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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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End date: 2011 × Start date: 2011 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC IDENTIFICATION AND METAGENOMIC ANALYSIS OF SUBCLINICAL MASTITIC PATHOGENS IN COWS
    (AAU, Anand, 2011) BHANDERI, BHARAT BABUBHAI; Jhala, M. K.
    Subclinical mastitis occurs with no visible changes in the appearance of the milk and/or the udder, but milk production decreases which leads to economic losses to the farmers and dairy industry. There are many microbial pathogens involved in causing subclinical mastitis in cows. The present study was undertaken to know incidences of subclinical mastitis in organized farms using Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and bacteriological examination (International Dairy Federation-IDF guidelines), California Mastitis Test (CMT) and impregnated pH strip test followed by characterization and PCR based detection of important mastitic pathogens. Metagenomic analysis of subclinical mastitis milk was also done to determine the complex microbial diversity in udder environment during subclinical mastitis. A total of 349 quarters of 89 lactating cows comprising 31 Triple cross (TP) (Kankrej x Jersey x Holstein Friesian), 29 Kankrej, 17 Gir and 12 Holstein Friesian (HF) affiliated with Anand Agricultural University, Anand were screened for subclinical mastitis. Overall 52.8 per cent (47/89) cows were found to be positive for subclinical mastitis infection in one or more quarters. The highest incidence of subclinical mastitis was found in Triple cross cows (74.19%), followed by Gir cows (58.82%), HF cows (50%) and Kankrej cows (27.58%). Overall quarter wise incidence for subclinical mastitis was found to be 30.66 per cent (107/349). The highest incidence was found in Gir cows (38.80%) followed by Triple cross cows (38.08), HF cows (33.33%) and Kankrej cows (15.04%). The highest incidence of subclinical mastitis was found in fore left quarter (28.03%), followed by hind left quarter (27.1%), fore right quarter (24.29%) and hind right quarter (20.56%). Of the 47/107 cows/quarters positive for subclinical mastitis, 39/47 (82.97%) cows and 82/107 (76.63%) quarters were also positive by CMT and 27/47 (57.44%) cows and 56/107 (52.33%) quarters were positive by impregnated pH strip test. Cultural isolation ft'om 107 subclinically positive quarter milk samples yielded 126 bacterial isolates. Staphylococci was the most predominant bacterial species accounting for 53.97 per cent (68/126) of all the isolates, followed by 21.43 per cent (27/126) CAMP (Christie-Atkins-Munch-Peterson) test positive Str. agalactiae, 18.25 per cent (23/126) Micrococci, 4.77 per cent (6/126) E. coli and 1.58 per cent (2/126) Bacillus species. Out of 68 Staphylococci isolates, 38 (55.89%) isolates showed fermentation on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), whereas 30 (44.11%) isolates were mannitol non fermentive. Of the total 30 S. aureus identified by PCR, 21 (70%) were mannitol fermentive and 9 (30%) mannitol non fermentive. Thirty one (45.58%)) Staphylococci were found to be positive for pigment production, whereas 37 (54.42%) isolates produced white colonies on nutrient agar. Forty eight (70.58%) isolates were found positive for coagulase reaction, whereas 20 (29.41%) were negative. Thirty one (45.58%)) isolates exhibited P haemolysin production, 4 (5.89%) a haemolysin and 33 (48.53%)) isolates were non-haemolytic on 5 per cent Sheep blood agar. Phage typing at National Staphylococci Phage typing Centre, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, using five phage group sets of International Basic Set of 23 phages revealed maximum number of the Staphylococci isolates lysed by group II 14 (82.35%), followed by groups III, Not alloted (NA), I and V with 12 (70.58%), 9 (52.94%), 5 (29.23%) and, 2 (11.76%) respectively. Maximum 11 (64.7%) isolates were lysed with phage number 47 with strong reaction, followed by 10 (58.82%)) isolates with phage numbers 42E and 81, while less effective phage numbers were 71 and 94, which lysed only one strain (5.89% each) and phage number 95 not giving strong reaction with any of the isolates. The methicillin and oxacillin antibiotic sensitivity pattern by disc diffusion method revealed that, all the 68 (100%)) Staphylococci isolates were sensitive. Serotyping of six E. coli isolates (at National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre, Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh for 'O' antigen) resulted in identifying 014, O20, 045, 055 and 0112 serotypes, while one isolate was untypeable (UT). Out of 68 Staphylococci isolates tested for identification of 5. aureus by PCR, 30 isolates were identified as S. aureus by obtaining amplification product of 1318bp using S. aureus specific primer for 23S rRNA. Out of 30 PCR positive S. aureus, 18 (60%)) were positive and rest were negative for coagulase test. All the 27 Streptococci isolates were identified as Str. agalactiae by amplifying 586bp product using Str. agalactiae specific primer for the 16S rRNA while, none were amplified for Str. dysgalactiae (401bp) and Str. uteris (94bp) based on primers specific for the 16S rRNA and 23 S rRNA respectively. All the six E. coli isolates yielded 232bp amplified product using E. coli specific primer targeting DNA sequence coding for the 23 S rRNA. Metagenomic analysis (using GS FLX 454 Life Sciences) of DNA of subclinical mastitis milk sample of TP, Kankrej and Gir cows yielded an out put of 274190 bp, 17,727 bp, 42,548 bp and 1,960, 170, 301 contigs respectively. Average fragment length obtained were 139.89, 104.28 and 141.36 bp for TP, Kankrej and Gir cows respectively. The longest sequence length was 560, 327 and 454 bp, while shortest sequence length was 40, 40, and 41 bp for TP, Kankrej and Gir cows respectively. A total of 54 (2.76%), 39 (22.94%) and 12 (3.99%) sequences for TP, Kankrej and Gir cows respectively could be matched to proteins in SEED subsystems of MG-RAST (Meta Genome Rapid Annotation with Subsystem Technology) (using an e-value cut-off of le-5). Metagenomic analysis of the three breeds identified bacterial organisms belonging to phyla (5), class (8), Subclass / order (15), Family (19), Genus (23) and species (28); of these, 19 genera and 26 species, many of which were fastidious/anaerobic organisms, were identified additionally than the cultural methods. Out of five genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus and Escherichia detected in the subclinical mastitis milk samples of TP, Gir and Kankrej breeds by culture based methods, four genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus and Escherichia were also identified in the corresponding pyrosequencing data, while Micrococcus identified by culture based methods was not found in the pyrosequencing data. In pyrosequencing, over all 28 bacterial species were identified from all the three breeds of cows viz. Leifsonia xyli, Propionibacterium acnes, Streptomyces coelicolor, Chlamydophila abortus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus mitis, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia cepacia, Ralstonia solanacearum, Nitrosomonas europaea, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica. Salmonella Dublin, Serratia marcescens, Azotobacter vinelandii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas mendocina, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Aster yellows witches'-broom phytoplasma, Pannbaculum lavamentivorans, Thermosipho melanesiensis, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Shigella hoydii and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Of these, except S. aureus and E. coli, all were additionally identified than the culture based method but, Str. agalactiae identified by cultural method was not found in the pyrosequencing data. The role of lesser known or less frequently involved organisms as identified by metagenomic analysis may be further explored in future so as to understand the complete etiopathology of subclinical mastitis in cows.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION IN LAYER DIETS ON EGG PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF TWO STRAINS OF WHITE LEGHORN CHICKEN
    (AAU, Anand, 2011) Patel, Atulkumar Babubhai; Khanna, Kuldeep
    Experimental population included "FWN" and "IWP" strains of White Leghorn type laying hens of seventh generation. 360 pedigreed females of IWN strain and 360 pedigreed females of IWP strain were used for the experiment. Various traits required for present study were measured at different periods of age. As dietary energy level was increased, body weight (BW) was increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 40, 64 and 72 weeks of age. Energy levels (2400, 2550 and 2700 kcal ME) did not affect total egg number produced per bird (TEN) significantly. As dietary energy level was increased, total feed consumption per bird (TFC) and feed consumed per egg produced (FCE) was decreased significantly (P< 0.05) at 40, 64 and 72 weeks of age. Values of feed cost per egg produced (ECOST) differed significantly (P< 0.05) at 2400, 2550 and 2700 kcal ME levels. Different energy levels did not affect egg weight [EW] at 40 [EW40] and 64 [EW64] weeks of age significantly. EW72 at 2400 kcal ME level differed significantly (P< 0.05) from EW72 at 2550 and 2700 kcal ME levels. Enzyme supplementation in layer diet lowered the BW in enzyme group than control group which was non significant. TEN was increased Avlth enzyme supplementation in layer diet but it was non significant. Enzyme supplementation had significantly (P< 0.05) reduced TFC64, TFC72, FCE64 and ECOST64. There was non significant reduction in EW in enzyme group. Effects of energy levels and enzyme supplementation were found non significant for BW. Effects of same were found significant (P< 0.05) for TEN64 and TEN72 at 2550 kcal ME level, whereas effects of same were found non significant for TEN40. Effects of energy levels and enzyme supplementation were found significant (P< 0.05) for TFC40 at 2400 and 2550 kcal ME levels but it was non significant for TFC64 and TFC72. At 2400, 2550 and 2700 kcal ME levels; TFC64 and TFC72 were lower in enzyme group than control group. Effects of same were found significant (P< 0.05) for FCE64, ECOST64 and ECOST72 at 2550 kcal ME level. Effects of same were found non significant for EW. Effects of strain of layer birds and energy levels were found non significant for BW, TEN, TFC, FCE, ECOST and EW. Effects of strain of layer birds and enzyme supplementation were found non significant for BW, TEN, TFC and EW. Effects of same were found significant (P< 0.05) for FCE64 and ECOST64 in IWP strain, whereas effects were non significant in IWN strain. Effects of strain of layer birds, energy levels and enzyme supplementation were found non significant for BW, TEN, TFC, FCE, ECOST and EW. Birds fed 2400 kcal ME/kg diet along with enzyme supplementation gave higher values of retention coefficient for dry matter, crude protein, organic matter and calcium in comparison to the same diet when fed without enzyme supplementation. Results observed from present study are in favour of enzyme supplementation in layer diet for better production performance in IWN and IWP strains. Results obtained also indicate that economical rearing of layer birds can be done with low energy (2400 kcal ME/kg) layer diets without significantly affecting production performance of IWN and IWP strains as compared with 2550 and 2700 kcal ME/kg layer diets. Enzyme supplementation can also be useful for better nutrient utilization by layer birds of IWN find IWP strains with low energy (2400 kcal ME/kg) layer diets.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICAL STUDIES ON ETIOPATHOLOGY AND MEDICO SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT GENITAL PROLAPSE IN COWS
    (AAU, Anand, 2011) BADGUJAR, CHANDRAVADAN LAXMAN; TANK, P. H.
    Incidences of pertparturient cervico-vaginal prolapse (CVP) have been recorded in dairy cows all over the world by many workers. However, rarely there has been a mention of cases of chronic prolapse occurring beyond three months of parturition. On the contrary, it was experienced to be occurring in high number in the Gaushalas and Panjarapoles of Gujarat. A majority of the affected cows were from Gir or Kankrej breeds and their crosses. They had suffered repeated episodes of the problem. Conventional methods of treatment were unsuccessful to address this problem. Hence, a clinical study was undertaken to evaluate various aspects of CVP including medicosurgical management by different approaches in 46 cows of Gaushalas and Panjarapoles in Saurashtra region of Gujarat. A novel method of 100 point score for each character was evolved to assess the health of cow and severity of prolapse. The cows that fell in the range of aggregate points between 0-25, were graded as Grade-I; between 26-50, graded as Grade-II; between 51-75, graded as Grade-Ill, and cows with score from 75-100, were graded as Grade-IV. None of the cases under study fall in the Grade I category. The cases of Grade-II were subjected to surgical treatment utilizing Technique No. 1 (Fixation to prepubic tendon) or No. 2 (Button suture fixation). Cases falling under the Grade-Ill were treated with the use of surgical Technique No. 3 (Amputation of prolapsed mass) or No. 4 (Submucosal resection of vagina). In cases of Grade-Ill, the cows that had irreducible adhesions of the prolapsed mass or abnormalities of os cervix in the form of kinked, hardened, fibrosed or extensive enlarged cervix were subjected to Technique No. 3 (Amputation of prolapsed mass). Cases of Grade-III that had less changes of the os cervix as mentioned but had more of vaginal proliferation and fibrosis were subjected to Technique No. 4 (Submucosal resection of vagina). The cases of Grade-IV were put to treatment by Technique No. 5 (Pervaginum Panhysterectomy). These cases were advanced, unmanageable, highly suffering and with non-viable appearance of prolapse. Those cows which showed ovarian abnormalities were subjected to Technique No. 6 (Pervaginum Bilateral ovariectomy). They came in Grade II prolapse. After supportive therapy, anaesthesia was performed in the form of caudal epidural analgesia and pudendal nerve block under xylazine sedation. Appropriate surgical treatment was applied to each cow. The 46 affected cows were grouped as per the surgical technique provided from Group 1 to VI. In Group I to V, eight cases were operated, while in Group VI, six cases were operated. In addition to this, blood and serum samples were collected for comparison, from eight healthy lactating normal cows as a control group. For fixation of vagina to prepubic tendon, insertion of the needle in the prepubic tendon required lot of skill to retrieve the needle back between the main and lateral branch of the prepubic tendon. Although this technique appeared very promising, the entire procedure was to be performed blindly only by palpation in the cul-de-sac of vagina. In view of a limited bite in tlie vaginal floor and the prepubic tendon, the chances of rupture of the suture or the tearing of the vaginal wall could not be overlooked. Considering the complexity in execution, this technique is recommended only in the hands of an experienced worker. Button suture fixation was used on 8 cows. Commercially available suture needle (triangular and straight needle No.l) worked satisfactorily to put these sutures. Since the vaginal insertion of the suture was preplaced on the prolapsed mass, there was adequate visibility and a very little haemorrhage occurred in the placement of the suture. Amputation of prolapsed mass was easy in this technique as the entire mass was presented at the vulva for handling. However, due to the large size and irreparable changes in the vagina and the cervix, the wall of the organ was considerably thick making it difficult to cut. Submucosal resection of vagina was fairly simple than amputation. As the surgical dissection was restricted only to the submucosa of the exposed portion, haemorrhage from the dissection was comparatively less. Since the technique did not involve extensive dissection or ligation of blood vessels, the procedure could be completed in comparatively lesser time. In cases of per vaginum panhysterectomy, the dorsal wall of the vagina bled considerably. Further dissection for the uterine junction and ovarian stumps had to be done blindly by palpation with fingers. It was felt necessary to put two ligatures on the stump to ensure complete obliteration of the ovarian blood vessels. After having completed this procedure, small length of vagina was left behind so that there was no chance of recurrence of prolapse. Per vaginum bilateral ovariectomy was performed in the similar manner as in pervaginum panhysterectomy. The uterus and cervix were left intact. For performing the ovariectomy, a specially designed Richards' ovariotome was used to crush the ovarian blood vessels and to cut the pedicle. Suturing of the vaginal incision (colpotomy) did not pose major problem and the entire surgery could be completed in 20 to 30 minutes. In Group 1 and II, recurrence of prolapse was noted in one cow each due to rupture of sutures. In one more case of group II, pyometra was noted due to foreign body i.e. buttons. In Group III, all the animals showed mild to moderate bleeding from vagina .and mild straining. This was treated by local infusion of Betadine solution and application of Ceftriaxone powder. This bleeding disappeared towards 7-8 days and effectively stopped at 10 days. One cow showed recurrence of prolapse. In Group IV, minor haemorrhage through vagina was noted in all the cases for 1 or 2 post-operative days. All the animals recovered uneventfully, except one cow that suffered prolapse at 24th post-operative day. In Group V, all the animals, except one cow, showed slight haemorrhage for a period of 3 to 4 days followed by slight mucous discharge for next 3 to 4 days, but recovered uneventfully by 15 days. Prepubic tendon fixation and Button suture fixation were performed in those cows where the prolapse was mild to moderate type (Grade II) with no complications like oedema, necrosis, gangrene and other secondary complications like maggots infestation. As such these two techniques were useful in conserving the genitalia. However, button suture fixation method was preferred to address the clinical condition. Two cows treated with button fixation technique conceived subsequently. Thus, these animals would have become useful for reproduction in future. Submucmosal resection was comparatively easier to perform and resulted into less serious haemorrhage. In those cases where the changes in the prolapsed organ appeared irreversible, it was decided to remove entire reproductive tract per vaginum (Panhysterectomy). This surgical technique also was quite demanding owing to large number of engorged blood vessels in the dissection. Per vaginum bilateral ovariectomy was reserved for those cases where ovarian changes were marked. It was postulated that the prolapse was primarily due to ovarian dysfunction. This was proved when the ovariectomy was performed and the prolapse was repositioned. No recurrence was noted in any of the six cases until eight days. However, this procedure was performed in ox cases and only had moderate Grade II prolapse. Therefore it requires further study. Haemato-biochemical and serum endocrinological assessment paved a clinical way of understanding the etiopathology, stress and therapeutic resolution of this complex malady in cows by contemplating the findings to the clinical merits of the cases retrospectively. Various micro organisms were isolated from the vaginal swabs from these cows. Antibiotic sensitivity test indicated that Ceftriaxone and Enrofloxacin were both effective against these organisms while Amoxirum was not as effective. Urinalysis can be used as one indictor to assess pre-operative status and effect of surgical treatment. Histopathological studies of genital tissue on surgical removal in Group I and II, did not show significant lesions while Group III, IV and V cases revealed, variable degrees of inflammatory lesions, characterized by degeneration, edema necrosis and fibrosis. Moderate to severe infiltration of mononuclear cells in the vaginal and cervical mucosa were found in groups III and IV. Group V indicated necrosis of superficial mucosal lining with the presence of bacterial colonies. Hyperplasia of glands of vaginal and cervical mucosa showed neutrophils and mononuclear cells infiltration with cystic dilatation. The group V cases revealed chronic inflammatory changes of adhesions, lacerations, necrosis and perivascular fibrosis, hyperplasia of uterine glands along with congestion and haemorrhage. The group VI cases, (with abnormalities of ovaries) revealed cystic dilation with fluid filled cavity, with single layered cysts. Few specimens revealed multicystic ovaries which had thick, multilayered wall and cyst within the wall. The histological signs correlated with the clinical signs and helped in prognosis of repair and cure of the case.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HELMINTH PARASITES OF CAMELS
    (AAU, Anand, 2011) SOLANKI, JAYESH BABULAL; Hasnani, J. J.
    In the present study, a total of 2604 faecal samples of camels were collected from Anand, Vadodara, Kheda, Ahmedabad and Panchmahal districts of middle Gujarat during the period from June-2008 to May-2009 and were examined for the presence of helminth parasites. The results revealed that the overall prevalence of helminthic infection was 68.01 per cent. The overall prevalence of nematodes, frematodes and cestodes was 89.01, 5.25 and 5.65 per cent, respectively. Among trematodes, Fasciola spp. eggs were detected in 93 (5.25%) samples. Regarding cestodes, the prevalence of Moniezia spp. was 5.65 per cent. The prevalence of Haemonchus spp. was maximum, while that of Cooperia spp., Ostertagia spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. was the least. The overall maximum prevalence of helminths was observed in the month of July (87.56%) and minimum in the month of May (42.40%) in middle Gujarat. The highest gastrointestinal nematode infection was observed in the month of July (91.58%) and the lowest in the month of May (85.87%) in middle Gujarat. In all the districts of middle Gujarat, the highest infection of Haemonchus spp. was observed in the month of July. The overall lowest (16.99%) infection of Haemonchus spp. was recorded in the month of January. The overall Trichostrongylus spp. infection was also highest (28.42%) in the month of July and minimum in the month of February. The maximum intensity of GIT nematodes was observed for Trichostrongyliid group (891.43 mean epg) with range 50- 4550 epg. The mean epg for Strongyloides spp. and Trichuris spp. was 638.41 (50- 1450) and 198.94 (50-1700), respectively. The overall maximum intensity of Trichostrongyliid group was observed in the month of July with mean epg of 1483.97 50 and minimum in the month of February with mean epg of 638.25. The overall prevalence of Strongyloides spp. was found to be low throughout the year. The overall intensity of Strongyloides spp. was maximum in the month of November with mean epg of 907.47 and minimum in the month of May with mean epg of 405.92. The infection of Trichuris spp. was found common throughout the year ranging from 7-15 per cent in middle Gujarat. The highest prevalence (15.03%) and intensity (mean epg 357.38) of Trichuris spp. was observed in the month of June and the lowest prevalence (7.61%) and intensity (mean epg 96.40) was observed in the month of May. The per cent prevalence of Nematodims spp. was the highest in the month of December (13.10%) and zero in the month of May. Very low grade infection (5.25%) of Fasciola spp. was observed with zero prevalence in the month of March and April. Season, age and sex of the animal had significant influence on the prevalence of helminths in camels. Maximirai prevalence of helminths was recorded in monsoon (81.22%) and minimum in summer (55.07%). The maximum (90.48%) prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes was recorded in the winter season with almost similar prevalence in summer (88.49%) and monsoon (88.37%). The Fasciola spp. infection was maximum (7.66%) in monsoon and minimum (1.88%) in summer. The Moniezia spp. infection was found maximum (9.62%) in summer and minimum (3.97%) in monsoon. The overall maximum intensity of Trichostrongyliid group was observed in monsoon with mean epg of 1122.38 . Maximum intensity of Strongyloides spp. and Trichuris spp. was observed in winter with mean epg of 868.09 and 243.21, respectively.The helminthic infection was the highest (81.62%) in camels of 2-5 years of age and the lowest (47.37%) in camel calves ageing below 2 years of age. The GIT nematode infection was highest (91.22%) in camels of 5-10 years of age and lowest (71.60%) in camel calves ageing below 2 years. The prevalence of Trichistrongyliid group infection was on increasing trend with advancement of age. The Fasciola spp. infection was highest (6.37%) in camels above 10 years of age and lowest (4.32%) in camels below 5 years of age. The Moniezia spp. infection was on decreasing ebb with advancement of age with maximum prevalence (24.07%) in camel calves ageing below 2 years of age.The overall prevalence of helminths was higher in females (74.96%) than males (61.48%). No influence of sex was found on prevalence of GIT nematodes. The Moniezia spp. infection was higher in males (7.27%) than females (4.23%). Almost similar prevalence was recorded in males (5.21%) and females (5.29%) for fasciolosis in camels of middle Gujarat. After coproculture, camels were determined to be infected with third stage larvae of Trichostrongylus spp., Ostertagia spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Haemonchus spp., Nematodirus spp., Trichuris spp., Strongyloides spp. and Cooperia species. Haematological study conducted on helminths infected camels revealed statistically significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration, total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume and lymphocyte, with significant increase in the total leucocyte count, MCHC, neutrophils and eosinophils. No difference was observed in the monocytic coimt of helminths infected and vminfected camels. Biochemical study carried out on helminths infected camels revealed significant decrease in glucose, total protein, total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus, calcium and magnesium concentration. There was non-significant difference in the creatinine level of helminths infected and uninfected camels. There was significant increase in the enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SCOT) in helminths infected camels. Macroscopically, abomasum showed varying degrees of ulceration, congestion of mucosa, thickened walls and oedematous folds associated with haemorrhagic foci due to presence oi Haemonchus. spp. worms. Histopathologically, there were hyperemia in the abomasal mucosa and hyperplasia of the abomasal glands with cellular infiltration mainly of lymphocytes and eosinophils. Small intestine infected with Strongyloides spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. worms showed oedematous and congested mucosa with small petecheal haemorrhages. Histopathologically, there were loss of intestinal villi, thickened mucosa and heavy infiltration of inflammatory cells in mucosa and submucosa of the duodenvim. Large intestine infected with Trichuris spp. revealed thickened and oedematous mucosa with haemorrhagic foci. There was ulcer and nodule formation with thickening of the duodenal wall. On histopathological examination, intestine revealed catarrhal inflammation and necrosis of gland with eosinophilic infiltration. Liver showed irregularly distributed haemorrhages with grayish to pale white colour areas on gross examination. Microscopically, there was fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver. Lungs showed emphysema and congestion with pale white raised areas.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF ACRYLAMIDE IN WISTAR RATS
    (AAU, 2011) PANELIYA, SANJAYKUMAR MANSUKHLAL; Dr. B. P. Joshi
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Impact of Bt transgenic cotton on insect pest complex and their major natural enemies
    (AAU, 2011) SOLANKI, RAMESHSINH FATESINH; Dr. D. M. Korat
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF ACRYLAMIDE IN WISTAR RATS
    (AAU, 2011) PANELIYA, SANJAYKUMAR MANSUKHLAL; Dr. B. P. Joshi