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Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.

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20161
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Author: DHARMENDRA KUMAR YADAV ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ANNONA SQUAMOSA AND MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAVES ALONE AND INCOMBINATION ON CARBON TETRACHLORIDE INDUCED HEPATOTOXIC RAT MODEL
    (AAU, Anand, 2016) DHARMENDRA KUMAR YADAV; Dr. K. A. Sadariya
    The liver is the main organ where exogenous chemicals are metabolized and eventually excreted. As a consequence, liver cells are exposed to significant concentrations of chemicals, which can result in liver dysfunction, cell injury and even organ failure. The present study was conducted to evaluate hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extracts of Annona squamosa and Murraya koenigii leaves alone and incombination following repeated oral administration for 28 days in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxic rats. The study was conducted on seventy two (72) male albino Wistar rats dividing them in various groups having six rats in each group. Group I served as vehicle control and received the normal saline solution orally for 28 days of dosing period. Group II served as hepatotoxic control and received 50 % carbon tetrachloride in olive oil at the dose rate of 1 ml/kg body weight, intraperitoneally twice in a week throughout the study period. Rats of group III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII also received 50 % carbon tetrachloride in olive oil at the dose rate of 1 ml/kg body weight, intraperitoneally, twice in a week throughout the study period for induction of hepatotoxicity. Group III received standard drug silymarin at dose rate of 50 mg/kg of body weight (p.o.) daily once for 28 days of dosing period. Group IV, V and VI received aqueous extracts of A. “Studies on hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of Annona squamosa and Murraya koenigii leaves alone and incombination on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxic rat model” squamosa at dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, group VII, VII and IX received aqueous extracts of M. koenigii at dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg and group X, XI and XII received aqueous biherbal extracts at dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o.) respectively, daily once for 28 days of dosing period. Animals were observed daily for clinical signs and mortality, if any. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded at weekly interval. On 29th day of study, animals were subjected to blood collection; blood and serum sample were analyzed for haematological and biochemical parameters respectively. At the end of study period, animals were sacrificed and necropsy was performed; tissues (liver, kidney, spleen, heart and intestine) were collected for histopathological studies. Hepatotoxic rat model was developed by intraperitoneal injection of 50 % carbon tetrachloride in olive oil at dose rate of 1 ml/kg body weight twice in a week throughout the study period (28 days). The result showed significant increased serum concentration of ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, creatinine kinase, bilirubin, serum creatinine (481.6 ± 2.91 U/l, 338.83 ± 9.13 U/l, 85.91 ± 3.57 U/l, 433.64 ± 4.48 U/l, 1036.33 ± 4.19 U/l, 1.51 ± 0.14 mg/dl and 1.29 ± 0.08 mg/dl, respectively) and significant decreased albumin, globulin and total protein (3.58 ± 0.11 g/dl, 2.14 ± 0.13 g/dl and 5.72 ± 0.11 g/dl, respectively) in hepatotoxic control rats as compared to rats of vehicle control group were serum concentration of ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, creatinine kinase, bilirubin, serum creatinine (66.47 ± 1.88 U/l, 152.17 ± 3.13 U/l, 24.76 ± 1.41 U/l, 168.98 ± 5.69 U/l, 673.02 ± 6.63 U/l, 0.21 ± 0.07 mg/dl and 0.35 ± 0.03 mg/dl) and albumin, globulin and total protein 4.47 ± 0.10 g/dl, 3.53 ± 0.14 g/dl and 8.00 ± 0.23 g/dl, respectively), also there were significant decrease in hematological parameters like Hb, TEC, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBCs/TLC and platelets (8.62 ± 0.70 g/dl, 6.15 ± 0.24 × 106/μl, 26.57 ± 1.33 %, 29.77 ± 1.02 fl, 12.92 ± 0.36 pg, “Studies on hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of Annona squamosa and Murraya koenigii leaves alone and incombination on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxic rat model” 27.61 ± 0.69 g/dl, 4.62 ± 0.41 × 10³/μl and 542.5 ± 4.88 × 10³/μl, respectively) in rats of hepatotoxic control group as compared to vehicle control group whereas Hb, TEC, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBCs/TLC and platelets (15.56 ± 0.72 g/dl, 8.08 ± 0.37 × 106/μl, 43.87 ± 1.02 %, 54.69 ± 1.66 fl, 19.28 ± 0.36 pg, 42.35 ± 0.70 g/dl, 8.88 ± 0.27 × 10³/μl and 930.83 ± 3.61× 10³/μl, respectively) which were received normal saline orally for 28 days and significant increase in liver: body weight ratio (48.29 ± 2.68 × 10-3) in hepatotoxic control group as compared to vehicle control group whereas liver: body weight ratio was 34.92 ± 0.76 × 10-3. It suggests that carbon tetrachloride is useful substance for successful induction of hepatotoxicity in rats. In hepatotoxic control rats demonstrated clinical signs like dull, depressed and anorectic changes along with reduced body weight gain and sluggishness in the last week of experiment. There was significant reduction in feed consumption in hepatotoxic control rats as compared to vehicle control rats at 28th day of experiment. At the end of experiment, hepatotoxic rats receiving aqueous extracts of Annona squamosa and Murraya koenigii alone and incombination at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg and silymarin at dose rate of 50 mg/kg body weight showed significance increase feed consumption as compared to rats of hepatotoxic control group. Group of rats which were administrered aqueous extracts of M. koenigii showed significant increase in feed consumption during 2nd, 3rd and 4th week of experiment and also group of rats which were administered aqueous extract of A. squamosa alone as well as biherbal aqueous extracts of A. squamosa and M. koenigii showed significant increase in feed consumption during entire experimental period. Daily oral administration of standard reference compound silymarin at 50 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced serum ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, bilirubin, “Studies on hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of Annona squamosa and Murraya koenigii leaves alone and incombination on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxic rat model” creatinine kinase and serum creatinine (92.90 ± 1.45 U/l, 165.67 ± 1.48 U/l, 37.71 ± 1.76 U/l, 190.65 ± 4.83 U/l, 0.27 ± 0.03 mg/dl, 676.62 ± 6.58 U/l and 0.51 ± 0.02 mg/dl, respectively) and significant increase in serum albumin, globulin and total protein level (4.44 ± 0.10 g/dl, 3.14 ± 0.06 g/dl and 7.59 ± 0.05 g/dl, respectively) as compared to hepatotoxic control rats. Hepatotoxic rats receiving aqueous extracts of Annona squamosa and Murraya koenigii alone and incombination at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight for 28 days also showed significant reduction in serum ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, bilirubin, creatinine kinase and serum creatinine and significant increase in serum albumin, globulin and total protein level as compared to rats of hepatotoxic control group in dose dependent manner except A. squamosa (100 mg/kg) and M. koenigii (100 mg/kg) in serum globulin level showed non significant increase as compared to rats of hepatotoxic control group. However, above parameter level did not reach the normal level in these rats. The group of rats given standard reference compound silymarin at 50 mg/kg body weight was slightly more efficacious than aqueous extracts of Annona squamosa and Murraya koenigii alone and incombination. Gross pathological examination of liver collected from rats of hepatotoxic control group receiving 50 % carbon tetrachloride in olive oil at 1 ml/kg body weight showed paleness and diffused necrotic foci as compared to liver of vehicle control group. Microscopically, group of hepatotoxic control rats receiving intra-peritoneal injections of 50 % carbon tetrachloride in olive oil at dose rate of 1 ml/kg body weight twice in a week throughout the study period, showed liver sections showed massive changes throughout the lobules, with sinusoidal dilatation, cellular vacuolization, necrosis, distortion of the central venules and ballooning of hepatocytes. Histological “Studies on hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of Annona squamosa and Murraya koenigii leaves alone and incombination on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxic rat model” examination of sections of kidney of rat from hepatotoxic control group showed congestion with degeneration, necrosis of renal tubular epithelium and cloudy swelling of tubular cells. On histopathological examination, section of spleen of hepatotoxic control rats showed lesions mild congestion and haemorrhage with multifocal area of necrosis and mild lymphoid depletion. Section of heart of hepatotoxic rat showed severe congestion. Treatment of hepatotoxic rats with aqueous extracts of Annona squamosa and Murraya koenigii alone and incombination at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight preserved normal histoarchitecture in dose dependent manner and standard treatment silymarin at dose rate of 50 mg/kg body weight almost preserved normal histoarchitecture of all the organs as compared to rats of hepatotoxic control group. The findings of present study suggest that aqueous extracts of Annona squamosa and Murraya koenigii alone and incombination has hepatoprotective effect at dose dependent manner. The findings also suggest the carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxic model is useful for hepatotoxicity study. More studies in other laboratory and domestic animals are required to establish safety of aqueous extracts of Annona squamosa and Murraya koenigii alone and incombination and to elucidate mechanism of hepatoprotective properties. Further investigation to define its clinical efficacy in clinical cases of animals would be highly desirable.