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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF EPIPLEURAL AND VISCERAL PROCAINE BLOCKADE IN PRIMARY INDIGESTION CASES OF BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)(AAU, Anand, 1991) Shah, Dharmendra A.; Parsania, R. R.The cases admitted to Veterinary College Hospital, Anand and Ambulatory Clinic centres at Chikhodra, Gamdi and Bedva villages were studied and 50 oases of primary indigestion were selected for therapeutic trials. The cases were grossly diagnoses on the basis of history, clinical findings and faecal sample examination. These 50 animals were divided equally into five treatment trial groups via., (a) epipleural procaine blockade (b) viscera procaine blockade (c) conventional method supplemented with epipleural procaine blockade (d) conventional method supplement with visceral procaine blockade and (e) conventional method onl Clinical observations regarding overall behaviour of the animal, its expression, ruminal motility, heart rate, respiratiorate and rectal temperature were studied before and 48 hours aft the treatment in all the five groups of buffaloes. Haematologica parameters (Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and DLC), biochemical parameters (blood glucose and BUN) and rumen fluid analysis (colour, odour, pH, protozoal motility and total volatile fatty acids concentrate were also studied before and 48 hours after the treatment. However, in all the parameters, the changes were found non-significant and remained within their normal physiological limits. Depending upon the efficacy and the rapidity with which the cases got cured, the present study has definately indicated that the procaine blockade was better than the conventional treatment. Among procaine blockades also, the visceral procaine blockade was found to be superior and practical method having wide field applicability. The present study was restricted to fifty clinical cases of primary indigestion only. But looking to the results achieved this visceral procaine blockade can be employed in more number of cases and also in variety of conditions, which may throw a light on some hidden efficacy of the same. So, further study is needed for better understanding of the blockade and i t s wide sprea uses in veterinary practices.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF CLOMIPHENE CITRATE (FERTIVET FVT 300) ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AND SEMEN QUALITY IN SURTI BUFFALO BULLS(AAU, Anand, 1991) Doshi, M. B.; Derashri, H. J.The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of clomiphene citrate (Fertivet FVT 300) on sexual behaviour, semen quality and quantity and level of testosterons in eight Surti buffalo bulls. The experiment was divided into three phases : pre-treatment, during treatment and post-treatment; each of eight weeks keeping equal number of bulls as control. Significant (P /0.05) effect of treatment was observed on reaction time, semen volume, total sperm count, total solids, total protein, citric acid, potassium and (P /0.01) serum testosterone level. Sustained significant effect of treatment was observed on citric acid (P /0.05) and serum testosterone level (P /0.01) during post-treatment phase. Significant (P /0.05) correlations due to treatment were observed between reaction time (negative), colour and consistency; (P /0.01) total protein, citric acid and initial fructose and testosterone. It was concluded that treatment with clomiphene citrate increased the testosterone levels in blood which reduced the reaction time and increased the sperm concentration to a threshold level and activity of accessory sex glands. Post-treatment effects sustained only for few weeks.ThesisItem Open Access A GENETIC STUDY ON PERFORMANCE EFFICIENCY INDEX (PEI) ON THE BASIS OF CORRECTED BODY WEIGHT AT VARIOUS STAGES OF PRODUCTION IN WLH STRAIN(AAU, Anand, 1990) Joshi, Rajesh Kumar S.; Solanki, J. V.A study on genetic aspects o£ Perfomance Efficiency Index (PEI) on the basis of corrected body weight differences at various stages of production for differences in body weight at 20th week were carried out using 207 pedigreed pullets belonging to 25 sire families of M line WLH birds. The average PEI (%) at 28 weeks and at subsequent 4 week interval upto 56 weeks of age were 27.48± 0.74 %; 36.79±0.51 %; 36.56±0.53 %; 37.83±0.56 %, 36.53±0.60 %; 30.65±0.72 %; 36.45±0.62 % and 32.17± 0.64 % respectively. The same for average NFEI (%) were 34.07±0.71 %, 43.05±0.56 %7 42.92±0.59 %; 44.23±0.59 %; 40.96±0.60 %; 33.94±0.76 %; 39.54±0.70 % and 36.88±0.70 %; respectively. The average CPEI (%) were 27.61±0.77 %; 36.78±0.52 %; 36.62±0.56 % and 37.82±0.58 % at 28, 32, 36 and 40 weeks of age respectively.ThesisItem Open Access BREED CHARACTERISTICS OF ZALAWADI GOATS AND MANAGEMENTAL PRACTICES OF PROFESSIONAL BREEDERS OF ZALAWAD(AAU, Anand, 1991) Sanghani, T. K.; PATEL, J. M.An investigation vas undertaken to study the breed characteristics of Zalawadi goats and managemental practices of professional breeders of Zalavad (Stxrendranagar district). In all, 455 goats of different age groups were utilized for study of breed characteristics, body weight and different body measurements. Managemental practices of professional breeders were evaluated by personal communication of 25 well experienced flock owners. The study was undertaken in breeding and kidding season, Zalawadi goats are large sized, with complete black coat colour. Breed has characteristic corkscrew like long twisted horns and broad, long leaf like drooping white spackled ears. Flock siae analysis showed that 72 per cent of the flock owners had flock size below 40, There were only 5 per cent breeders with flock size of 70 to 100, Most of tho flocks were maintained entirely on browsing and no supplementary feeding was practiced even In breeding or kidding season and lactation. Effect of sex and type of birth on birth weight was highly significant (P<0.01). The mean birth weight of the male and female kids was 3.04±0.06 and 2.79±0.06 kg. respect The birth weight of single kids was 2.87±0.05 kg compared to 2.56 ± 0.05 kg of twins.ThesisItem Open Access Efficiency of Growth and Related Blood Profile In Inter-Se Mated Jersey X Kankrej F2 And F3 Crossbred Calves(AAU, Anand, 1990) SHAH, SHAILESH V.; PATEL, A. M.A study was undertaken at Livestock Research Station, Veterinary College, Anand from 30th April 1988 to 15th May 1989 to ascertain and compare the growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, water ingestion, serum hoarmonal and biochemical profile of inter-se mated Jersey x Kankrej F2 and F3 crossbred calves, The body weights of JKF2 and JKF3 female calves at 26th and 58th week of age were 107.150 ± 3.13 and 99.714± 4.34 kg and 219.800 ± 6.40 and 216.794 ± 4.21 kg respectively. The daily growth rate of JKF2 and JKF3 calves was 493.625 ± 37.88 g and 497.137±26.30 g respectively. The generation difference was non-significant but the effect of age on growth rate was observed to be significant. The average daily dry matter and TDN intake per 100 kg body weight in JKF2 heifers were observed to be 3.390+ 0.054 kg and 2.050 ± 0.03 kg respectively, while that of JKF3 heifers, the respective values were 3.482 ±0.07 and 2.119 ± 0.04 kg. Though, the F3 calves consumed higher DM and TDN per unit body weight, the generation effect was found to be non-significant. However, significant effect of age, i.e. higher DM and TDN consumption by younger calves as compared to older calves, was observed.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO) IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED INTESTINAL ISCHEMIA IN CALVES(AAU, Anand, 1993) Garara, Shailesh V.; Jani, B. M.The experiment was conducted on twelve 6 to 12 months old cow calves to judge the nature and extent of reperfusion injury after intestinal ischemia and to evaluate protective effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), All the animals were subjected to one complete and one incomplete ischemic strangulation obstruction (ISO) of about 25 cm jejunal segments for the duration of 6 hours. After 6 hours of ischemia, reperfusion of the intestinal segments was established by releasing the vascular obstructions. The animals were randomly divided into two equal groups (Group A and B), The animals of Group A served as control ones and no treatment was carried out at the time of reperfusion, while animals of Group B were given 20 per cent DMSO solution in normal saline intravenously at the rate of 2 g/kg body weight at the time of reperfusion. The protective effect of DMSO was ascertained by evaluating standard clinical criteria, fluorescent pattern and histopathological findings at 24 hours reperfusion period. Physical changes like malaise, dullness, depression, change in rectal temperature, respiration rate and heart rate were of no significance either in ascertaining ischemic damage or in evaluating the protective effect of DMSO. Grossly, serosa of ischemic segments in control group revealed severe degenerative changes including moderate to severe adhesions, oedema and congestion, and reddish colouration while that of treated segments showed absence of adhesion, pinkish colour, hyperemia and slight oedema and congestion. Similarly mucosal changes were severe in control segments and were of very mild degree in treated segments. Following fluorescein dye injection, the treated segments showed viable fluorescent pattern while that of control segments showed non-viable fluorescent pattern. Histopathologically, control segments showed stunted mucosal villi lined by low columnar to cuboidal epithelial cells with few villi naked. The lumen contained desquamated epithelial cells with haemorrhages. Mucosa of treated segments was almost normal. Degenerative changes in submucosa, lamina propria and serosa were severe in control group while these clianges were either absent or were of very mild degree in treated segments. Based on SCC, fluorescein dye technique, and histopathological observations, it was-concluded that the intravenous DMSO therapy at the time of reperfusion could be a safe and effective supplementary therapy to combat ischemic intestinal disorders in cattle.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF HERBOMINERAL TOXIN BINDER IN EXPERIMENTAL AFLATOXICOSIS IN BROILER CHICKEN(AAU, Anand, 1999) Patel, Nishant R.; Joshi, B. P.The present study on experimental induction of aflatoxicosis was undertaken with a view to investigate the effects of aflatoxin B1 on performance of broiler chicks at 0.5 and 1.0 ppm dose level as well as to evaluate the efficacy of Herbomineral Toxic Binder (HTB) at 1.25 and 2.5 kg per tonne of feed as an adsorbent and hepatoprotective agent. The experimental design consisted of 315 birds equally distributed into nine groups comprising of 35 birds in each group. Birds in-group A were fed with control diet. Birds from groups B and C received aflatoxin B1 at the rate of 0.5 and 1.0 ppm respectively in the feed. Groups D and E were treated with 0.125 and 0.25 percent level of HTB respectively along with 0.5 ppm of aflatoxin B1. Similarly, groups F and G were supplemented with 0.125 and 0.25 percent level of HTB respectively along with 1.0 ppm of aflatoxin B1. The last two groups H and I received HTB alone at the rate of 0.125 and 0.25 percent respectively in the feed. Five birds from each group were sacrificed at weekly interval for the period of six weeks and the detailed study was made for the evaluation of different set parameters. The experiment started with production of aflatoxin B1 on rice and its quantification in moudly rice as well as in feed prepared for dietary schedule. The different parameters included, weekly body weight, weekly weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio to evaluate the general performance of the birds. The biochemical parameters included total serum proteins, serum alanine aminotransferase, serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides. The gross and histopathological lesions of organs collected viz.. Liver, kidney and bursa of Fabricious were also recorded. The establishment of aflatoxicosis was confirmed on gross and histopathological lesions. This was further supported by significant decrease in the values of total serum proteins, serum cholesterol and triglycerides and an increase in the values of serum ALT and AST at both the levels of 0.5 and 1.0 ppm of aflatoxin B1. The body weight and body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency were also affected by aflatoxin during the study. The severity was dose dependent in nature. Liver appeared to be the target organ involved in aflatoxicosis. From third week onwards the gross lesions in the liver were characterised by enlargement and pale yellowish discoloration of the organ The liver also appeared fatty and fragile. From fourth week onwards, the kidneys showed mild enlargement and paleness while bursa of Fabricious revealed mild atrophy. Histopathological lesions in liver were marked by mild to moderate vascular congestion and hemorrhages, moderate to severe fatty changes, focal to diffuse areas of infiltration of mononuclear cells, and mild to moderate hyperplasia of bile duct epithelium. The kidney lesions comprised of mild to moderate congestion, focal areas of tubular hemorrhages, focal to diffuse tubular degeneration and infiltration of mononuclear cells. HTB + aflatoxin fed groups showed significant improvement over their respective aflatoxin fed birds. Marked improvement was observed on HTB supplementation at the rate of 2.5 kg per tonne of feed. A significant increase in body weight, weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency was noticed in HTB + aflatoxin fed groups. The biochemical parameters also showed a significant improvement in these groups over their respective aflatoxin treated groups. The histopathological lesions in the liver and kidneys showed the same trend of improvement characterised by mild lesions as compared to their aflatoxin treated groups. The findings suggested that by supplementation of HTB at 0.25 percent level there is restoration of damaging effects of aflatoxin Overall nature of the findings suggested that aflatoxicosis can be induced at both the levels of 0.5 and 1.0 ppm of aflatoxin but marked effects can be achieved at 1.0-ppm level. It has adverse effects on performance and general health of the birds. HTB supplementation was found to be effective in improving general health and performance by combating or restoring the damage caused by aflatoxin at the dose level of 2.5 kg per tonne of feed.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF DETERMINANT FOR TRANSFERABLE ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE AND VIRULENCE ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF S. GALLINARUM(AAU, Anand, 1999) Patel, Ashvinkumar Ramabhai; Roy, A.In the present study characterization of antimicrobial drug resistance and its transferable nature in S. gallinarum isolates was carried out. Further curing of R-determinants and the effect of curing on virulence on virulence associated factros viz., colicinogeny and serum resistance was ascertained. Virulence of isolates were assayed by lethality and invasiveness assay and attempts were also made to isolate plasmid from S. gallinarum isolates. In vitro antimicrobial drug resistance against 10 commonly used antibiotics were detected. All the S. gallinarum isolates showed resistance against one or more drug tested. All the isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole while higher number of isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid, gentamicin and enrofloxacin. Moderate number of isolates showed resistance against furazolidone, streptomycin, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole while resistance against pefloxacin was shown by lesser number of isolates. Least resistance isolates were observed for chloramphenicol. In vitro transfer of drug resistance was also studied. Out of 12 S. gallinarum isolates tested all (100 per cent) were found to transfer resistance against tetracycline, nine (75 per cent) isolates transferred en bloc resistance against tetracycline, gentamicin and sulfamethoxazole while three (25 per cent) isolates transferred resistance against only tetracyc1ine. In vivo transfer of drug resistance was carried out from two donor strains of S. gallinarum to recipient E. coli strain. Out of two S. gallinarum strains tested both revealed transfer of drug resistance from donor to recipient. Total 20 (57.1 per cent) isolates out of 35 isolates tested were found to produce bacteriocin. Twelve isolates were tested for transfer of colicinogeny, out of which six (56 per cent) were able to transfer of colicinogeny to recipient E. coli strain along with multiple drug resistance. Elimination of drug resistance (curing) markers in six strains of S. gallinarum were studied using different chemical and physical method. The chemical agents used for curing were ethidium bromide (EtBr) and novobiocin (Novo) ethidium bromide and novobiocin combination and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). In present study the elimination of drug resistance by chemical agents observed frequently. Use of EtBr and SDS resulted in curing of drug resistance in all six strains while five and four strains were cured by EtBr and Novo combination and novobiocin alone respectively. In physical method of curing, 3 out of six S. gallinarum strains were eliminated drug resistance on 1 day of incubation at 45°C and higher number of curing frequencies, was observed on subsequent days. Thus resistance markers were more readily eliminated by incubation at 45°C for prolonged periods of time rather than by chemical agents. Resistance of six strains of S. gallinarum wild and their cured derivatives to bactericidal effect of chicken serum was studied. The study revealed that all the wild and cured strains tested were resistant to chicken serum. To know the role of virulence associated factors like colicinogeny and serum resistance, virulence assay of six selected wild and their cured derivatives was carried out by determining their lethality as well as invasiveness ability in day old chicks. In lethality assay wild strains (S-21, S-4 and S-27) caused mortality 66.66, 60.00 and 46.66 per cent respectively, while their cured derivatives caused mortality of 46.66, 20.00 and 20.00 per cent respectively. At the 15th day post infection (PI) surviving birds revealed infection as per the CFU count method. In invasiveness assay there was no significant difference in the CFU count among S. gallinarum wild. isolates and their cured derivatives was observed upto 12 day CFU count, but by the 16th day none of the chicks survived in wild strains. Thus it indicates that wild strains were more invasive and lethal as compared to their cured derivatives. All the surviving birds in cured group revealed infection at 16th PI. There was no apparent difference found between lesions of wild and the cured derivatives during virulence assay. Isolation of plasmids from 10 wild and their eight cured derivatives of S. gallinarum were carried out. Majority of the strains showed a plasmid of molecular weight 56 Md. In addition other small plasmids found were of 2.8 Md and 1.79 Md molecular weight.ThesisItem Open Access SEROPREVALENCE AND DIAGNOSIS OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION(AAU, Anand, 1998) Hinsu, T. V.; Kher, H. N.Bluetongue (BT) is an insect transmitted viral disease of several species of domestic and wild ruminants. The disease is a cause for serious concern to livestock industry due to staggering direct and indirect economic losses. In many countries like India having considerable sheep population, the disease has become endemic. Severity of the infection depends upon the species and breed of animals, serotypes/strains of the virus and prevalent ecosystem. The present study was aimed to find out prevalence of Bluetongue virus (BTV) antibodies in domestic ruminants and of Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) antibodies in cattle of Kutch district of Gujarat state. Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGIO) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) employed for antibody detection were also compared in terms of their sensitivity and specificity. An attempt was also made to standardize Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detecting BTV nucleic acid. Out of 162 sera tested, 87 (53.70%) and 126 (77.78%) were found to be positive for BTV antibodies by AGID and c-ELISA respectively. Specieswise, 24.56 and 63.16% of sheep, 80.00 and 96.36% of goats and 58.00 and 74.00% of cattle revealed antibodies to BTV by AGIO and c-ELISA respectively. The highest prevalence rate was found in Northern-east region (70.69 and 86.21%), followed by Central (48.72 and 75.64%) and Southern-west region (30.77 and 65.38%) of the Kutch district, respectively by AGID and c-ELISA. Female animals (63.03 and 86.81%) showed more prevalence than male animals (36.63 and 66.20%), as determined by AGID and c-ELISA respectively. In sheep, higher prevalence rate in native Patanwadi breed (47.06 and 86.16%) was observed than the crossbreds (11.76 and 43.48%) by AGID and c-ELISA respectively. A total of 50 cattle sera tested for BTV antibodies were also tested for EHDV antibodies by EHDV-AGID test. Of these, 9 (18.00%) were found positive for EHDV antibodies. Amongst these positive sera, five reacted specifically to EHDV antigen, without crossreacting to BTV antigen. Comparison of c-ELISA and AGID tests for the detection of BTV antibodies, revealed that the former test was better in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Of the total 162 serum samples, 87 and 126 samples reacted positively in AGIO and c-ELISA respectively. Eighty six samples were found positive and 35 negative by both the tests; while 40 samples detected positive by c-ELISA were negative by AGIO. Only one sample reacted positively to AGIO but negative in c-ELISA. This sample turned out to be positive for EHDV antibodies. Relative sensitivity and specificity of AGIO to c-ELISA were 68.25 and 97.22% respectively and overall agreement between both the tests was 74.69%. RT-PCR was employed for detecting BTV nucleic acid using BTV groupspecific segment 7 prime and BHK-21 cells adopted BTV serotype 1. This was attempted essentially to standardize this highly sensitive technique, so as to use it routinely in future for the field samples. The study revealed an amplified product of 500 bp specific to the primer used in the study.