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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF Staphylococcus aureus FROM BOVINE MILK(AAU, Anand, 1990) Purohit, Jayantilal Hargovind; JHALA, V. M.The present study was undertaken with a view to know the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus In bovine milk In relation to species, managemental conditions, breed, method of milking, parity, stage of lactation and Involvement of the quarters as well as to observe the relationships among the certain characteristics, Including enterotoxigenicIty, of S.aureus. The isolates were also phage typed to know the possible origin. The milk samples were collected from the animals maintained at six different farms comprising of four GAU farms and two private farms. The cows were maintained at four farms whereas buffaloes were maintained at remaining two farms. A total of 925 milk samples (758 from cows and 167 from buffaloes) from the individual quarters of 234 animals comprising of 191 cows and 43 buffaloes were collected and processed for isolation and identification of S.aureus. Of these, 94 quarters (10.16 per cent) of 67 animals (28.63 per cent) revealed the presence of S.aureus. The incidence of S.aureus was more commonly encountered amongst the cows on animal basis (31.94 per cent) as well as on quarter basis (11.35 per cent) than those of buffaloes (13.95 and 4.79 per cent, respectively).ThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGY, POPULATION DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA HUBNER ON IMPORTANT HOST CROPS IN MIDDLE GUJARAT(AAU, Anand, 1993) Mehta, D. M.; Patel, J. R.Investigations on biology, population dynamics and control of H. armigera on important host crops were carried out during 1990-91 and 1991-92 at the Department of Entomology, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand. The effect of larval food was not observed on egg period but larval period was affected. The larval period was shortest on lucerne (Medicaso sativa L.) leaves and longest on chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) leaves. The maximum and minimum larval survival for both the sexes was . on chickpea pods and chickpea leaves respectively. it was reflected on growth index. The pupal duration on chickpea pods was short. The pupae obtained by rearing the H. armigera larvae on lucerne leaves and chickpea pods were big in size and pupation was very shallow. The adults obtained from lucerne leaves had long oviposition period and high fecundity. The life span for both the sexes was longest onchickpea leaves followed by tomato fruits, pigeonpea pods, tomato leaves, chickpea pods and lucerne leaves. The studies on population dynamics of H. armigera on various crops, weeds, medicinal and ornamental plants revealed ovipositional and larval activity during July to April. The correlation of various abiotic factors with U- armigera activity on pigeonpea showed negative correlation between egg density and soil temperature. Negative and positive association of minimum temperature, vapour pressure and soil temperature was observed with oviposition on tomato and lucerne, respectivly. On pigeonpea and chickpea larval activity was more influenced by soil temperature, whereas, on lucerne minimum temperature, vapour pressure, and soil temperature influence was observed. Considerable activity of an egg parasitoid Trichogramma spp. was found in the fields of tomato, tobacco and pigeonpea in middle Gujarat during October to December. Preliminary studies on resistance in 21 genotypes and 3 local cultivars of tomato to H. armigera revealed low damage to unriped fruits of Karnataka and Mangala and riped fruits of SL 120, F24C8 and Piersol. Karnataka and Mangala had higher marketable fruit yield than others. The degree of fruit damage by H. armigera was positively related with total soluble sugar and negatively with ascorbic acid. Low ovicidal and high ovipositional deterrent effect of neem seed kernel suspension and margoside was found against H. armigera. The spray application of these two botanicals alone as well as combinations with endosulfan at lower concentration gave effective protection to tomato fruits by preventing the larval activity of H. armigera and gave considerably higher marketable fruit yield. The spray application of neem seed kernel suspension with endosulfan had highest increase in yield and avoided 69.33% loss in marketable fruit yield. The residue of endosulfan in/on tomato fruits was quite below the tolerance limit prescribed by FAO/WHO when tomato crop was sprayed with a mixture of endosulfan 0.035% and neem seed kernel suspension (3%). Among the various recommended insecticides, fenvalerate (0.01%) showed quick and high toxicity to H. armigera larvae. The larvae fed on lucerne had higher susceptibility to all the recommended insecticides than the larvae fed on pigeonpea and chickpea.ThesisItem Open Access PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE GONADS AND GENITALS IN SURTI BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)(AAU, Anand, 1990) Baishya, G.; Vyas, K. N.Prenatal gross and histomorphological development; of the female gonad, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina and vestibules were studied utilizing 62 Surti buffalo embryos and foetuses ranging in age from 35 to 305 days (1.5 to 102.5 cm CVR). These specimens were divided into seven different groups viz., 35 to 44 days (1.5 to 3.5 cm CVR, group I ), 45 to 75 days (3.7 to 10.3 cm CVR, group II) , 76 to 95 days (10.5 to 14.7 cm CVR, group III ) , 96 to 115 days (15.0 to 19.2 cm CVR, group IV), 116 to 155 days (19.5 to 36.0 cm CVR, group V), 156 to 210 days (36.5 t o 60.5 cm CVR, group VI) and 211 to 305 days (61.0 to 102.5 cm CVR, group VII). An increase in curved crown-rump length (CVR) of the foetuses, was noticed with the advancement of age. The foetal body weight and combined weight of a l l the genitals revealed different values in different age groups. However, the maximum foetal growth and development, were observed from 240 to 305 days (74.0 to 102.5 cm CVR). The growth pattern of developing finale genitals as a whole in relation to foetal growth rate followed no consistent trend from 67 days (8.5 cm CVR) onwards. The relative growth rate decreased with advancing gestational age except from 240 to 305 days during which it was reverse.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES IN PANCREATIC JUICE AND DUODENAL FLUID OF COW CALVES AND BUFFALO CALVES FROM BERTH TO EARLY RUMINANT STAGE(AAU, Anand, 1996) Christi, K. S.; VADODARIA, V. P.Healthy 22 calves (10 cow calves; 12 buffalo calves) maintained at Veterinary college, Anand, with an objective of establishing physico-biochemical profile of pancreatic juice and duodenal fluid from birth to fifteen week of age were studied in relation to different physiological factors like age, feeding and diurnal variations. There is no report of research work carried out simultaneously both in cow calves and buffalo calves as well as on panoreatic juice and duodenal fluid at same age, feeding schedule and for diurnal variations in various parameters. The research data were classified and tested with the help of standard statistical procedures. Work on buffalo calves has not been found reported fluid, therefore the present work provides the basic informations for future research endeavor.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GROSS, HISTOLOGICAL, HISTOCHEMICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCOMOTORY APPARATUS OF THE BUFFALO AND THE OX(AAU, Anand, 1996) DUBAL, SUBHASH C.; Vyas, K. N.The present study was carried out to investigate and compare the anatomical and the biomechanical characteristics of bones and muscles of forelimbs and hindlimbs of male of Surti buffalo and Kankrej ox (5 to 10 months old calves and 5 years or more old adults, six in number, in each age group of each species). Study on walking gait characteristics were made from the videographs of six live adult animals of each species. The forelimbs of the buffalo were found to bear significantly (P < 0.05) more body weight (57.89 ± 0.82 %) than those of the ox (55.96 ± 1.05 % ). The cortical thickness, bone density and elastic modulus of the bones of the forelimbs, did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) from those of the hindlimbs of the animals of both the species within the same age groups. The pooled mean values of the cortical thickness,the bone density and the elastic modulus of the bones of the calves, were significantly (P < 0.05) lower (0.18 ± 0.001 cm; 2281.27 ± 14.21 - 2 kg/cm and 118.37 ± 0.11 kg/cm2, respectively) than those of the adult animals (0.54 ± 0.002 cm, 2510.54 ± 9.28 kg/cm2 and 166.33 ± 0.17 kg/cm2 , respectively). The ultimate compressive and tensile stresses, and ttie strength and stiffness economics, increased significantly with the advancement of the age. Most of the gross anatomical and the biomechanical characteristics of the bones and the muscles studied, increased significantly (P < 0.05) from the calfhood to the adulthood in both the species.ThesisItem Open Access PARASITIC FAUNA OF WILD ANIMALS IN GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1998) Patel, Premdas Vinodbhai; PATEL, A. I.Research work was carried out for twelve months from February, 1997 to January, 1998 to have an insight into the parasitic fauna of wild carnivores and herbivores. Wild animals which are kept in captivity in different zoo as well as those which are free living in the forest/sancturies/ safari parks were examined for the parasitic infection. Faecal samples collected regularly from captive wild animals and occasionally from free living wild animals were examined by qualitative as well as quantitative methods. In felines, the prevalence of parasitic infection in free living animals was higher than the captive animals. However, species of the parasites remained similar in both the groups. The prevalent species were observed as Toxascaris leonina. Toxocara. Ancylostoma. Trichuris. Capillaria aerophila. Paragonimus. Spirpmetya, Taenia, Dipylidium caninum. Isospora and larvae of Filaroides. The prevalence of parasitic infection in lion and tiger has significant difference between the months of the year. In tiger, parasitic infection was significantly higher in winter than summer and monsoon. The prevalence of ascarids was nonsignificantly higher (39.06 %) in lion followed by tiger (34.62 %) and leopard (17.08 % ) . The intensity of ascarids (Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara spp.) was significantly higher in cub than the adult lion, while that of of Ancylostoma spp. was significantly higher in females than the cubs. The intensity of helminths in captive lion was significantly higher during monsoon followed by winter and summer. The prevalence of Spirometra spp. was nonsignificantly higher (30.42 %) in leopard than the lion (5.58 % ) . The mean egg count of Spirometra spp. in male and ascarids in female leopard was significantly higher in monsoon and winter, respectively. The prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. was nonsignificantly higher (13.46 %) in tiger followed by leopard (7.92 %) and lion (6.94 % ) . Mean egg count of Ancylostoma spp. in female tiger was significantly higher in winter than other seasons. The mean egg count of Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara spp. was significantly higher in winter and monsoon, respectively. Infection of ascarids was significantly higher in male than the female tiger. Prevalence and intensity of helminth infection were higher in free living felines than the captive felines. The prevalence of Trichuris spp. was higher (15.00 %) in jackal than wolf and fox, while Ancvlostoraa spp. was higher (37.50 %) in fox than jackal and wolf. The wolf had higher infection of ascarids (27.08 % ) , Taenia spp. (12.50 %) and Dipylidium caninum (8.33 %) than other canines. In hyaena, the highest infection'was observed for Ancylostoma spp. (33.33 % ) . In felines as well as canines, mixed infection with two or three species of parasites was the most common. The prevalence of parasitic infection in free living herbivores was higher than the captive herbivores. The prevalent species were recorded as trichostrongyles, Trichuris. amphistomes, Fasciola. Strongyloides and Eimeria. The intensity of Trichuris spp. was higher than the trichostrongyles. There was low grade infection of amphistomes, Fasciola and Strongyloides species. When the prevalence of infection due to ascarids, Ancylostoma spp., Spirometra spp. or mixed infection of these parasites were higher (100.00 %) in lion, there were significantVy decrease in AKP (7.96 ± 0.77 U/L), total serum protein (6.14 ±0.22 G/dl), albumin (2.55 ± 0.17 G/dl), calcium (6.41 + 0.19 mg % ) , phosphorus (4.38 ± 0.06 mg % ) , magnesium (1.10 ± 0.03 mg % ) , Hb (9.86 ± 0.31 gm % ) , RBCs (4.66 ± 0.22 X 106/cumm), PCV (29.92 + 0.93 %) and lymphocytic count (18.67 ± 1.15 % ) . But, significant increase were observed in the values of BUN (56.50 ± 1.55 mg/dl), SGPT (25.04 ± 0.41 U/L, SGOT (42.71 ± 0.93 U/L), WBC (19354.17 ± 389.02/cumra) as eosinophils (5.79 ± 0.35 % ) . As there was reduction in percentage prevalence (37.00 %) and intensity of these infections due to anthelmintic treatment, all the biochemical and haematological parameters tended towards physiological values. Internal parasites recorded during post-mortem examination of lion, leopard and tiger were identified as Toxascaris leonina. Toxocara cati. Ancylostoma spp., Gnathostoma spp., Capjllaria aerophila. Spirometra erinaceieuropaei. Taenia pisiformis. Dipylidium caninum. larval stages of Filaroides spp. and Mesocestoides lineatus. while external parasites were identified as Ctenocephalides felis. Ctenocephalides canis. Rhipicephalus spp. Linognathus spp. and Trichodectus spp. The larval stages of flies were Chrysomyia bezziana and Musca species. Histopathological section of intestinal nodules revealed the presence of parasites surrounded by heavy infiltration of leucocytes, eosinophils and macrophages. There was fibrosis and necrotic lesions around the parasites with severe destruction of mucosa and submucosa. Section of skin with attached tick revealed severe destruction of dermis and epidermis. Experimental infection of ascarids in mice revealed congestion and haemorrhages with infiltration of eosinophils and mononuclear cells in the liver, lung, spleen, brain and muscles. The histochemical changes in liver, lung and muscles revealed moderate to intense reaction with PAS staining, indicating the presence of good to moderate amount of mucopolysaccharide in these organs. Albendazole, mebendazole and fenbendazole were found to have good effect against ascarids and Ancylostoroa spp. infection in lion, leopard and tiger, while they were at not at all effective against the infection of Spirometra species.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE, CLINICO PATHOLOGY. DIAGNOSTIC AND TECHNOECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FASCIOLIASIS IN BUFFALOES(AAU, Anand, 1997) RAVAL, SUNANT KANTILAL; Patel, P. R.The epidemiological surveillance is a urgent need of today. The study was carried out from 1st January to 31st December, 1996 in the five villages of Anand district by visiting rural herd on a regular basis. In the present study the efforts were made to generate and analyse epidemiological data for fascioliasis from rural buffaloes. The epidemiological data on disease incidence in relation to season, meteorological factors. Physiological status, nutritional status, body condition score, housing and hygienic condition were analysed. The visit of the slaughter house was also made. The incidence of fascioliasis was 11.71 per cent in survey group and 22.26 per cent in slaughter group. The higher incidence was observed in August and September in both the group of buffaloes. A significant correlation was observed between the monthly incidence of fascioliasis in slaughtered and survey group. The lymnea species of snails was present in the nearby area of canals and ponds. Higher incidence was recorded in aged buffaloes (15.52 per cent) than young-esters below one year (3.10 per cent )whereas non-lactating buffaloes have more incidence of fascioliasis than lactating buffaloes. A positive significnat correlation of disease incidence with morning and evening relative humidity, minimum temperature has been noticed. A negative correlation of disease incidence with maximum temperature, pan evaporation and bright sunshine has been recorded. Clinically buffaloes suffering from fascioliasis were found to be weak, anorexic debilated, emaciated and having submandibular edema. On clinical observation respiration rate was increased and ruminal movements decreased in infected animals in compared to healthy animals. The respiration rate was higher in infected animals (26.90/minute) as compared to healthy one ( 16.30/minute) . Ruminal movements were also significantly decreased in infected animals (1.20/5 minutes) as compared to healthy one (3.08/5 minutes). The overall accuracy observed by faecal sample examination was 78.07 per cent. The egg count per gram of faeces was found to be in between 275 to 410. The haematobiochemical changes in blood and serum of infected buffaloes were investigated in comparison to healthy control, in both the groups. Infected buffaloes had low haemoglobin and erythrocyte count. The blood haemoglobin content in control group was 11.42±0.14 g/dl while in infected group it was 9.43±0.07 g/dl in survey group of animals.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SUMMER STRESS IN BROILERS(AAU, Anand, 1997) Ghodasara, D. J.; Prajapati, K. S.The present study was under taken to know the effects of summer temperature on physiology, viability and performance of broilers. The study was made on commercial broiler birds at Anand Poultry Farm, Palana, District Kheda. Broiler birds of 46 to 49 days of age were used for the study. The study was conducted during extreme hot period of summer. For comparison, base level data were obtained by conducting similar study during comfortable environmental temperature of the winter season. Samples like blood, serum, plasma and tissues were collected at morning and afternoon hours. Pathological study was also made on the natural cases of heat stroke. Concentration of thyroid hormones were decreased during high temperature of summer, indicating reduced activity of thyroid gland during summer stress. The plasma concentration of Cortisol and relative weight of adrenal gland increased during high environmental temperature of summer, suggesting increased activity and hypertrophy of adrenal gland. The serum cholesterol level decreased in summer as well as during afternoon hours in summer. The level of blood glucose was found to be decreased in the birds exposed to summer temperature. The activity of AKP and ALT increased during summer. The ALT activity in the afternoon serum samples also increased during high cyclic temperature of summer. The level of total serum protein was found to be decreased in the summer season. A significant decrease in total serum protein was also noticed at afternoon hours during the cyclic temperature of summer. High environmental temperature of summer caused a decrease in the levels of serum electrolytes. During the cyclic temperature of summer, the levels of K and Ca were also found to be decreased at afternoon hours. The values of Hb, PCV and RBC count decreased during the summer stress. The total leucocytic count as well as absolute count of heterophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil were found to be decreased in summer. The TLC as well as absolute count of heterophil and lymphocyte also decreased at afternoon hours during the summer season. A significant increase was observed in H : L ratio in the summer season. The increase in body temperature directly correlated with the increase in the environmental temperature. A non-significant difference of FCR was observed between the high environmental temperature of summer and comfortable temperature of winter. Birds sacrificed in the afternoon during summer showed mild congestion of trachea and lung. Severity of these , lesions increased in the birds died due to heat stroke. The microscopic lesions in the form of congestion and haemorrhages were observed in lung, trachea, liver and kidney along with lymphoid aggregations in liver and kidney. A variable degree of hyperplasia and vacuolization was noticed in the cortical cells of adrenal gland. The thyroid acini were lined by flattened epithelium. Similar microscopic lesions with more severity were also observed in the birds died due to heat stroke. The autopsy incidence of heat stroke was found to be 3.76 % with maximum mortality during sixth, seventh and eighth weeks of age.ThesisItem Open Access SEROEPIDEMIOLOGY, ISOLATION AND PATHOGENICITY OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS(AAU, Anand, 1996) Chandel, Bharat Singh; Kher, H. N.Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, non contagious disease of domestic and wild ruminants. Bluetongue virus ( BTV ) causes severe disease in sheep, which i s transmitted by insect vectors (Culicoides spp.) . The ability of BTVs to inflict pathological changes in susceptible sheep depends on the virulence of a particular viral isolate , susceptibility of the host and a number of environmental factors related to climatic conditions. The present study was aimed at the seroepidemiology, prevalence of BTV serotypes in sheep, isolation, propagation and identification of local isolates and pathogenicity of BTV in natural and experimental cases of sheep. This study also covered the seroprevalence of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in cattle and buffaloes as it is related to orbivirus group. A seroepidentiological survey of BTV precipitating antibodies was carried out by agar gel immunodiffusicm ( AGID ) test in different species of livestock in Gujarat. Out of 1623 sera tested, 407 (25.07%) were found to be positive for BTV antibodies.