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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECTIVENESS OF FORTNIGIHTLY TRAINING CONDUCTED UNDER T AND V SYSTEM AT ANAND SUB DIVISION OF KHEDA DISTRICT IN GUJARAT STATE(1997) Patel, Dinesh K.; Trivedi, J. C.Training in India was as old as the Community Development Programme in the country. A vast infrastructure was created and developed for this purpose. It catered training to different categories of development functionaries from Gramsevak to the Development Commissioners. The basic feature of T & V system of agricultural extension is a systematic programme of training for the Village Extension Workers (VEWs) and Agricultural Extension Officers (AEOs), consider with frequent visits to farmer's field. VEWs and AEOs are working at grassroots level for diffusion of information in farming community. The system is organised to give the training to VEWs and AEOs every fortnight. The fortnightly training is the most important training for VEWs and AEOs. The goal of fortnightly training sessions is to make the VEWs a "subject matter specialists" on the few points of particular relevance and importance to farmers in his circle during the coming fortnight. Considering the importance of fortnightly training the present study was undertaken to know effectiveness of fortnightly training conducted under T & V system at Anand sub-division of Kheda district in Gujarat State.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PAPADS MADE FROM BANANA BLENDED WITH EDIBLE FLOURS(AAU, Anand, 1997) PATEL, P. M.; SIRIPURAPU, S. C. B.Banana is the most important fruit crop of the world. India is the largest producer of banana. Shorter shelf life of matured banana under tropical atmosphere is resulting in distress sales and wastage of fruits in peak season. Papad is a traditional savory food commodity of India which had gained importance in national and international markets in recent years. Looking to the importance of banana to Indian food processing industry, studies were conducted to develop an acceptable dried long lasting product in the form of papad from basarai banana (Dwarf cavendish), the largest grown cultivar in India and Gujarat, blended with edible flours. Primary studies were conducted on mashed cooked pulp of peeled banana blended papads with four different types of precooked edible flours viz. ragajara, singoda, sago and rice, in two different proportions. On the basis of results of sensory evaluation of primary blend papads, the studies were conducted on blends of peeled banana with rice flour in different proportions to determine optimum proportion of rice in the blend. On the basis of sensory evaluation results, three different treatments of banana rice papads in proportions of peeled banana: rice flour T1 (67:33), T2 (62:38), T3 (59:41) and one treatment of sago blended banana papad T4 (87:13) were studied in detaU along with a control sample of rice papad with respect to physical, chemical. frying and sensory qualities of raw and fried samples of fresh and samples stored for two months. Among the various unit operations involved in preparing banana blended papads during JBnal treatments, maximum time was required for the drying of papad (225-240 min). The range of physical properties of fresh banana blended papads were 8.3-12.8 cm for average diameter, 0.48-1.40 mm for average thickness and 3.75 to 14.36 g for average weights. Variations around 5% in diameter and below 0.3 mm in thickness were observed in the measurements taken at two different locations on the papad. Physical characteristics were found within the limits of control sample of rice papad and were close to limits specified in ISI standards. No effect of storage was observed on physical properties studied under present investigation. Linear models, developed to interrelate the physical properties of banana blended papads, are indicating an increase in the density of rice-banana blended papad mix with the increase in rice proportion. Among the chemical characteristics, HLC. of fresh banana blended papads varied between 7.81 and 9.13% (w.b.). Although it was not within the limits of ISI specification, but very close to control sample i.e. of rice papads. pH, total ash, acid insoluble ash and alkalinity of ash of fresh banana blended papads were found to be within the limits of the prescribed ISI standards and were varying with the type of ingredient and its proportion in the papad mix. There was decrease in m.c., pH and alkalinity of ash and increase in total ash and acid insoluble ash with storage. However, chemical characteristics were found to be within prescribed ISI standards even after 2 months storage. Changes in the physical properties of papad due to frying i.e. frying properties were affected by the proportion and type of ingredient flour. Percent changes in diameter, thickness and weight of papad due to frying were maximum in control sample i.e. rice papad followed by treatment T3 and were lowest in sago blend, treatment T4. The expansion/increase in diameter, thickness and weight of fresh samples of Treatment T3 i.e. maximum rice blended banana papads was 13.5%, 95.2% and 9.36% respectively and was close to control sample. In all these parameters changes due to frying increased with increase in storage period. Sensory qualities like colour, appearance, texture, flavour and taste of raw and fried papads of fresh and stored samples were evaluated by a panel of judges on a ten point scale. Sensory evaluation of fresh samples of banana blended papads indicated T3 as the best treatment and comparable to control samples of rice papads with scores more than 8.0 on a ten point scale for various sensory attributes of raw and fried papads. Sago blended banana papad treatment T4 was rated poorest among all the four treatments. Sensory scores of raw papad changed slightly due to storage but T3 was comparable to rice papad even after 2 months storage. Both 300 and 400 gauge HDPE bags were found suitable for storage of banana blended rice/sago flour papads. However 400 gauge bags were found to be better for storage of banana-edible flour blended papads, with respect to moisture clianges and sensory attributes. From the results obtained in the present investigations, it can be concluded that papads can be successfully prepared from blending of cooked rice flour with mashed pulp of cooked peeled banana of basarai cultivar (Dwarf cavendish) following traditional process of preparing rice papads in this region, with proportions of peeled banana : rice flour of 59:41 and can be stored safely upto a minimum of two months in 300 or 400 gauge HDPE bags at ambient conditions with acceptable sensory attributes.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE, CLINICO PATHOLOGY. DIAGNOSTIC AND TECHNOECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FASCIOLIASIS IN BUFFALOES(AAU, Anand, 1997) RAVAL, SUNANT KANTILAL; Patel, P. R.The epidemiological surveillance is a urgent need of today. The study was carried out from 1st January to 31st December, 1996 in the five villages of Anand district by visiting rural herd on a regular basis. In the present study the efforts were made to generate and analyse epidemiological data for fascioliasis from rural buffaloes. The epidemiological data on disease incidence in relation to season, meteorological factors. Physiological status, nutritional status, body condition score, housing and hygienic condition were analysed. The visit of the slaughter house was also made. The incidence of fascioliasis was 11.71 per cent in survey group and 22.26 per cent in slaughter group. The higher incidence was observed in August and September in both the group of buffaloes. A significant correlation was observed between the monthly incidence of fascioliasis in slaughtered and survey group. The lymnea species of snails was present in the nearby area of canals and ponds. Higher incidence was recorded in aged buffaloes (15.52 per cent) than young-esters below one year (3.10 per cent )whereas non-lactating buffaloes have more incidence of fascioliasis than lactating buffaloes. A positive significnat correlation of disease incidence with morning and evening relative humidity, minimum temperature has been noticed. A negative correlation of disease incidence with maximum temperature, pan evaporation and bright sunshine has been recorded. Clinically buffaloes suffering from fascioliasis were found to be weak, anorexic debilated, emaciated and having submandibular edema. On clinical observation respiration rate was increased and ruminal movements decreased in infected animals in compared to healthy animals. The respiration rate was higher in infected animals (26.90/minute) as compared to healthy one ( 16.30/minute) . Ruminal movements were also significantly decreased in infected animals (1.20/5 minutes) as compared to healthy one (3.08/5 minutes). The overall accuracy observed by faecal sample examination was 78.07 per cent. The egg count per gram of faeces was found to be in between 275 to 410. The haematobiochemical changes in blood and serum of infected buffaloes were investigated in comparison to healthy control, in both the groups. Infected buffaloes had low haemoglobin and erythrocyte count. The blood haemoglobin content in control group was 11.42±0.14 g/dl while in infected group it was 9.43±0.07 g/dl in survey group of animals.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC STUDIES ON LACTATION CURVE IN CROSSBRED CATTLE(AAU, Anand, 1997) Patel, Ramanbhai D.; Solanki, J. V.213 lactation records of Jersey x Kankrej-F1 (JK), Holstein Friesian x Kankrej-F1 (HK) and Inter se (F2 of JK + F2 of HK) cows of Livestock Research Station, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand were studied for the period from April 1981 to March 1992. The pooled least squares means for age at first calving, 280 days lactation yield, peak weekly yield and number of weeks required to attain peak yield in crossbred cows were found to be 864.72 ± 12.92 days, 2660.79 ± 52.50 kg, 96.27 ± 1.90 kg and 4.5 ± 0.25 weeks, respectively. The age at first calving was significantly affected by genetic group and Inter se cow had higher age at first calving, than JK and HK cows. The 280 days' lactation yield was significantly affected by genetic group and parity. The HK cow had significantly higher 280 days lactation yield than JK and Inter se cows. All the cows produce significantly more milk in second lactation. The weekly peak yield also significantly affected by genetic group and parity of the cows. The HK cows attain significantly higher peak yield than JK cows. The Inter se cows was significantly lowest amongst ail genetic group. All the cows attain significantly higher milk yield in second lactation than first lactation. The Inter se cow took significantly less number of weeks to attain peak yield than those for JK and HK cows. The JK and HK cows attained peak weekly yield a nearly same time. All the cows required significantly more number of weeks to attain peak yield in first lactation than in second lactation. 280 days' lactation yield, weekly peak yield and weeks to attain peak yield were not influenced by season of calving. The four different mathematical functions i.e. exponential, parabolic exponential, polynomial and gamma type functions were used to study lactation curve of cows of different genetic groups in parity one and parity two. The mathematical function parameter 'a', 'b' and 'c' were obtained and R value were estimated. It was observed that the pooled values for parameter 'a', 'b' and 'c' can very well be used for cows of all genetic groups. The parameters values for first and second parity were separately obtained. Amongst all functions, the gamma function gave maximum fit with R2 value 0.895 for parity one and 0.862 for parity two. The season of calving had not much influence on the lactation curve parameters and the R value estimated for the different models for the cows calved in different seasons were always very high (0.897 to 0.962). The attempt was made to estimate mathematical function parameter for three different season of calving in first and second lactation of cows of three genetic groups separately. The results indicated that mathematical function parameters from pooled record of three season of calving can be effectively used to predict lactation performance of JK, HK and Inter se cows.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF FRUCTOSE AS SEMEN ADDITIVE ON SPERMATOZOAL MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVITY AND PRESERVATION OF JAFFARABADI BUFFALO BULL SEMEN(AAU, Anand, 1997) Merja, R. M.; Derashri, H. J.The present study on effect of different concentrations of fructose as semen additive on spermatozoal mitochondrial activity and preservation of Jaffarabadi buffalo bull semen was carried out over a period of 8 weeks during the months of January,1996 to March,1996. This study included evaluation of seminal characteristics and evaluation of effect of three different concentration of fructose in Tris Yolk Glycerol dilutor viz., 1.25 g % (control), 2.5 g %, (T1) and 3.50 g %, (T2) on buffalo spermatozoa stored at refrigeration temperature for 24 and 48 h and at pre-freeze and post-freeze stages as well as estimation of initial fructose content and SDH activity of Jaffarabadi buffalo semen. Based on 32 ejaculates (8 ejaculates from each of the four bulls), the mean values for various seminal characteristics were s ejaculate volume 4.37 ± 0.37 ml, colour and consistency score 4.40±0.15 , mass activity 3.29 ± 0.07, individual motility 65.78 ±1.17 per cent, sperm concentration 1054.37 ± 20.97 millions per ml, spermatozoal viability 88.12 ± 0.70 per cent, spermatozoal abnormality 5.87 ± 0.47 per cent, initial fructose content 610.59 ± 7,06 mg/100 ml and initial SDH activity 48.58 ± 0.58 )µg formazon formed per ml of semen. The 'F' test analysis for the effect of bulls revealed the bull effect to be non-significant for volume, colour and consistency, mass activity, sperm concentration, individual, motility and viability. However, the bull effect was significant (P<0.05) for spermatozoal abnormality. The initial fructose content and initial SDH activity of semen, both of these were highly significantly (P<0.01) and positively correlated with mass activity, individual motility, sperm concentration and spermatozoal viability, where as, ejaculate volume and abnormal sperm count were negatively correlated. Addition of 2.5 g % fructose to Tris Yolk Glycerol dilutor proved to be a superior semen diluent additive than others (control and T2), as indicated by significantlyThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SUMMER STRESS IN BROILERS(AAU, Anand, 1997) Ghodasara, D. J.; Prajapati, K. S.The present study was under taken to know the effects of summer temperature on physiology, viability and performance of broilers. The study was made on commercial broiler birds at Anand Poultry Farm, Palana, District Kheda. Broiler birds of 46 to 49 days of age were used for the study. The study was conducted during extreme hot period of summer. For comparison, base level data were obtained by conducting similar study during comfortable environmental temperature of the winter season. Samples like blood, serum, plasma and tissues were collected at morning and afternoon hours. Pathological study was also made on the natural cases of heat stroke. Concentration of thyroid hormones were decreased during high temperature of summer, indicating reduced activity of thyroid gland during summer stress. The plasma concentration of Cortisol and relative weight of adrenal gland increased during high environmental temperature of summer, suggesting increased activity and hypertrophy of adrenal gland. The serum cholesterol level decreased in summer as well as during afternoon hours in summer. The level of blood glucose was found to be decreased in the birds exposed to summer temperature. The activity of AKP and ALT increased during summer. The ALT activity in the afternoon serum samples also increased during high cyclic temperature of summer. The level of total serum protein was found to be decreased in the summer season. A significant decrease in total serum protein was also noticed at afternoon hours during the cyclic temperature of summer. High environmental temperature of summer caused a decrease in the levels of serum electrolytes. During the cyclic temperature of summer, the levels of K and Ca were also found to be decreased at afternoon hours. The values of Hb, PCV and RBC count decreased during the summer stress. The total leucocytic count as well as absolute count of heterophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil were found to be decreased in summer. The TLC as well as absolute count of heterophil and lymphocyte also decreased at afternoon hours during the summer season. A significant increase was observed in H : L ratio in the summer season. The increase in body temperature directly correlated with the increase in the environmental temperature. A non-significant difference of FCR was observed between the high environmental temperature of summer and comfortable temperature of winter. Birds sacrificed in the afternoon during summer showed mild congestion of trachea and lung. Severity of these , lesions increased in the birds died due to heat stroke. The microscopic lesions in the form of congestion and haemorrhages were observed in lung, trachea, liver and kidney along with lymphoid aggregations in liver and kidney. A variable degree of hyperplasia and vacuolization was noticed in the cortical cells of adrenal gland. The thyroid acini were lined by flattened epithelium. Similar microscopic lesions with more severity were also observed in the birds died due to heat stroke. The autopsy incidence of heat stroke was found to be 3.76 % with maximum mortality during sixth, seventh and eighth weeks of age.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSING THE FEASIBILITY OF MANUFACTURE OF CONCENTRATED DAHI USING SELECTED STARTER CULTURES OF Streptococcus thermophilus AND Lactococcus lactis(AAU, Anand, 1997) PEERZADA, MEHRAJ-U-DIN; Sannabhadti, S. S.This study was planned and conducted to assess the feasibility of promising strains oi Streptococcus thermophihts, namely D-3 (C1) and MD-8 (C2) and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strain C-10 (C3) in the manufacture of concentrated dahi from standardized milk adjusted to three different levels of total solids. For studying different attributes, concentrated cfahi was manufactured on pilot scale from standardized milk adjusted to 20.00(T1), 24.00(T2) and 28(T3) per cent total solids by fortification with skim milk powder. After standardization of these three lots of milk, they were heat treated to 90°C for 10 minutes and then cooled to room temperature. Starter culture was added as inoculum in each lot at the rate of 10 per cent based on preliminary studies. The inoculated milk of each lot was filled in polystyrene cups(100 ml capacity) having aluminium foil lids and then incubated at a temperature of 40±2°C in case of S/replococciis ihennophilus strains and 30+1 °C in case of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strain. For assessing, chemical and microbiological changes during incubation, a set of cups from each lot of milk was drawn at 0, 4 and 8 hours interval. When the product attained an acidity of about 0.75-0.80 per cent lactic acid, a set of cups was transferred to the refrigerator and kept overnight. Next day product was subjected to the sensory evaluation by a panel of judges. Another set of cups was transferred to low temperature incubator maintained at a temperature of 10°C and the product was stored for 7 days at this temperature to know the acceptability of the product. T2 (24.00 per cent TS) level of total solids gave significant results than other level of total solids with respect to change in titratable acidity, extent of the lactose degradation, change in lactic count and utilization of soluble nitrogen during incubation with all the three strains. Among the cultures used, culture C1 showed higher acid production throughout the incubation period than C2 and C3, Dahi with desired level of titratable acidity was produced with C1 and C2 cultures within 4.0 hours of incubation. While it needed 8 hours with C3 culture. After storage of the product for 7 days at 10°C, C3, showed significant results with respect to change in titratable acidity, shift in pH, extent of lactose degradation, change in free fatty acids, changes in the soluble nitrogen and changes in lactic count indicating continued activity of culture even during refrigerated storage. Concentrated dahi was found veiy much acceptable even after 7 days of storage at al! levels of total solids with cultures C1 and C2. However, C3 produced bitterness in the product after 7 days of storage in T3 level of total solids and the product was unacceptable. Coliform count was found within prescribed BIS. limits of max. 10/g at the end of storage period. Same was also true with that of yeast and mold count which was within prescribed limit of max.100/g From the observations on uniform rate of acid production, lactose utilization and stability to higher concentration of total solids, it is possible to recommend all the three strains for the manufacture of concentrated dahi using standardized milk between 20 and 28 per cent total solids (TMS), Among the three strains, although all of them were capable of producing acceptable product within 6 hours of incubation, D-3 and MD-8 strains of Streptococcus thermophilus were found superior to C-10 strain of Lactococciis laciis as they could set the product within 4 hours and had better acceptability score even after 7 days storage at 10°C.ThesisItem Open Access BIOECOLOGY, BIOEFFICACY AND RESIDUAL STATUS OF SOME READY MIX INSECTICIDES IN RELATION TO PEST COMPLEX OF OKRA [ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (LINNAEUS) MOENCH](AAU, Anand, 1997) Shah, Bharat R.; Vyas, H. N.Investigations were carried out on the bioecology, bioefficacy and residual status of ready to use insecticides on okra at B.A. College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand, during 1995 and 1996. The population dynamics of insect pests viz., aphids, jassids, shoot arid fruit borer as well as the coccinellid predator were studied in relation to abiotic and biotic factors. The aphid count ranged from 0.48 to 63.51 and 0.91 to 49.28 per leaf during 1995 and 1996, respectively. The correlation and regression studies revealed nonsignificant correlations of abiotic factors with aphid population, however the latter showed highly positive correlation with the biotic factor viz., coccinellid predator, M.sexmaculatus during 1995. The activity of the predator increased with the increase in aphid population.The population of coccinellid predators was absent during 1996.The correlation coefficient analysis revealed that the predator population was negatively correlated with morning and evening vapour pressure as well as with mean vapour pressure.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF INPUT HEAT ENERGY ON SCALE DEPOSITION AND EFFICIENCY OF H.T.S.T. PASTEURIZER(AAU, Anand, 1997) PANDYA, AASHISH DEVENDRABHAI; SHAH, U. S.Effect of deposit formation on plates of HTST plants is studied in lieu of regeneration efficiency and savings in heat energy. In Indian dairy plants, HTST is operated at 80 to 85°C instead of 72°C to be on safe side. In the presented work, effect of following parameters of HTST plant on energy requirement is calculated. a. Regeneration efficiency b. Available area of (1) regeneration section and (2) hot water section c. Reduction in mass flow rate on regeneration efficiency d. Reduction in pasteurization temperature on energy requirement. Trials are taken on two HTST plant of a dairy with 10000 and 7500 1/h capacity. It confirms fall in regeneration efficiency due to deposits. A simple method is shown to determine optimum flow rate and temperature and to save heat energy and avoid shut downs. Lower HTST temperature with increased holding time (to have same bactericidal effect) is suggested to improve performance of HTST pasteurizer and reduce deposit formation. If pasteurization temperature is kept higher, then fouling on PHE occurs due to milk deposits resulting in inefficiency and increase in number of plant shut downs. It is observed that a drop in regeneration efficiency by one percent in the region of 90 percent, increases the const of steam and refrigeration by ten percent each.