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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access DETECTION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF MAREK'S DISEASE VIRUS SEROTYPES BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) AND CHARACTERIZATION BY DNA SEQUENCING OF THE PCR PRODUCT(AAU, Anand, 2006) KALYANI, IRSADULLAKHAN HABIBULLAKHAN; Purohut, J. H.Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disorder of chicken characterized by oncogenic transformation of T cells that infiltrate lymphoid tissues, peripheral nerves and visceral organs, resulting in a complex pathogenesis that usually leads to death of the affected chicken. The causative agent of MD, Marek's disease virus (MDV) a cell associated herpesvirus, is ubiquitous in almost all poultry population raised under commercial conditions. The present study was under taken to assess incidence of MD as per the farm records on the basis of clinical signs and post mortem lesions, detection of MDV from clinical cases exhibiting frank lesions of MD by PCR, comparing the efficacy of different primers in detecting the MDV as well as differentiating the serotypes in tissues and feather follicle and genetic characterization by sequencing of the PCR amplified fragment carrying 132 bp repeats. During June to November 2005 outbreaks of MD were suspected in flocks of egg type birds on farms situated in and around Anand district located of central Gujarat as well as from farms around Mahuva located in Saurastra region of Gujarat state. The strength of individual affected flocks varied from 4500 to 25000 birds with a total population of 4,26,991 birds. Of these, 14110 birds died due to MD (as per the farm records of history, symptoms and postmorterm lesions) with an over all mortality of 3.30 per cent during the months of June to November 2005. During the investigation, a total of thirty six commercial poultry farms and forty nine batches of layer birds suffered from mortality due to MD, in addition to Central Poultry Research Station (CPRS) Veterinary College Anand, where mortality occured in layer birds. Mortality in commercial poultry farms ranged between 0.6 to 7.3 per cent. A total of 34 clinical samples (17 feather follicles and 17 spleen ) from 27 birds suspected of MD were collected by making visits to the various commercial poultry farms and also from CPRS Veterinary College Anand. Suspected clinical samples and four MD vaccine strains, including three HVT (MDV-3) vaccines and one SB-I(MDV-2) vaccine were processed for DNA extraction. DNA was extracted from samples of feather follicle using proteinase K mixture, where as DNeasy Tissue Kit (QIAGEN Pvt. Ltd) was used for tissue samples. Sample showing acceptable purity and concentration were subjected to PCR amplification using six different primers. Total of six pairs of primers were used, which were selected to amplify different gene segments. The primer pair BamHl/BamH2 specifically amplifying a 434 bp segment from BamHI fragment (of MDV-1) containing 132 bp repeats located in TRL and IRL region of MDV genome, detected 32 samples positive indicating presence of double 132 bp repeats in the amplified segment. All the three HVT vaccines and one SB-1 vaccine failed to produce the amplification as the selected primer is specific for MDV-1 only. Primer pair AGAM1/AGAM2 and P1/P2, both targeting the antigen A gene (UL44) produced 314 bp and 199 bp products respectively in 30 out of 34 clinical samples tested, however, none of the HVT vaccine or SB-1 vaccine yielded positive result, suggesting the specificity of these primers for MDV-1. Primer set M1.1/M1.8 amplified a 318 bp product as against expected 247 bp product in 30 samples. To confirm the result, these primers were subjected to NCBI BLAST, and it was found that the primer specific segment of 318 bp does exist in pubhshed sequence of Md5, and Mdl IBAC. None of the HVT as well as SB-1 vaccine produce any amplification indicating the specificity of primer in detecting MDV-1. Only two field samples produced expected amplicon of 505 bp when tested with MDV-3 specific HVT1/HVT2 to detect the vaccine virus (HVT). All the three HVT vaccines produced the amplicon of 505 bp, whereas SB-1 vaccine was negative, proving specificity of this primer pair for HVT. Out of the six primer pairs, BamHl/ BamH2 and AGA1/AGA2 detected MDV in maximum number (32) of field samples. Primers AGAM1/AGAM2, P1/P2 and Ml.l/M.1.8 detected the same number (30) of samples positive. Primer pair HVTl/ HVT-2 detected MDV-3 in two feather follicle samples indicating possible excretion of the vaccine virus. PCR products (434 bp) of MDV genome amplified by BamHl/BamH2 primers from two field samples (M3, M4) having good quality DNA (i.e. 1.7-1.9 OD at 260/280 nm) as detennined by spectrophotometry were used for sequencing by ABI PRISM® 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA), using BigDye® Terminator v3.1 Cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, USA). The sequence obtained revealed two 132 bp repeats in the 378 bp stretch indicating virulent nature of the field MDV. The alignment of 378 bp sequence of M3 and M4 with previously published sequences of the MDV isolates Md5, Mdll, HPRS-16 and CDs of tumourogenicity associated m-RNA and CDs published from BamH gene family revealed that the field isolates of present study shared complete homology (100%). Results of sequencing along with history of vaccination in the affected birds and involvement of different organs on postmortem examination indicated about the increase in virulence of MDV circulating in field causing recent outbreaks.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE AND GENETIC PARAMETERS OF SYNTHETIC LINE OF WHITE LEGHORN(AAU, Anand, 2006) BAROT, VASANTKUMAR NAVALJI; PATEL, ASHOK M.The present study was carried out to investigate the production performance, inheritance and association among various economic traits in a synthetic strain of White Leghorn for five successive generations under Central Poultry Research Station Project at Department of Poultry Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. Number of pullets from first to fifth generation utilized as experiraental materials were 413 (37 Sire family), 446 (30 Sire family), 441 (37 Sire family), 449 (40 Sire family) and 440 (39 Sire family). The data obtained on these birds were analyzed, to obtain the estimates of the means, heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations, through Least Square Analysis using LSMLMW and MIXED MODEL Computer programme. The least squares means for various economic traits in S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 generations respectively were 1173.21 ±9.11, 1133.36 ± 9.64, 1214.75 ± 11.32, 1200.56 ± 8.56 and 1214.73 ± 5.45 g for BW20, 1514.10 ± 14.64, 1421.86 ± 14.70, 1450.10 ± 11.70, 1456.77 ± 11.96 and 1429.75 ± 7.79 g for BW40, 1525.63 + 14.89, 1477.94 ± 12.41, 1591.66 ± 16.39, 1593.30 ± 13.67, and 1538.53 ± 9.62 g for BW56, 1530.87 ± 19.08, 1487.32 ± 12.89, 1655.85 + 17.06, 1517.11 ± 16.22 and 1645.74 ± 9.44 g for BW72, 153, 150, 159, 151 and 151 days for AFE, 103.736 ± 0.784, 99.511 ± 1.051, 93.576 ± 0.933. 107.036 ± 0.729 and 104.923 ± 0.652 eggs for EN40, 180.730 ± 1.354, 185.623 ± 1.227, 179.663 ± 1.220, 196.590 ± 1.040 and 189.130 ± 1.021 eggs for EN56, 238.403 ± 2.150, 254.015 ± 2.133, 277.950 ± 1.151, 271.726 ± 1.634 and 266.933 ± 1.434 eggs for EN72, 46.235 ± 0.325, 50.139 ± 387, 49.134 ±0.310, 48.012 ±0.265 and 51.724 ± 0.158 g for EW32, 53.272 ± 0.356, 51.915 ± 0.319, 49.219 + 0.326, 50.356 ± 0.281 and 52.306 ± 0.165 g for EW40, 54.101 ± 0.372, 54.379 ± 0.401, 53.139 ± 0.384, 54.897 ± 0.301 and 55.777 ± 0.174 g for EW56, 51.962 ± 0.341, 54.908 ± 0.385, 56.542 ± 0.515, 52.593 ± 0.351 and 61.610 ± 0.224 g for EW72, Rs. 74.00, 95.00, 76.00, 33.00 and 40.00 for ROFC per bird. The heritability estimates for various traits were found to be 0.450 ± 0.168, 0.679 ± 0.203, 0.976 ± 0.229, 0.678 ± 0.192 and 0.427 ± 0.159 {BW20), 0.490 ± 0.174, 0.617 ± 0.194, 0.737 ± 0.203, 0.723 ± 0.197 and 0.573 ± 0.180 (BW40), 0.425 ± 0.168, 0.235 ± 0.128, 1.019 ± 0.235, 0.770 ± 0.204 and 0.533 ± 0.175 (BWse), 0.718 ± 0.241, 0.378 + 0.162, 0.837 ± 0.269, 0.773 ± 0.207 and 0.204 ± 0.127 (BW72), 0.482 ± 0.173, 0.720 ± 0.209, 0.354 ± 0.148, 0.330 ± 0.143 and 0.481 ± 0.167 (AFE), 0.246 ± 0.135, 0.212 ± 0.120, 0.364 ± 0.150, 0.349 ± 0.146 and 0.831 ± 0.i211 (EN40), 0.387 ± 0.162, 0.064 ± 0.091 , 0.162 ± 0.118 , 0.257 ± 0.133 and 0.901 ± 0.219 (ENse), 0.193 ± 0.171, 0.140 + 0.114, 0.190 ± 0.191, 0.097 ± 0.108 and 0.790 ± 0.210 (EN72), 1.199 ± 0.250 , 0.936 ± 0.243 , 0.832 ± 0.204 , 0.624 ± 0.185 and 0.660 ± 0.194 (EW32), 1.099 ± 0.243, 0.861 ± 0.234, 0.708 ± 0.204, 0.630 ± 0.186, and 0.551 ± 0.180 (EW40), 1.081 ± 0.251,1.102 + 0.264, 0.948 ± 0.228, 0.621 ± 0.186 and 1.187 ± 0.244 (EWse), 0.471 ± 0.235, 0.575 ± 0.220, 1.196 ± 0.299, 0.723 ± 0.204 and 0.588 ± 0.195 (EW72) in S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 generation respectively. The genetic correlations amongst body weight traits (BW20, BW40, BW56 and BW72) were positive and high in magnitude and in desired direction. The genetic correlations of BW20 with other growth traits (BW40, BW56 and BW72) ranged from 0.475 ± 0.226 to 0.924 ± 0.054. The genetic correlations of BW40 with BWse and BW72 were ranged from 0.491 ± 0.213 to 1.176 ± 0.117 where as the same between BW56 and BW72were ranged from 0.940 + 0.162 to 1.227 ± 0.115. The estimates of genetic correlations between body weight at 20 weeks of age and age at first egg were found to be low positive to negative side in all the generation except for the fourth generation. Contrary to this, positive and low genetic and phenotypic association was found between BW40 and age at first egg. The genetic correlations between body weight at 72 week and AFE were found to be positive, favourable and in desired direction. The genetic correlations of EN40 with various growth traits (BW20, BW40, BW56 and BW72) ranged from - 0.631 ± 0.244 to 0.230 ± 0.314 whereas genetic correlations of EN72 with various growth traits (BW20, BW40, BW56 and BW72) ranged little wider from -0.765 ± 0.429 to 0.278 ± 0.444. The genetic correlations of growth traits (BW20, BW40, BW56 and BW72) with egg weight traits (EW32, EW40, EW56 and EW72) were positive and moderate to high in magnitude. Negative genetic correlation of high magnitude was reported between age at first egg and egg production up to 40 weeks. In opposition to this, positive genetic and phenotypic association between age at sexual maturity and egg weight was reported. The genetic correlations between egg production (EN40, ENse and EN72) and egg weight traits (EW32, EW40, EW56 and EW72) were negative and high in magnitude in fifth generation. The phenotypic association of egg number with body weight and egg weight traits were negative and low in magnitude compared to genetic association.ThesisItem Open Access A study on the mnagerial efficiency of aaonla growers of Anand and kheda districts of Gujarat state(AAU, Anand, 2006) Patel Suryabhai R.; Dr N.B. ChauhanThesisItem Open Access GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS IN Plantago ovata (Forsk.) AND ITS ALLIED SPECIES THROUGH CYTOGENETICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND DNA BASED MOLECULAR MARKERS(AAU, Anand, 2006) RAMESH KUMAR SOLANKI; Dr. R. S. FougatPlantago ovata Forsk., commonly known as “Isabgol” in Hindi and “Blond Psyllium” in English is an important medicinal crop of the Indian subcontinent. Its numerous medicinal properties and its use as a natural laxative and capacity to control blood cholesterol has exponentially increased its demand in the World market. Among all the medicinal plants, Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.) is a crop of high export value for our country. Moreover, India is the largest producer and exporter of Isabgol seed and husk. About 90 percent of the total production (worth Rs. 250 crores) is exported. At present, states of Rajasthan and Gujarat together produce about 1 lakh tonnes of Isabgol seed out of which about 30,000 tonnes husk is obtained which is mostly processed in Gujarat. Looking to its high commercial value, various crop improvement programmes in isabgol are going on in the country. However, crop suffers with many natural inherent constrains which has hindered its improvement. The small size of the genome (2n=8) and large part of it being heterochromatic has made the genetic base of P. ovata very narrow, resulting in insufficient amount of genetic variability required to break the present yield plateau through selection. The floral morphology of Isabgol also does not permit easy emasculation to perform manual crossing. The flower size is so small that proper handling is very tedious and being delicate, the chances of flower drop are very high Though, many efforts to broaden the narrow genetic base through induced polyploidy and mutations have been made in the past, but the performance of induced polyploids and mutants has been comparatively poor as they turned less stable to the existing varieties. Therefore, the change in breeding approaches is frequently advocated for Isabgol improvement and one among them could be the use of allied species for gene introgression. The genus Plantago as such has very broad genetic base consisting of nearly 256 species, known to have three different basic chromosome numbers i.e., x=4, x=5 and x=6. Before utilization of these gene pools for gene introgression into cultivated species, the genetic relationships between these species need to be worked out which is still not well understood. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted to estimate the extent of genetic homologies and the diversity existing in the genus Plantago and to work out the phylogenetic relationships among its six species having different basic chromosome numbers i.e., 2n=2x=8 (P. ovata), 2n=2x=10 (P. coronopus) and 2n=2x=12 (P. lanceolata, P. indica, P. aranaria and P. psyllium) . Morphological diversity measured using D2 Statistic showed that traits like flowers per spike, number of tillers, seed yield and length of spike contributed more to diversity. Phylogenesis based on D2 values of 53 lines + 2 state released varieties showed presence of very less variability within species P. ovata. Inter-specific diversity analysis showed a single species viz., P. lanceolata to be morphologically nearer to P. ovata. Cytogenetical characterisation and giemsa C banding analysis revealed a predominance of a symmetrical karyotype in all the six genomes. No, Intraspecfic variation for C-bands was observed within P. ovata. All the species showed presence of high amount of heterochromatin concentrated near centromeric and telomeric regions. The distinctness of short arm of one chromosome nearly devoid of heterochromatin in three species i.e., chromosome I in P. ovata, chromosome III in P. lanceolata and chromosome IV in P. aranaria, suggested a strong phylogenetic relationship among these species. On the other hand, the quantitative data of cyto-morphological parameters revealed a close relationship between P. ovata and P. indica, followed by P. coronopus. Estimates of three metabolites viz., TSS (Total Soluble Sugar), FAA (Free Amino Acid) and total phenol showed similarity between P. ovata with P. aranaria. Activity of various antioxidant enzymes showed that CAT (Catalase) had higher activity in the branching type species viz., P. indica, P. aranaria and P. psyllium. The activity of SOD (Superoxide dismutase) and PPO (Polyphenol Oxidase) showed the relatedness of P. ovata with P. aranaria. A Native-PAGE isozyme profile for esterase alleles revealed that P. ovata is nearly similar to P. lanceolata. Whereas, SOD isoforms profile showed a very intense closeness between P. ovata and P. aranaria. RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) analysis showed lack of molecular variability among 55 lines of P. ovata, reflecting high stability of the genome for distribution of random sequences. Compared to D2 analysis, RAPD results were more informative to display the hidden variability among the P. ovata lines. Molecular diversity estimates as obtained through 12 RAPD primers on six species of Plantago showed presence of very high polymorphism. Total 93 bands were generated of which 43 bands were species specific. One band OPI650bp was present only in species having tillering growth habit (P. ovata, P. coronopus and P. lanceolata). Similarly, another band OPI2100bp was present only in species having branching growth habit (P. indica, P. aranaria and P. psyllium). The only group which did not share any common RAPD loci were species having 2n=2x=8 chromosomes (P. ovata) and 2n=2x=10 chromosomes (P. coronopus) which shows their unrelatedness. ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats) banding profiles were generated using three different primers viz., UBC-807, UBC-810 and UBC-827 which amplified a total of 26 amplicons. Of these, 15 bands were species specific. The phylogenetic relationship as revealed by band sharing data of both RAPD and ISSR markers, clearly depicted the nearness of P. ovata (2n=2x=8) and P. coronopus with P. lanceolata, P. aranaria and P. indica (2n=2x=12). The phylogenies obtained through molecular marker data pointed towards the co-evolution of two basic chromosome number i.e. 2n=2x=8 and 2n=2x=10 from a common ancestor with 2n=2x=12 chromosomes, as no similarity exist between P. ovata and P. coronopus. Sucrose transporter gene of Plantago major (PmSUC3) was validated using the flanking primers specific to the open reading frame (orf) of this gene, nearness of P. aranaria and P. major was revealed by this gene. The cumulative analysis of dominant marker data viz., isozyme, RAPD and ISSR showed strong phylogenetic relationship of the cultivated species P. ovata (2n=2x=8) with that of P. lanceolata (2n=2x=12). The pooled analysis of the quantitative data obtained from the above mentioned independent analysis clearly distinguished tillering types from branching type species. The branching of the cluster showed a very close relationship of the cultivated species P. ovata (2n=2x=8) with P. coronopus (2n=2x=10). These two species in turn were very near to P. lanceolata (2n=2x=12). Independent and integrated evaluation of the results obtained in the present study reveals that P. ovata (2n=2x=12) and P. coronopus (2n=2x=10) which morphologically appears to be very near to each other are actually not. Because, at biochemical and molecular level they turned out to be quite different from each other. These two species were found to be more nearer to P. lanceolata (2n=2x=12; tillering type) and P. aranaria (2n=2x=12; branching type). P. lanceolata was found to have a very strong molecular similarity with all the species with basic chromosome number of 2n=2x=12, pointing towards its primitiveness. Therefore, P. lanceolata possibly may prove useful as a bridging species between P. ovata (the cultivated species) and the other allied species to perform inter-specific hybridization between them. The phylogenies obtained through all the marker data pointed towards the coevolution of two basic chromosome number i.e. 2n=2x=8 and 2n=2x=10 in two independent directions from a common ancestor with 2n=2x=12 chromosomes, as no similarity was found to exist between P. ovata and P. coronopus at biochemical and molecular level. The origin of two base number seems to be a result of independent reduction of one and two chromosome pairs, rather then the earlier hypothesis of gradual reduction in the chromosome complement from 2n=2x=12 to 2n=2x=10 and finally to 2n=2x=8. The important information generated through giemsa C-banding, isozyme and molecular markers will prove quite useful to understand the genetic makeup of Isabgol crop more thoroughly. These markers can be successfully used as efficient tools to design linkage maps. The basic information generated through the present study will go a long way in helping Isabgol breeders and shall provide new impetus to research efforts directed towards the improvement of Isabgol through conventional plant breeding methods vis-à-vis newer techniques of plant biotechnology.ThesisItem Open Access GENETICS OF YIELD, MORPHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES AND RESISTANCE TO ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE IN COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2006) B.R.Patel; Dr. D. R. PatelThe present study conducted at Department of Plant Breeding and Cytogenetics, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, during summer 2004 was comprised of six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2) of six crosses viz., I (ACP-43 x Pusa Phalguni), II (ACP-65 x Pusa Phalguni), III (ACP-126 x Pusa Phalguni), IV (ACP-139 x Pusa Phalguni), V (GC-1 x ACP-41) and VI (ACP-66 x ACP-142) involving 9 pure lines and laid out in a compact family block design replicated four times for the estimation of genetic parameters (Gene action, heterosis, inbreeding depression, heritability and genetic advance) for yield, yield components and resistance to root-knot nematodes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.).ThesisItem Open Access Design And Development Of Continuous Basundi-Making Machine(Anand Agricultural University; Anand, 2006) Patel, Sunil; Shah, B.P.ThesisItem Open Access Response Of Summer Clusterbean [Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] To Irrigation Scheduling And Integrated Nutrient Management Under Middle Gujarat Conditions(Anand Agricultural University; Anand, 2006) Patel, Dineshbhai Manharbhai; Sadhu, A.C.ThesisItem Open Access Genetics Of Yield, Morphological Attributes And Resistance To Root-Knot Nematode In Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp.)(Anand Agricultural University; Anand, 2006) Patel, Babubhai Ramabhai; Patel , D.R.ThesisItem Open Access Line X Tester Analysis And Stability Studies For Fruit Yield And Its Components In Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus (L.) Moench)(Anand Agricultural University; Anand, 2006) Patel, Riteshkumar K.; Kathiria, K.B.