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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECTIVENESS OF FORTNIGIHTLY TRAINING CONDUCTED UNDER T AND V SYSTEM AT ANAND SUB DIVISION OF KHEDA DISTRICT IN GUJARAT STATE(1997) Patel, Dinesh K.; Trivedi, J. C.Training in India was as old as the Community Development Programme in the country. A vast infrastructure was created and developed for this purpose. It catered training to different categories of development functionaries from Gramsevak to the Development Commissioners. The basic feature of T & V system of agricultural extension is a systematic programme of training for the Village Extension Workers (VEWs) and Agricultural Extension Officers (AEOs), consider with frequent visits to farmer's field. VEWs and AEOs are working at grassroots level for diffusion of information in farming community. The system is organised to give the training to VEWs and AEOs every fortnight. The fortnightly training is the most important training for VEWs and AEOs. The goal of fortnightly training sessions is to make the VEWs a "subject matter specialists" on the few points of particular relevance and importance to farmers in his circle during the coming fortnight. Considering the importance of fortnightly training the present study was undertaken to know effectiveness of fortnightly training conducted under T & V system at Anand sub-division of Kheda district in Gujarat State.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSING THE FEASIBILITY OF MANUFACTURE OF CONCENTRATED DAHI USING SELECTED STARTER CULTURES OF Streptococcus thermophilus AND Lactococcus lactis(AAU, Anand, 1997) PEERZADA, MEHRAJ-U-DIN; Sannabhadti, S. S.This study was planned and conducted to assess the feasibility of promising strains oi Streptococcus thermophihts, namely D-3 (C1) and MD-8 (C2) and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strain C-10 (C3) in the manufacture of concentrated dahi from standardized milk adjusted to three different levels of total solids. For studying different attributes, concentrated cfahi was manufactured on pilot scale from standardized milk adjusted to 20.00(T1), 24.00(T2) and 28(T3) per cent total solids by fortification with skim milk powder. After standardization of these three lots of milk, they were heat treated to 90°C for 10 minutes and then cooled to room temperature. Starter culture was added as inoculum in each lot at the rate of 10 per cent based on preliminary studies. The inoculated milk of each lot was filled in polystyrene cups(100 ml capacity) having aluminium foil lids and then incubated at a temperature of 40±2°C in case of S/replococciis ihennophilus strains and 30+1 °C in case of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strain. For assessing, chemical and microbiological changes during incubation, a set of cups from each lot of milk was drawn at 0, 4 and 8 hours interval. When the product attained an acidity of about 0.75-0.80 per cent lactic acid, a set of cups was transferred to the refrigerator and kept overnight. Next day product was subjected to the sensory evaluation by a panel of judges. Another set of cups was transferred to low temperature incubator maintained at a temperature of 10°C and the product was stored for 7 days at this temperature to know the acceptability of the product. T2 (24.00 per cent TS) level of total solids gave significant results than other level of total solids with respect to change in titratable acidity, extent of the lactose degradation, change in lactic count and utilization of soluble nitrogen during incubation with all the three strains. Among the cultures used, culture C1 showed higher acid production throughout the incubation period than C2 and C3, Dahi with desired level of titratable acidity was produced with C1 and C2 cultures within 4.0 hours of incubation. While it needed 8 hours with C3 culture. After storage of the product for 7 days at 10°C, C3, showed significant results with respect to change in titratable acidity, shift in pH, extent of lactose degradation, change in free fatty acids, changes in the soluble nitrogen and changes in lactic count indicating continued activity of culture even during refrigerated storage. Concentrated dahi was found veiy much acceptable even after 7 days of storage at al! levels of total solids with cultures C1 and C2. However, C3 produced bitterness in the product after 7 days of storage in T3 level of total solids and the product was unacceptable. Coliform count was found within prescribed BIS. limits of max. 10/g at the end of storage period. Same was also true with that of yeast and mold count which was within prescribed limit of max.100/g From the observations on uniform rate of acid production, lactose utilization and stability to higher concentration of total solids, it is possible to recommend all the three strains for the manufacture of concentrated dahi using standardized milk between 20 and 28 per cent total solids (TMS), Among the three strains, although all of them were capable of producing acceptable product within 6 hours of incubation, D-3 and MD-8 strains of Streptococcus thermophilus were found superior to C-10 strain of Lactococciis laciis as they could set the product within 4 hours and had better acceptability score even after 7 days storage at 10°C.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF INPUT HEAT ENERGY ON SCALE DEPOSITION AND EFFICIENCY OF H.T.S.T. PASTEURIZER(AAU, Anand, 1997) PANDYA, AASHISH DEVENDRABHAI; SHAH, U. S.Effect of deposit formation on plates of HTST plants is studied in lieu of regeneration efficiency and savings in heat energy. In Indian dairy plants, HTST is operated at 80 to 85°C instead of 72°C to be on safe side. In the presented work, effect of following parameters of HTST plant on energy requirement is calculated. a. Regeneration efficiency b. Available area of (1) regeneration section and (2) hot water section c. Reduction in mass flow rate on regeneration efficiency d. Reduction in pasteurization temperature on energy requirement. Trials are taken on two HTST plant of a dairy with 10000 and 7500 1/h capacity. It confirms fall in regeneration efficiency due to deposits. A simple method is shown to determine optimum flow rate and temperature and to save heat energy and avoid shut downs. Lower HTST temperature with increased holding time (to have same bactericidal effect) is suggested to improve performance of HTST pasteurizer and reduce deposit formation. If pasteurization temperature is kept higher, then fouling on PHE occurs due to milk deposits resulting in inefficiency and increase in number of plant shut downs. It is observed that a drop in regeneration efficiency by one percent in the region of 90 percent, increases the const of steam and refrigeration by ten percent each.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SOWING/TRANSPLANTING METHODS, SOWING TIME, ROW SPACING AND FERTILIZER LEVELS ON YIELD OF MUSTARD [Brassica Juncea (L.) Czern and Coss](AAU, Anand, 1997) Desai, Harivadan V.; PATEL, T. D.A field experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil of Agronomy Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand during the rabi season of the year 1991-92 to study the "Effect of Sowing/ Transplanting Methods, Sowing time. Row Spacing and Fertilizer Levels on Yield of Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss]". Twenty four treatments comprising of all possible combinations of two levels of sowing dates viz., 25th October and 14th November, two methods of sowing viz.. Drilling and Transplanting, two spacings viz., 30cm x 10cm and 45cm x 10cm and three levels of fertilizer viz., 25 + 25 + 0 NPK kg/ha, 50 + 50 + 0 NPK kg/ha and 75 + 75 + 0 NPK kg/ha were tried in split plot design with four replications. Sowing dates, methods of sowing and spacing were relegated to the main plots whereas fertilizers levels were taken as subplot treatments. The results indicated that the plant height, number of primary and secondary branches/plant, number of pods/plant, seeds/pod, seed weight and test weight were significantly more under 25th October sowing than the later sowing (14th November). The mustard seed and stover yields were also higher under early sown crop than the sowing at later date. Sowing on 25th October (2325 kg/ha) gave 42.28 per cent higher seed yield over 14th November (1634 kg/ha) sown crop. Maximum net profit of Rs. 15715/ha was obtained with 25th October sown crop. Drilling method of sowing recorded appreciably higher plant height, number of primary and secondary branches/plant, number of pods/ plant, number of pods/plant, seeds/pod, seed weight and test weight and also the seed and stover yields. The seed yield recorded with drilling method (2221 kg/ha) was 27.71 per cent higher than the transplanted crop. The drilling method also recorded maximum net profit of Rs. 14936/ha. Different levels of spacing viz., 30cm x 10cm and 45cm x 10cm were significantly superior for all growth as v/ell as yield attributes and stover yield but seed yield of mustard was not significantly changed due to spacing. However, net profit obtained under both the spacings was almost identical. Fertilizing mustard with 75 + 75 + 0 NPK kg/ha recorded significantly higher plant height, number of primary and secondary branches/ plant, number of pods/plant, seeds/pod, seed weight, test weight and seed and stover yields over lower levels of fertilizers. The seed yield (2206 kg/ ha) recorded with 75 + 75 + 0 NPK kg/ha was 31.46 and 7.29 percent higher over 25 + 25 + 0 NPK kg/ha and 50 + 50 + 0 NPK kg/ha, respectively. This level of fertilizer also recorded maximum net profit of Rs.9562/ha and was found to be optimum. Sowing on 25th October produced significantly higher oil yield (917 kg/ha) than 14th November sown crop. Early sown crop (25th October) gave 42.83 percent higher oil yield over 14th November sown crop. But oil content of seed was not affected significantly due to sowing time. Between methods of sowing /planting^ drilling gave significantly higher oil yield (873 kg/ha) than the transplanting. The percent increase in oil yield was 27.44 under drilled crop over transplanted one. However, oil content was not significantly affected due to different methods of sowing. Different levels of spacing did not make significant variation in oil content and oil yield of mustard crop. Application of 75 + 75 +0 NPK kg/ha gave significantly higher oil yield (854 kg/ha) of mustard. Contrary to the above findings oil content was found to decrease with the increase in levels of fertilizer application. Based on the results from one year experimentation, it seems quite logical to indicate that potential production and profit from mustard crop can be secured by sowing on 25th October by adopting drilled method spaced at 30cm or 45cm row spacing and fertilized with 75 + 75 + 0 NPK kg/ha on loamy sand soil of middle Gujarat.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE APPRAISAL OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF KALAKAND AND ITS ANALOGUES PREPARED FROM ADMIXTURES OF BUFFALO MILK, PARTIALLY DEOILED GROUNDNUT FLOUR AND ROASTED GROUNDNUT KERNELS(AAU, Anand, 1997) SOM, SUMITA; Singh, SukhminderTwo types of kalakands and three types of kalakand analogues were prepared from the standardized (6 per cent) buffalo milk and its blend with groundnut solids, respectively, using citric acid as the acidulant and its blend with groundnut. Kalakand prepared by the NDRI procedure was used as the control (Tc). Kalakand type T1 was prepared using sucrose hydrolysate (made from a mixture of 180 g cane sugar, 60 ml water and 1.5 g citric acid as a catalyst) as a replacement of cane sugar in a similar manner as that of Tc. Kalakand analogues were prepared by 50 per cent substitution of the milk solids by an admixture of RPDGF-RGK (25 : 25, w/w). The analogues were designated as : T2 (prepared from 1.5 L standardized buffalo milk, 190 g groundnut ingredients consisting of equal amounts of RPDGF and RGK, 2 g citric acid and 240 g cane sugar), T3 (same as T2 but cane sugar was substituted by sucrose hydrolysate made by inversion of 240g cane sugar dissolved in 90 ml water using 2g citric acid as a catalyst) and T4 (same as T2 but contained 1.5 g sodium chloride and 0.2g disodium hydrogen phosphate as the sah mixture). The various steps involved in the processing of raw groundnut kernels into RGK were : roasting of raw kernels, deskinning, dehearting and crushing, whereas for RPDGF preparation the steps were : soaking of kernels in water, precooking, deskinning, dehearting, pressure cooking, oven drying, partial deoiling, sieve cooking of meal, grinding, sieving of flour and finally mild roasting. Sucrose hydrolysate (54.4 per cent invert sugar) as a substitute for cane sugar was prepared by heating a solution of cane sugar in water (3:1. w/v) in the presence of citric acid (0.625 per cent) over a boiling waterbath for 15 min. The preparation of kalakand Tc by the NDRI procedure of open pan heat desiccation involved boiling of milk, addition of citric acid, continuous stirring and heating until milk desiccated to l/3rd of its original volume, addition of cane sugar and mixing, desiccating to semi-solid consistency, cooling to room temperature and cutting into square pieces. The steps involved in the preparation of kalakand T1 were the same as for kalakand Tc except that sucrose hydrolysate instead of cane sugar was added to the boiled milk and then desiccated to prepare the product. The preparation of kalakand analogues involved essentially the same steps as for Tc with the following modifications. For the preparation of all the analogues RPDGF was admixed at the semi-solid consistency stage and saffron flavour was added on cooling to room temperature. T3 contained sucrose hydrolysate in place of cane sugar as in T2 and T4. In the preparation of T4 a salt mixture was added to the milk before boiling. Raw groundnut kernels, RGK and RPDGF were analysed for their proximate chemical composition, the average values of four replicates showed 4.52, 1.68 and 2.95 per cent moisture; 26.41, 28.28 and 50.29 per cent total protein; 47.02, 49.71 and 25.89 per cent fat; 2.60, 2.43 and 3.40 per cent ash; and 19.44, 17.90 and 18.05 per cent total carbohydrates, respectively. Aflatoxin content was 25.0 to 35.0 and 12.5 to 17.5 ppb in raw groundnut kernels and RPDGF, respectively. The standardized (6 per cent fat) buffalo miUc had on an average 15.84 per cent total solids, 4.22 per cent protein, 4.83 per cent lactose, 0.84 per cent ash, 0.17 per cent acidity (as lactic acid), 0.24 per cent citric acid and 0.15 per cent calcium. The average values of four replicates of the products showed that the moisture, protein, fat, lactose, sucrose, ash, acidity (lactic acid), citric acid, calcium and free fat, respectively, were 20.40, 16.28, 23.10, 17.07, 20.00, 2.86, 0.62, 2.21, 0.45 and 17.67 per cent for T,; 20.77, 16.20, 23.10, 27.78(total reducing sugars), 8.33, 2.82, 0.62, 2.19, 0.46 and 35.85 per cent for T1 ; 26.52, 18.24, 12.07, 6.95, 33.55, 2.33, 0.41, 0.75,0.33 and 5.99 per cent for T2; 28.65, 18.15, 12.07, 21.90 (total reducing sugars), 23.74, 2.46, 0.42, 0.74, 0.32 and 8.45 per cent for T3; and 25.54,18.03 12.07, 6.98, 32.96, 2.48,0.42, 0.75, 0.33 and 5.72 per cent for T4. The average yields (g per litre of milk) of Tc, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 258,260, 579, 626 and 574, respectively. The chemical changes in RGK and RPDGF during storage at room temperature (25° to 32°C) were evaluated at intervals of 2 days for a period of 4 days. Both RGK and RPDGF showed a decrease in moisture as well as in soluble-N with a concomitant increase in FFA, PeOV and HMF with the period of storage. Similar storage studies were done for kalakand and its analogues. The moisture content and soluble-N of all the kalakands and analogues decreased significantly (P < 0.05) throughout the storage period. The initial FFA levels were identical in Tc, T1, and T2 but that in T3 and T4 differed significantly (P < 0.05). With period of storage, FFA levels was more or less constant in Tc, T1, and T4 but sUghtly decreased in T2 and T3 on the 2nd day, however, FFA increased marginally on the 4th day and increased appreciably on the 6th day in all the samples. The initial PeOV were 3 to 4 times higher in the analogues than the kalakands and on the 2nd day of storage the PeOV decreased sUghtly in the kalakand but substantially in the analogues. On the 4th and 6th day, PeOV increased regularly in kalakand and analogues excepting T3 in which case a decrease in PeOV on the 4th day was observed. The initial HMF content was higher in the analogues than the kalakand and a significant (P < 0.05) increase was observed with the storage period. The sensory qualities of kalakand and its analogues were compared with that of the control. The kalakands (Tc and T1) showed significantly (P<0.05) higher scores for flavour, and body and texture than that of the analogues when freshly prepared. The highest average colour and appearance scores was found for Tc (7.03) closely followed by T4 (6.53). However, the highest average overall acceptability score was for T4 (7.22) followed by Tc (7.18). The statistical analysis showed that the differences in the overall acceptability were nonsignificant. The results of sensory scores of the overall acceptability at different periods of storage revealed significantly higher score for the control (7.00) and T1 (7.02) than the analogues on the 2nd day. However, the mould growth was observed on the 4th day in the analogues but not on the kalakands (Tc and T1). The kalakands Tc and T1 had an overall acceptability scores of 6.61 and 6.76 respectively on the 4th day of storage, and thus were considered acceptable on the 9-point hedonic scale but deteriorated on the 6th day due to the appearance of mould.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECTIVENESS OF MASS MEDIA ON PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF FARMERS IN KHEDA DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1997) Patel, Dharmendra P.; CHAUHAN, N. B.Present age is the age of science and technology and we need an effective communication media to transfer the technology to the farmers' fields. So far, mass media have emerged as the best mass communication avenues throughout the world and India has also witnessed its vast potential since its inception in our country. It is recognised that if progress has to be achieved in agriculture, the farmers are to be modernised in knowledge, attitude, adoption and other psychological attributes. Mass media communication has been considered as an important element for the development of psychology of the rural people. Kheda district is one of the most progressive districts in Gujarat state. The farmers in this district have been exposed to mass media for substantial period. It was therefore, with a view to studying effectiveness of mass media on the psychological attributes of farmers in Kheda district of Gujarat state, the present study was carried out with following specific objectives. 1. To study the level of mass media exposure of the respondents. 2. To know the psychological attributes of the respondents. 3. To study the variation in different psychological attributes among two categories of the respondents. 4. To find out the relationship between selected psychological attributes and level of mass media exposure of the respondents. 5. To study the suggestions expressed by the respondents for the improvement in their mass media exposure. The present study was conducted in randomly selected twelve villages of Anand and Nadiad talukas of Kheda district. A sample of 120 farmer respondents, having their own TV and Radio sets and cultivated tobacco as a major crop was selected for the study. The data were collected with the help of interview schedule by conducting personal interview. For the measurement of dependent and independent variables, appropriate scales developed and adopted by other research workers were used with due modifications. The statistical tools used for analysis of the data were percentage, mean, standard deviation, 't' test and co-efficient of correlation. The important findings of the study are summarised as under : 1. Majority (55.00 per cent) of the respondents had favourable mass media exposure. 7 The respondents with favourable mass media exposure were significantly superior to the respondents with unfavourable mass media exposure in psychological attributes viz., level of aspiration, educational aspiration for son, role taking empathy, non-fatalism, cosmopoliteness, economic motivation, risk orientation, scientific orientation, market orientation, credit orientation, innovation proneness, attitude towards modem agricultural practices, knowledge about HYV bidi tobacco cultivation, adoption of recommended HYV bidi tobacco cultivation and overall modernization. 3. The variables namely mass media exposure, level of aspiration, risk orientation, adoption of recommended HYV bidi tobacco cultivation and overall modernization of the respondents with favourable mass media exposure were significantly correlated with their knowledge. 4. The variables viz., occupation, education, mass media exposure, non-fatalism, cosmopoUteness, risk orientation, credit orientation, adoption of recommended HYV bidi tobacco cultivation and overall modernization of the respondents with mifavourable mass media exposure were significantly correlated with their knowledge about HYV bidi tobacco cultivation. 5. The variables namely mass media exposure, level of aspiration, scientific orientation, market orientation, knowledge of HYV bidi tobacco cultivation and overall modernization of the respondents with favourable mass media exposure were significantly correlated with their level of adoption of recommended HYV bidi tobacco cultivation. 6. The variables namely education, mass media exposure, role taking empathy, non-fatalism, cosmopoliteness, risk orientation, credit orientation, knowledge about HYV bidi tobacco cultivation and overall modernization of the respondents with unfavourable mass media exposure were significantly correlated with their level of adoption of recommended HYV bidi tobacco cultivation. 7. The variables namely scientific orientation, credit orientation, innovation proneness, attitude towards modern agricultural practices, knowledge about HYV bidi tobacco cultivation, adoption of recommended HYV bidi tobacco cultivation and overall modernization of the respondents with favourable mass media exposure were significantly correlated with their mass media exposure. 8. The variables namely occupation, risk orientation, market orientation, credit orientation, innovation proneness, knowledge about HYV bidi tobacco cultivation, adoption of recommended HYV bidi tobacco cultivation and overall modernization of the respondents with unfavourable mass media exposure were significantly correlated with their mass media exposure. 9. Local farmers should be involved while, formulating TV and Radio programmes, more emphasis should be given to the local crops, more success stories should be telecast and broadcast, articles should be timely and written in more simple language with short paragraphs and short sentences were the important suggestions expressed by the respondents for the improvement of their mass media exposure.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF TRAINING NEEDS OF TOBACCO GROWERS WITH REGARD TO TOBACCO NURSERY MANAGEMENT IN KHEDA DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1997) DODIA, LAKHAMAN B.; PATEL, B. N.Tobacco is an important commercial crop of India, though the tobacco crops occupied hardly 0.25 per cent of the total cropped area in the country but it contributed about Rs. 500 crores of foreign exchange and Rs. 3132 crores of central excise to the national exchequer (Kori and Murugesan, 1995), It is a " rich man's solace and a poor man's comfort". It is consumed by rich and poor people of all the nations in one form or the other. Among all the tobacco producing states of India, Gujarat occupied second position next to Andhra Pradesh in area and first in production. Tobacco cultivation is largely concentrated in Middle Gujarat, comprising districts of Kheda, Vadodara and Panchmahals. Kheda district alone accounted about 73 per cent area and 74 per cent production of tobacco in the state (Patel, 1995). Tobacco is one of the major crop of Anand, Nadiad and Thasra talukas of Kheda district but the average yield of tobacco was lower as compared to yield gained from demonstration plot of Bidi Tobacco Research Station, Anand. As tobacco is long duration crop and cultivated into two distinctive parts i.e. (i) raising of tobacco nursery for seedlings and (ii) cultivation of the tobacco in the field. For successful tobacco cultivation quality seeds and seedlings are essential inputs. This affects the quality and quantity production of tobacco. Experiences of the past few years indicated that majority of the tobacco growers largely depends either on private nurseries or research station for their seedlings requirement. This is because of the farmers fail to raise tobacco nursery of their own. To overcome the problems of raising tobacco nursery successfully, tobacco growers required to be made fully aware and knowledgeable about recommended technology of tobacco nursery management. This can be done through imparting proper training. But for effective training, the first essential step is to identify training needs of the tobacco growers in relation to tobacco nursery management, Keeping in view these aspects, the present study entitled "ASSESSMENT OF TRAINING NEEDS OF TOBACCO GROWERS WITH REGARD TO TOBACCO NURSERY MANAGEMENT IN KHEDA DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE" was undertaken.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FYM, PHOSPHORUS, GROWTH STIMULANTS AND MULCH ON GERMINATION, GROWTH AND YIELD OF SUMMER GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.)(AAU, Anand, 1997) Patel, P. R.; Upadhyay, P. N.A field experiment was conducted at the College Agronomy Farm, B.A.College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand during summer season of the year 1995 to study the effect of FYM, phosphorus, growth stimulants and mulch on germination, growth and yield of summer groundnut (Arachis hvpoaaea L.) . 'The soil of the experimental plot was loamy sand in texture having good drainage with 7.8 pH. The soil was deficient in nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and fairly high in available potash. Forty treatment combination involving two levels, each of FYM (0 and 10 t ha-1) and phosphorus (0 and 50 kg P2O5 ha-1) coupled with five levels of growth stimulants (Control, Humic acid seed treatment, Humic acid foliar spray, Humic acid seed treatment + Humic acid foliar spray and M.S.Ill N foliar spray) and two levels of mulch (unmulched and mulched). The experiment was laid out in a split - split plot design with three replication, wherein combination of FYM levels and phosphorus levels were embeded in main plots growth stimulants in sub plots while mulch were assigned to sub-sub plots. The results revealed that application of FYM had significantly increased the plant height at 20 DAS and at harvest, number of pegs per plant, number of mature pods per plant, shelling percentage, test weight, pod yield, haulm yield, oil content and reduced the number of immature pods per plant, whereas, weed count at 7 DAS and weed dry weight remain unaffected by the application of FYM. Application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 gave more pod yield over no FYM application. Application of phosphorus did not show significant influence on any of the growth attributes, viz., plant height, number of primary branches per plant and on the yield attributes and yield viz., number of mature pods per plant, number of immature pods per plant, shelling percentage, test weight, pod yield, haulm yield and oil content, however, plant height at 20 DAS and pegs per plant were influenced significantly. Growth stimulants (Humic acid and MS-III N) did not show its effect on any growth attributes, yield attributes and yield except plant height (cm) at harvest and number of pegs per plant. Mulching the soil with black polythene significantly influenced the seed germination at 7 DAS however at 20 DAS it did not exert significant influence on seed germination. Weed count and weed dry weight were significantly reduced due to mulching with black polythene. Mulching with black polythene significantly influenced the plant height at 20 DAS and at harvest, number of pegs per plant, number of mature pods per plant, shelling percentage, test weight, pod yield and haulm yield. The number of immature pods per plant were significantly reduced due to mulching, the number of primary branches per plant and oil content was not influenced significant due to mulching with black polythene.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF BOVINE MILK K-CASEIN GENETIC POLYMORPHS ON CURD CHARACTERISTICS DURING CHEDDAR CHEESEMAKING(AAU, Anand, 1997) Patil, Madhav Raghunathrao; Boghra, V. R.For the study, the cows from triple cross (Holstein Friesian x Jersey x Kankrej) and Jersey breeds were previously typed for their K-casein genotypes by performing polyacrylamide-urea vertical slab gel electrophoresis. In triple cross cows, the K-casein genotypes resolved were AB and AA, whereas in Jersey cows, these genotypes were BB and AB. Eight mid-lactating cows from each breed were selected for collection of milk. Among 8 cows of triple cross breed, 4 had K-casein AB genotype and 4 had K-casein AA genotype. Similarly, among 8 Jersey cows, 4 had K-casein BB genotype and 4 had K-casein AB genotype. Pooled milk from triple cross and Jersey cows served as control for respective breed groups. The milk was analysed for its proximate chemical composition and coagulation properties (RCT and curd firmness). The Cheddar cheese was prepared from milks of each K-casein genotype and respective control of both the breeds under identical practical conditions by using standard method (Davis, 1976). The compositional analysis showed that milk from triple cross cows having K-casein AB, K-casein AA genotypes and control contained on an average milk fat, 5.46, 4.98 and 4.40 per cent; milk protein, 3.74, 3.42 and 3.27 per cent; casein, 3.01, 2.75 and 2.61 per cent; lactose, 4.53, 4.67 and 4.72 per cent and ash, 0.80, 0.75 and 0.73 per cent, respectively. On subjecting data for statistical analysis, milk fat only showed significant difference (P<0.05). Likewise for the K-casein BB, K-casein AB and control milks from Jersey breed, the average values were 5.05, 4.92 and 4.38 per cent for milk fat; 3.73, 3.54 and 3.25 per cent for protein; 3.02,2.91 and 2.59 per cent for casein; 4.37, 4.40 and 4.44 per cent for lactose and 0.75, 0.73 and 0.72 per cent for ash content, respectively. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference for any of these constituents. The K-casein AB milk showed relatively higher titratable acidity (0.153 % LA) than K-casein AA (0.143 % LA) and control (0.140 % LA) milks from triple cross cows. A similar trend was also observed with Jersey milk having different genotypes. The milks from triple cross cows having genotypes K-casein AB contained higher calcium, phosphorus and lower citrate contents than K-casein A A and control milks, whereas in Jersey cows K-casein BB and K-casein AB genotypes contained higher calcium, phosphorus and lower citrate contents than control. The coagulation properties of milk from triple cross breed having K-cascin AB variant, K-casein AA variant and control were : rennet clotting time (sec), 39.92, 52.12 and 96.72 and curd firmness (mm), 481.67, 497.00 and 505.11 respectively, whereas these values were, 30.95, 41.03 and 77.85 (RCT, min) and 471.83, 490.50 and 505.83 (curd Firmness, mm) for K-casein BB variant, K-casein AB variant and control milk respectively from Jersey breed. Amongst the triple cross breed, the K-casein AB milk coagulated faster with rennet than K-casein AA and control milks. In Jersey, K-casein BB and AB milks showed shorter RCT than control milk. In both the breeds, the K-cascin genotypes showed statistical significant difference ( P<0.05) for milk coagulation properties. The mean values for recoveries of constituents in cheese made from milk of triple cross breed were; fat, 91.56, 86.88 and 85.56 per cent; protein, 78.06, 76.37 and 70.91 per cent and total solids, 54.42, 52.63 and 48.03 per cent for K-casein AB, K-casein AA and control milks respectively. Statistical analysis of data showed significant difference (P<0.05) only in total solids contents. In case of Jersey breed, these values for K-casein BB, K-casein AB and control cheeses were : fat, 84.29, 83.85 and 83.09 per cent; protein, 72.78, 68.91 and 68.78 per cent and total solids, 51.33, 50.17 and 48.23 percent, respectively. The average values of wet yield, actual yield and actual yield adjusted to 37 % moisture were 13.09, 10.95 and 11.85 per cent, respectively for K-casein AB milk, which were relatively higher than the values (12.80, 10.30 and 11.45 per cent, respectively) for K-casein AA milk and (11.86, 9.29 and 10.30 per cent, respectively) for control milk from triple cross breed. While these values were 12.30, 10.64 and 11.19 per cent, respectively for K-casein BB milk which was relatively higher than the values, 12.15, 10.08 and 10.99 per cent, respectively for K-casein AB milk and 11.10, 9.23 and 9.77 per cent, respectively for control milk from Jersey breed. Compositional analysis of cheese made from milk having K-casein AB, K-casein AA and control milks from triple cross cows showed on an average fat, 34.00, 36.00 and 35.83 per cent; Protein, 26.42, 25.40 and 24.98 per cent; total solids, 65.86, 66.85 and 66.62 per cent and ash, 3.47, 3.57 and 3.49 per cent, respectively, whereas the average values of these constituents in cheese made from K-casein BB, K-casein AB and control milks of Jersey breed were, fat, 33.83, 35.50 and 34.83 per cent; protein, 25.49, 24.26 and 24.23 per cent; total solids, 64.81, 65.57 and 64.94 per cent and ash, 3.78, 3.75 and 3.78 per cent, respectively. In both the breeds only protein content showed statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The whey samples of cheeses made from milks having K-casein AB, K-casein AA genotypes and control represented the fat contents of 0.33, 0.45 and 0.47 per cent; protein contents of 0.81, 0.87 and 0.89 per cent; and total solids contents of 6.75, 7.03 and 7.01 percent respectively from triple cross cows. Likewise these values were for 0.53, 0.57 and 0.58 per cent for fat; 0.92, 0.95 and 0.96 per cent for protein and 7.00, 7.02 and 7.07 per cent total solids in whey samples of cheeses prepared from milks having K-casein BB, K-casein AB genotypes and control milks respectively from Jersey cows, hi the triple cross cows, genetic variants of K-casein affected significantly the losses of total solids in whey. On the other hand in Jersey breed, there was no significant difference in the total solids contents of the different whey systems.