameters were studied in 40 dogs which were further divided in to apparently healthy adult dogs (10) and apparently healthy geriatric dogs (30). Haematological study revealed the mean of total leucocyte count in apparently healthy geriatric dog was found lower than apparently healthy adult dog, but difference was statistically non significant. The mean of total leucocyte count in all diseases and disorders of geriatric dogs were significantly (p<0.05) higher than mean of apparently healthy geriatric dogs. The absolute lymphocyte count of healthy geriatric dogs was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of healthy adult dogs. No significant differences were observed in absolute count of other cells in apparently healthy adult and healthy geriatric dogs. Significantly (p<0.05) higher total leucocyte count was observed in all diseased dogs compared to apparently healthy geriatric dogs. Significantly (p<0.05) lower absolute lymphocyte count was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs than apparently healthy adult dogs. Significantly higher absolute monocyte count and neutrophil count were observed in neoplasm condition. In differential leucocyte count, significantly lower lymphocyte (%) and significantly (p<0.05) higher monocyte (%) was observed in healthy geriatric dogs. In diseased geriatric dogs, eiosinophil (%) was significantly high in case of wound (6.66±1.86) as compared to healthy geriatric dogs (3.38±0.52). Decrease in haemoglobin was found in renal and hepatic problems of geriatric dogs. No significant differences were observed in total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration in apparently healthy adult and geriatric dogs. Lower mean values of total erythrocyte count were observed in neoplasm, renal problems, hepatic problems and gastrointestinal problems. Decrease in packed cell volume was observed in renal problems and liver problems. Higher mean values of mean corpuscular haemoglobin (pg) were observed in apparently healthy adult dogs (22.37±24.24), neoplasm (30.11±7.04) and gastrointestinal problems (23.85±1.14) as compared to healthy geriatric dogs (21.95±0.54). Significantly (p<0.05) higher platelet count (1x10 power 3/µl) was observed in apparently health)' geriatric dogs than apparently healthy adult dogs. Higher platelet count was observed in cases of neoplasm (586±128.32) and renal problems (334±71.46). Among biochemical parameters, significantly (p<0.05) higher cholesterol (mg/dl) was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs (219.51± 14.27) than apparently healthy adult dogs (167±14.20). Significantly higher cholesterol was also observed in liver problems (308.68±27.51) than that of healthy geriatric dogs. Higher mean of triglyceride (mg/dl) was found in gastrointestinal (85.28±20.76) and hepatic problems (84±14.20). Mean value of calcium (mg/dl) was higher in healthy geriatric dogs (8.38±0.19) than healthy adult dogs (7.63±0.95). Significantly higher phosphorus was recorded in gastrointestinal problems (7.15±1.58) and hepatic problems (5.59±1.63) of geriatric dogs. In present study, magnesium concentration of healthy dogs was observed lower than normal range in literature. Low magnesium was observed in renal problem (0.55±0.09) of geriatric dogs. The mean values of protein concentration in different groups apparently healthy adult, apparently healthy geriatric, neoplasm, respiratory problems, gastrointestinal problems, hepatic problems and renal problems were 8.02±0.20, 10.83±0.35, 9.4±1.06 , 10.66±0.44, 10.46±0.94, 6.43±0.50 and 10.34±0.30 (g/dl) respectively. Significantly lower values were observed in cases of hepatic problems and neoplasm. Decrease in albumin was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs (2.62±0.16) than apparently healthy adult dogs (2.86±0.16). Significantly (p<0.05) higher globuHn was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs (8.07±0.34) than healthy adult dogs (6.22±0.22). Decrease in globulin was observed in neoplasm (6.59±1.24) and hepatic problems (4,68±40) of geriatric dogs. In present study, albumin/globulin ratio was observed lower than normal value reported in literature. Significant higher A/G ratio was observed in apparently healthy aduk dogs (0.40±0.02) than healthy geriatric dogs (0.34±0.01). Significantly (p<0.05) higher serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs than apparently healthy adult dogs. Significant higher serum urea nitrogen was observed in healthy geriatric dogs than that of healthy adult dogs. Significantly (p<0.05) higher creatinine were observed in gastrointestinal problems (3.17±1.73), hepatic problems (2.68±1.86) and renal problems (8.85±1.70) of geriatric dogs. The mean of malondialdehyde in apparently healthy adult and apparently healthy geriatric dogs was 0.51±0.09 and 1.72±0.12 (nmol/ml) respectively. The mean of superoxide dismutase in apparently healthy adult and apparently healthy geriatric dogs was 11.01±0.93 and 6.47±0.39 (U/mg of haemoglobin) respectively. Significantly (p< 0.05) higher malondialdehyde and lower superoxide dismutase was observed in apparently healthy geriatric dogs. Among the various diseases and disorders recorded in geriatric dogs the highest prevalence was observed in gastrointestinal problems (16.66%) followed by eye problems and wound (14.10%), tumor (12.17%), dental problems (7.6%), behavior abnormalities and lameness (7.06%) and skin problem (6.4%). The prevalence of respiratory infection, behavior abnormalities, renal problems, and liver problems was noted 5.12%, 7.06%, 3.84% and 4.48%, respectively. In male dogs, highest prevalence rate of wound (17.07%) and gastrointestinal problems (17.07%) was observed. In female dogs the prevalence of neoplasm, gastrointestinal problems and eye problems were 18.91%, 16.66% and 14.86% respectively. In senile changes study, highest frequency of dental abnormalities (60) followed by vision impairment or ocular changes (50), organ function loss (30), loss of muscle tone and hearing loss (20) and increased grey hair and paraplegia (10) were recorded.