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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF Staphylococcus aureus FROM BOVINE MILK(AAU, Anand, 1990) Purohit, Jayantilal Hargovind; JHALA, V. M.The present study was undertaken with a view to know the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus In bovine milk In relation to species, managemental conditions, breed, method of milking, parity, stage of lactation and Involvement of the quarters as well as to observe the relationships among the certain characteristics, Including enterotoxigenicIty, of S.aureus. The isolates were also phage typed to know the possible origin. The milk samples were collected from the animals maintained at six different farms comprising of four GAU farms and two private farms. The cows were maintained at four farms whereas buffaloes were maintained at remaining two farms. A total of 925 milk samples (758 from cows and 167 from buffaloes) from the individual quarters of 234 animals comprising of 191 cows and 43 buffaloes were collected and processed for isolation and identification of S.aureus. Of these, 94 quarters (10.16 per cent) of 67 animals (28.63 per cent) revealed the presence of S.aureus. The incidence of S.aureus was more commonly encountered amongst the cows on animal basis (31.94 per cent) as well as on quarter basis (11.35 per cent) than those of buffaloes (13.95 and 4.79 per cent, respectively).ThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGY, POPULATION DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA HUBNER ON IMPORTANT HOST CROPS IN MIDDLE GUJARAT(AAU, Anand, 1993) Mehta, D. M.; Patel, J. R.Investigations on biology, population dynamics and control of H. armigera on important host crops were carried out during 1990-91 and 1991-92 at the Department of Entomology, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand. The effect of larval food was not observed on egg period but larval period was affected. The larval period was shortest on lucerne (Medicaso sativa L.) leaves and longest on chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) leaves. The maximum and minimum larval survival for both the sexes was . on chickpea pods and chickpea leaves respectively. it was reflected on growth index. The pupal duration on chickpea pods was short. The pupae obtained by rearing the H. armigera larvae on lucerne leaves and chickpea pods were big in size and pupation was very shallow. The adults obtained from lucerne leaves had long oviposition period and high fecundity. The life span for both the sexes was longest onchickpea leaves followed by tomato fruits, pigeonpea pods, tomato leaves, chickpea pods and lucerne leaves. The studies on population dynamics of H. armigera on various crops, weeds, medicinal and ornamental plants revealed ovipositional and larval activity during July to April. The correlation of various abiotic factors with U- armigera activity on pigeonpea showed negative correlation between egg density and soil temperature. Negative and positive association of minimum temperature, vapour pressure and soil temperature was observed with oviposition on tomato and lucerne, respectivly. On pigeonpea and chickpea larval activity was more influenced by soil temperature, whereas, on lucerne minimum temperature, vapour pressure, and soil temperature influence was observed. Considerable activity of an egg parasitoid Trichogramma spp. was found in the fields of tomato, tobacco and pigeonpea in middle Gujarat during October to December. Preliminary studies on resistance in 21 genotypes and 3 local cultivars of tomato to H. armigera revealed low damage to unriped fruits of Karnataka and Mangala and riped fruits of SL 120, F24C8 and Piersol. Karnataka and Mangala had higher marketable fruit yield than others. The degree of fruit damage by H. armigera was positively related with total soluble sugar and negatively with ascorbic acid. Low ovicidal and high ovipositional deterrent effect of neem seed kernel suspension and margoside was found against H. armigera. The spray application of these two botanicals alone as well as combinations with endosulfan at lower concentration gave effective protection to tomato fruits by preventing the larval activity of H. armigera and gave considerably higher marketable fruit yield. The spray application of neem seed kernel suspension with endosulfan had highest increase in yield and avoided 69.33% loss in marketable fruit yield. The residue of endosulfan in/on tomato fruits was quite below the tolerance limit prescribed by FAO/WHO when tomato crop was sprayed with a mixture of endosulfan 0.035% and neem seed kernel suspension (3%). Among the various recommended insecticides, fenvalerate (0.01%) showed quick and high toxicity to H. armigera larvae. The larvae fed on lucerne had higher susceptibility to all the recommended insecticides than the larvae fed on pigeonpea and chickpea.ThesisItem Open Access PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE GONADS AND GENITALS IN SURTI BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)(AAU, Anand, 1990) Baishya, G.; Vyas, K. N.Prenatal gross and histomorphological development; of the female gonad, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina and vestibules were studied utilizing 62 Surti buffalo embryos and foetuses ranging in age from 35 to 305 days (1.5 to 102.5 cm CVR). These specimens were divided into seven different groups viz., 35 to 44 days (1.5 to 3.5 cm CVR, group I ), 45 to 75 days (3.7 to 10.3 cm CVR, group II) , 76 to 95 days (10.5 to 14.7 cm CVR, group III ) , 96 to 115 days (15.0 to 19.2 cm CVR, group IV), 116 to 155 days (19.5 to 36.0 cm CVR, group V), 156 to 210 days (36.5 t o 60.5 cm CVR, group VI) and 211 to 305 days (61.0 to 102.5 cm CVR, group VII). An increase in curved crown-rump length (CVR) of the foetuses, was noticed with the advancement of age. The foetal body weight and combined weight of a l l the genitals revealed different values in different age groups. However, the maximum foetal growth and development, were observed from 240 to 305 days (74.0 to 102.5 cm CVR). The growth pattern of developing finale genitals as a whole in relation to foetal growth rate followed no consistent trend from 67 days (8.5 cm CVR) onwards. The relative growth rate decreased with advancing gestational age except from 240 to 305 days during which it was reverse.ThesisItem Open Access DYNAMIC MODELING OF DAILY WATER USE BY SUMMER PEARL MILLET ' (Pennisetum americanum L.)(AAU, Anand, 1995) Bodapati, Papuji Rao; Savani, M. B.Crop water use is a complex function of the climatic conditions, stage of the crop development and the soil water content. Models have been developed earlier using various approaches and levels of details to improve the prediction of evapotranspiration. Functional models with some empiricism can be used for routine applications than the mechanistic models. Transpiration from the pearl millet was found to be strongly influenced by leaf area than by stomatal conductance. Field experiments during the summer season of the years 1994 and 1995 were conducted with pearl millet cv. GHB-30. The experiments were laid out in split-plot design, with three dates of sowing as the main plot and four irrigation levels as the sub-plot treatments which were replicated four times. The results obtained in this investigation revealed that, air temperature had a profound influence on the growth and development of summer pearl millet. The optimum date of sowing was found to be February 15th , which would provide optimum environmental conditions for the growth and development of the crop. Different dates of sowing did not show any significant effect on the grain yield. Irrigating the crop at 25% depletion of available soil moisture gave the highest grain and biomass yields but its WUE was lower than that for the other irrigation levels. Pearl millet required about 310 GDD in summer season to build considerable GLAI and about 800 GDD to attain the maximum GLAI. A second-order polynomial was developed for estimating GLAI using the accumulated GDD. The FAO Kc, values had over-estimated ET rates and a second-order polynomial was developed to estimate daily Kc values from the accumulated GDD for non-stressed pearl millet. The rate of ET in pearl millet was found to decrease with an increase in soil moisture deficit and approached zero at a soil moisture depletion of 65% of the available soil moisture. PLANTGRO and MCD models when evaluated against the field data collected through this experiment, predicted ET reasonably better for nonstressed treatments than for stressed treatments. Of the two models, the MCD model predicted better for stressed condition than the PLANTGRO model. The functional relations for the PET estimation and root water uptake in the MCD model needed substantial modification. The separation of the PET in the PLANTGRO model did not suit the summer pearl millet. A one-day time step model BAJRAWAT had been developed in the 'C' language during the course of the present study, and was made User-friendly. Irrigation amount and the PET being its main driving forces, the partitioning of PET into soil evaporation and transpiration had been accomplished in BAJRAWAT by GLAI. The actual evaporation and transpiration depended on the availability of water in the surface soil and in the root zone and also on the depth of root penetration. The evaporation was assumed to take place from the surface soil only and the soil was further divided into four layers, from which water was assumed to have been removed by transpiration and drainage. Infiltration was assumed to have been taking place depending on the amount and the location of water already in the soil layers. The transpiration was computed as a function of GLAI and the available moisture in the root zone. The development of GLAI was considered to be controlled by thermal time and a moisture stress factor. The BAJRAWAT model when validated along with PLANTGRO and MCD models predicted ET better than the latter two models. The relative transpiration of summer pearl millet was found to be more closely associated with relative dry matter yield than with the relative grain yieldThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON MODERNISATION OF AGRICULTURE AMONG THE FARMERS OF KHEDA DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1994) Jagadeeshwara, K.; Patel, H. L.India has been making many sided efforts in the agricultural sector over the last four decades through prudent planning and arduous accomplishment of agricultural development programmes. Indian population has been estimated to be 100 million by 2000 A.D. Among the prevailing plethora of activities to solve this gigantic problem, modernisation of agriculture is the germane and plausible way. Social scientists suggest modernisation is not in the character of society but in the character of individual. Unfortunately, where the individual (farmer) should be the focus of attention has been very little understood. Thus, a more precise knowledge on how an individual is modernised or what personality traits are crucial towards the acquisition of modern style of life in the modernisation process needs to be studied carefully. Kheda district is being considered as one of the progressive districts of Gujarat State.The irrigation facilities has led to intensive cultivation of all the coiunercial and food crops which facilitated more income, high standard of living and hence more agricultural nodernisation among the farmers. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to know how modernisation characteristics influence overall modernisation and extent of adoption of different agricultural practices namely, extent of use of improved varieties, chemical fertilizer,pesticides , fungicides, improved agricultural implements, improved irrigation practices in major commercial and food crops followed by use of improved dairy practices. The research study was planned with the following specific objectives. (1) To study the differences in the modernisation characteristics among different categories of farmers. (2) To study overall modernisation and extent of adoption of selected technologies among different categories of farmers. (3) To find out the relationship between socio-psycho, communication, economic and situational modernisation characteristics of farmers with overall modernisation and extent of adoption among different categories of farmers. (4) To find out the differences in the contribution of selected socio-psycho, communication, economic and situational modernisation characteristics with overall modernisation and extent of adoption among different categories of farmers. (5) To study the direct and indirect effects of selected socio-psycho, conaunication, economic and situational modernisation characteristics with overall modernisation and extent of adoption among different categories of farmers. METHODOLOGY The present study was conducted in Kheda district of Gujarat state. Four talukas namely Anand, Borsad, Nadiad and Petlad were purposively selected. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 216 respondents from four categories of farmers from among twelve villages namely, Gopalapura, Mogar, Vadod, Asodar , Kavitha, Kinkhlod, Kanjari, Narasanda, Vadthal, DevataJ, Morad and Simurda Virol. Design of the study Ex-post-facto research design was adopted for the present study. Two dependent variables namely, overall modernisation and extent of adoption were selected for the purpose of conducting this study. Twenty three modernisation characteristics (independent variables) were selected namely age, educationl caste, family type, social participation, cosmopoliteness, mass media participation, contact with extension agency, achievement motivation, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk preference, rationality attitude towards modernisation of agriculture, commercialisation, market perception, market orientation, income, farm size, farm power, material possession, livestock possession and level of living. The attitude scale developed by the researcher of this study was utilised for measuring the attitude of the farmers towards the modernisation of agriculture. The other dependent and independent variables were measured by utilising the developed scales of other research workers. The data were collected with the help of structured schedule by personal interview method. The data so collected were coded, classified, tabulated and analysed in order to make the findings meaningful.ThesisItem Open Access SOIL AND NUTRIENT LOSSES THROUGH RUNOFF FROM LOAMY SAND SOILS UNDER DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS(AAU, Anand, 1994) Sutaria, Gangdas Samjibhai; Patel, N. K.The field experiments were conducted at the College Agronomy Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand, to study the soil and nutrient losses through runoff from loamy sand soils (Ustifluvents) under different cropping systems during Kharif season of the year 1992 and 1993. There were ten treatments consisted of sole crop of pearlmillet, pigeonpea, bidi-tobacco and groundnut and their intercropping systems including cultivated and absolute fallow treatments. The results revealed that both the runoff (152.0 mm) and soil loss (8469 kg ha-1 ) were maximum under cultivated plot. Per cent runoff loss under sole crops of groundnut, pearlmillet, pigeonpea and bidi-tobacco was to the tune of 13.9, 16.7, 27.4 and 30.9 per cent of the total rainfall, respectively. The corresponding values for soil loss was 2015, 2516, 6141 and 7436 kg ha"^ for these crops. Runoff loss from bidi-tobacco and pigeonpea was reduced to the extent of 34.0 and 32.7 per cent and that of soil loss by 45.3 and 42.5 per cent when groundnut crop intercropped with these crops. The highest content of various nutrients (N, P, K) in runoff water and that in sediment fractions were observed under sole groundnut crop. The contents of these nutrients in runoff water and in sediment fractions were enhanced under intercropping of groundnut with bidi-tobacco and pigeonpea as compared to that in sole crops. The total loss of nutrients through erosion under sole crops of biditobacco and pigeonpea was 120.2 and 101.2 kg ha-1 , respectively. These loss of nutrients curtailed to the extent of 37.8 and 32.3 per cent when groundnut crop was introduced as intercrop with these crops. The sediment was the main source of loss of nutrients through erosion. Significant negative relations were observed between runoff and soil losses with nutrients enrichment ratios in sediment fractions. The enrichment ratios for various nutrients was high with sole groundnut and it was low with bidi-tobacco and pigeonpea. The fractions of silt and clay were more in eroded sediment (14.05 to 26.94 %) than the soil from which they derived (11.0 %) . The cultivated fallow plot retained more soil-water during dry spell than cropped plots. In contrast to this, cropped plots stored more water than cultivated fallow plot during rainy season. Groundnut as sole or intercrop improved the soil fertility and physical conditions of the soil. The EI30 is a good index for the prediction of runoff and soil losses. Average annual rainfall erosion index (R) is arrived as the figure 772.59. The July and August months contributing 72.39 per cent of EI30 and these months are the most erosive months. Prediction models are developed for measurement of KE and EI30 based on daily rainfall data. Sole pearlmillet and groundnut as well as groundnut intercropped with bidi-tobacco and pigeonpea crops have low crop management factor (C). Soil erodibility factor (K) is worked out to be 73.0 kg ha-1 per unit of erosion index. Prediction models were also developed using multiple factors of USLE (erosivity, crop management and soil erodibility factors) for calculation of runoff and soil losses. The impact of different cropping systems on yield, monetary returns and uptake of nutrients were also studied. The results indicated that pearlmillet crop benefitted from intercrop while pigeonpea and bidi-tobacco crops affected adversely by intercrop. The productivity per unit area was increased by 23 per cent when groundnut intercropped with pigeonpea and bidi-tobacco crops. Incorporation of groundnut as intercrop with bidi-tobacco and pigeonpea crops gave extra monetary returns of 896 and 2648 Rs . ha-1, respectively than that from corresponding sole crops. The uptake of various plant nutrients were high under intercropping system in comparison to that in sole cropping system.ThesisItem Open Access INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN COTTON HYBRID 6(AAU, Anand, 1992) Patel, Jagadishchandra Ramchandra; Yadav, D. N.Studies were conducted to develop integrated pest management in cotton Hybrid 6 in Middle Gujarat conditions at Anand Campus, of Gujarat Agricultural University during the years 1989-90 and 1990-91. Experiment was laid out in Exploided Block Design with fifteen observations in each treatments. The IPM treatment consists of integration of application of phorate 10 G in soil @ 1 kg a.i. ha, planting of maize/sorghum on the border of cotton plot, spot application of monocrotophos 0.036 per cent against sucking pests of cotton, releases of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii @ 200000/ha and Chrysopa scelestes Bank @ 100000/ha at weekly interval alternately and need base application of triazophos 0.05 per cent were tested and compared with recommended insecticidal control measures and control. The results indicated that the insecticidal treatment on need base had the lowest number of sucking pests viz.. Aphis gossypii, Amrasca biguttulla biguttulla, Thrips tabaci arid Bemisia tabaci throughout the season as compared to IPM and control. In IPM treatment, soil application of phorote 10 G was effective in checking the population of A. gossypli and A. biguttulla biquttulla in early part of the season. Moreover, due to inundative five releases of Chrysopa, these pest could not build up pestiferous population as the mean population of A. gossypii and B. tabaci were 5.72 and 3.58 per lesf in IPM as against 7.22 and 4.77 adult per leaf in control treatment respectively. In IPM treatment, releases of Trichoqramma, Chrysopa and other naturally occurring bioagents viz., Roqas aliqarhensis were effective in checking the population of Earlas vittella as mean damage in square, green bolls, openbolls, locules and shed material was recorded 6.04, 9.05, 16.66, 20,97 and 14,51 per cent as against 12.74, 19.33, 22.83, 30.17 and 27.05 per cent in control treatment respectively. Heliothis population was too meagre to cause any serious damage during both the years. Six species of predators viz., Menochilus sexmaculatus, Brumus sutaralis, Coccinella septempunctata (all coccinellids), Chrysopa scelestes (Chrysopidae) Geocoris bicolor (Lygeidae), Paederus fuscipes (staphylinid) syrphidfly and piredatory spiders were encountered on maize, whereas coccinellids, Chrysopa and predatory spiders were encountered on sorghum planted on the periphary of cotton plots which indicated that a large number of natural enemies was found on the maize than sorghum and most of them happen to be the common predators pests in the cotton ecosystem, the maize served as reservoir for the natural enemies. Therefore, maize surrounding cotton plots is recommended for the conservation of the naturally occurring parasites and predators, thereby allowing them to exert natural control of the cotton pests. From the pooled data, it could be seen that the insecticidal treatment had recorded the highest yield (2063 kg/ha) and was at par with IPM treatment (1648 kg/ha), whereas control treatment had recorded significantly lowest yield (1107 kg/ha). The highest incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR) was obtained (1:4.07) in IPF: treatment as against (1:2,40) in insecticidal treatment on the basis of pooled data of two years. The correlation coefficient studies indicated highly significant negative correlation between incidence of A. gossypii, A. biguttulla binuttulla, T. tabaci , B. tabaci percentage damage to squares by E. vittella and Meliothis, percentage damage to green bolls , openbolls, locules by E. vittella was yield of seed cotton. This indicated perfect relationship between yield of seed cotton with pest incidence. The pest population has significant effect on reduction of yield. Thus, from the yield, expenditure, conservation of natural enemies and I.C.B,R. view points,it could be concluded that IPM is the realistic approach for better management of the cotton pests and its adoption in large areas will go a longway in reducing pesticidal use in the environment and will help preserving ecology.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF MANGANESE CHLORIDE AS AN ANTIOXIDANT AND ITS COMPARISON WITH DIMETHYL SULPHOXIDE IN ATTENUATING REPERFUSION INJURY AFTER ISCHAEMIC STRANGULATION OBSTRUCTION OF JEJUNUM IN COWS(AAU, Anand, 1994) Mistry, Jayantilal N.; PARSANIA, R. R.The experiment was conducted in two parts , each consisting of 15 adult purebred ( Jersey/Holstein Friesian) cows. In first part, two doses of manganese chloride (MnCl2) were evaluated to observe its effect of scavenging the oxygen-free radicals, with minimum adverse clinical effects. For this , animals were allotted to three groups of five each. In the control group (I) one litre of normal saline solution (NSS) was administered intravenously, while in groups I I and III MnCl2 @ 10mg/kg and 15 mg/kg body weight, respectively, were infused with one litre NSS. Based on various clinical signs, percentage of nitroblue tetrazolium ( NET ) reduction inhibition, plasma manganese ( Mn ) concentration and different haematological and biochemical constituents, the dose of MnCl2 @ 10mg/kg body weight was used for further investigations. In second part, the effect of MnCl2 and dimethyl sulphoxide ( DMSO ) in attenuating reperfusion injury after ischaemic strangulation obstiruction ( ISO ) in jejunum of 15 cows, allotted to three groups, was studied. The ISO model consisted of creation of four hours ischaemia of 60 cm long jejunal loop by ligating mesenteric vessels with cotton thread and mural ligation with file tags followed by subsequent reperfusion for 24 hours by releasing the obstructions.ThesisItem Open Access GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS AND ECONOMICS OF REARING OF WEANED LAMBS AND KIDS UNDER FEEDLOT PRODUCTION SYSTEM(AAU, Anand, 1994) SAIYED, LIYAKATALI H.; PATEL, ASHOK M.The growth trials on twenty four each of weaner lambs and kids were conducted. The animals were assigned to dietary treatments on body, weight basis, under feedlot comprising of conventional (T1) or non-conventional (T2) concentrate mixture, ad lib. dry fodder and a limited quantity of green fodder in order to meet their energy and protein requirements as per ICAR (1985). Each group of goats had Marwari, Zalawadi and Surti kids and that of sheep Marwari, Patanwadi and Merino x Patanwadi lambs. The non-conventional concentrate mixture contained Mango seed Kernel (25%) and Babul pods (23%). The lamb growth trial lasted for 180 days and that for kids 210 days during which the animals attained live weight acceptable in the local market. The average daily dry matter intake during the entire experimental period in terms of g/day, g/kg w0.75 and as percent of body weight in conventional and non-conventional group was recorded to be 532.83±9.94, 72.28±1.69 and 3.83±0.13 and 566.75 ±10.49, 75.02±1.78 and 3.86±0.13 respectively. The corresponding figures in kids were 370.42±8.11, 60.38±1.61 and 3.35±0.12 for conventional and 371.94±8.55, 62.25±1.70 and 3.46±0.13 in nonconventional group. The treatment means did not differ significantly in both the species. The concentrate to roughage ratio under T1 and T2 group of lambs was recorded to be 54.25 : 45.75 and 53.89 : 46.11 and the same for kids was 55.25 : 44.75 and 53.33 : 46.67. The treatment groups did not differ from each other. The water intake of lambs in conventional and nonconventional group was 1.4 ± 0.11 and 1.58 ± 0.12 1/day and the same for the kids of respective groups was 0.807±0.08 and 0.938±0.08 1/day. The water intake (l)/kg dry matter intake under T1 and T2 groups of lambs was 3.12 ± 0.25 and 3.29 ± 0.16, respectively and the corresponding figures for kids were 2.10+0.20 and 2.54±0.21, respectively. These values were statistically similar. At the end of experimental feeding the lambs in T1 and T2 groups attained 19.3310.76 and 19.72±0.80 kg, respectively and the same for kids was recorded to be 16.10 ± 0.60 kg and 15.26 ± 0.63 kg, respectively, which were statistically similar. The average daily gain in lambs of T1 and T2 was 51.94 ± 2.84 and 49.04 ± 2.99 g and for kids of respective groups was 42.16±1.76 and 39.53±1.85 g.