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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON OCULAR NEOPLASIA IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS”(DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SURGERY AND RADIOLOGY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) GONDALIYA RAVI B.; Dr. P. V. PARIKHIn the present study, a retrospective analysis of the ocular tumors in domestic animals at the department of surgery and radiology, Anand was done from 2012- 2016 to find out the incidence, distribution and type of ocular tumors with various therapeutic and surgical management undertaken. A total 63 cases of various tumors in bovines, 31 cases in buffalo, 41 cases in horses and 380 cases in dogs were reported. Among these, only 18 (28.57 %) cases of ocular tumor in bovines, 4 (12.90 %) cases in buffaloes, 9 (21.95 %) cases in horses and 24 (6.31 %) cases in dogs were recorded.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THERAPEUTIC AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF CORNEAL AFFECTIONS IN CANINES(DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SURGERY AND RADIOLOGY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) RATNU DEVANGINI ANIRUDDHASINH; DR. P. V. PARIKHIn present study, the incidence and the factors responsible for the various corneal affections in canines along with clinical evaluation, therapeutic and surgical management was studied from August 2015 to February 2017.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND HAEMODYNAMIC STUDIES ON GUAIFENESIN-KETAMINE AND ISOFLURANE ANAESTHESIA IN BOVINE(DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SURGERY AND RADIOLOGY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) TANK JATIN .K; Dr. P. V. PARIKHThe present study was conducted in six bovines presented for surgical intervention under general anaesthesia. The mean ±SE age of the animals was 3.41±0.89. The mean ± SE body weight of the animals was 385.83±77.1. The animals were clinically examined to ensure the health.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PHACOEMULSIFICATION IN CATARACTOUS DOGS(DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SURGERY AND RADIOLOGY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ANAND, 2017) KELAWALA DIVYESH NARESHBHAI; Dr. P. V. ParikhCataracts are the most common cause of treatable visual deficits and blindness in dogs. Phacoemulsification has become an art of surgical procedure for management of cataract surgery. The present clinical study on phacoemulsification was conducted on 20 dogs to remove the cataractous lens. Out of the 20 eyes, +41.00 D multifocal diffractive - refractive foldable, biconvex, UV blocking, hydrophilic acrylic plate haptics intraocular lens with 14.00 mm length and 7.00 mm optical diameter was implanted in 10 eyes and the rest of 10 eyes were left aphakic. A high incidence of cataract in dogs was seen in females (65%), geriatric (8-15 years, 65%) cases with mature cataract (75%) and senility (60%) as the major cause. Prior to the surgery, all dogs were subjected to detailed ophthalmic examination and routine haematology and serum biochemical analysis. Six dogs with IOL implant were subjected to electroretinography as useful adjunct test for pre- and post-operative evaluations of retinal functions in conjunction with cataract surgery. The Mean+SE of b/a ratio for six dogs with cataract was 3.70+0.63. Mean peak to peak amplitudes seemed to be smaller for each dogs with b/a ratio higher than the normal range (2.33+0.73). The visual outcome achieved was evaluated based on visual function tests, ERG and fundic examination.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MANAGEMENT OF CANINE MAMMARY TUMOURS WITH DENDRITIC CELL THERAPY(AAU, Anand, 2016) VALA, ARSHI KALUBHAI; PARIKH, P. V.The present study was carried out with multiple objectives to standardize the treatment protocol for dendritic cell therapy for mammary gland tumours, to study the safety and tolerability of dendritic cell based therapy for the treatment of mammary gland tumour in dogs, and to evaluation of efficacy of dendritic cell therapy in dogs. Twenty three cases of canine mammary tumours were studied in detail. The highest occurrence of canine mammary tumour cases was found in the dogs aged 8 to 12 years (47.82 %) followed by those aged 4 to 8 years (39.13 %). It was least (8.69 %) in older dogs above 12 years and intermediate (4.30 %) in younger dogs less than 4 years of age. Breed wise higher occurrence was found in German Shepherd and Labrador Retriever as compared to other breeds. Cases of mammary tumours were observed only in females (100 %). There was an increasing frequency of canine mammary tumour from cranial thoracic to inguinal pairs with the highest incidence in caudal abdominal (41.17 %) and the least in caudal thoracic pair (2.94 %). Out of the 23 bitches, 95.65 per cent were intact and others were neutered. Radiography of thorax was performed to diagnose tumour metastasis in lung. It revealed absent of metastases in all the cases. Ultrasonography revealed size, irregularities of margins as well as echogenicity of mammary tumour masses with vasculature, helping to differentiate their nature and clinical significant Haematobiochemical parameters did not show any remarkable variation in the cases of mammary tumours. Dendritic cells immunotherapy (Group 1) was performed in 8 cases. After one month of completion of therapy, size of tumour mass was increased gradually in four cases, in three cases growth remained constant in size and in one case it disappeared. Results of MTT assay and IFNG+ indicated that DC therapy potentiate CMl response in this group of animals. Surgical removal of mammary tumour (Group 2) was performed in 7 cases with good success and recurrence was noticed 2 months later in one case. Surgery followed by DC immunotherapy (Group 3) was performed in 8 cases. After completion of therapeutic protocol every case recovered uneventfully and no recurrence was observed. Data of MTT assay and 1FNG+ indicated that DC therapy potentiate CMI response In this group of animals. Based on result. Surgery followed by DC therapy group was proved good compared to immunotherapy group and surgical group. Histopathology of selected 12 cases and FNAB of selected 6 cases of canine mammary tumours studied, 10 (55.55 %) cases were confirmed as benign mammary tumours like Cystic papillary adenoma, Benign mixed mammary tumour, Papillary fibroadenoma, Chondro fibro adenoma and Intra ductal papilloma, while 8 (44.44 %) were malignant mammary tumours like Papillary adenocarcinoma. Malignant myoepithelioma. Solid carcinoma and Malignant mix tumour. From the above study it can be concluded that DC therapy was observed to be safe and well tolerated in all animals without any adverse effects or toxicity. Study provided novel insights on the benefit of DC based cellular immunotherapy for managing mammary tumours in canines. Further studies to improve the therapeutic efficacy of DC therapy in canines are required in the future.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON XYLAZINE-KETAMINE, MIDAZOLAM- KETAMINE AND ISOFLURANE ANAESTHESIA IN BUTORPHANOL PREMEDICATED BIRDS(AAU, Anand, 2016) MER, DIPAK RAMJIBHAI; PARIKH, P. V.A clinical study, on 28 birds of various surgical affections was undertaken to evaluate sedative and anaesthetic effects of various combinations. Birds were allotted to four groups of seven birds in each. Butorphanol tartrate was administered as a premedicant at the dose rate of 1 mg/kg b.wt. IM. Induction of anaesthesia was carried out 15 min. after premedication with midazolam-ketamine combination (@ 0.5-1.0 mg/kg and 10-25 mg/kg b. wt. respectively, IM in group-A), xylazine-ketamine combination (@ 2.5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg b. wt. respectively, IM in group-B) and isoflurane (chamber induction in group-C1 and mask induction in group-C2). Maintenace of anaesthesia was done with midazolam-ketamine combination (group- A), xylazine-ketamine combination (group-B) and isoflurane (group-C1 and group-C2 following ET intubation). Mapleson-C and mapleson-F breathing systems were used and evaluated in group-C1 and group-C2, respectively following intubation to know the effective non-rebreathing system used in avian species. AH birds were evaluated for various physiological parameters viz. heart rate, respiratory rate, SpO2, cloacal temperature, EtCO2 and ICO2. Birds were monitored for various body reflexes. Clinical parameters i.e., quality of sedation, induction and recovery were also evaluated. Induction time and complete recovery time were also recorded for all groups. Post-operative pain management was achieved using meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg b. wt.) for 5-6 days after surgery. In present study, butorphanol provided excellent analgesia during surgical procedure. Butorphanol tartrate at the dose rate of 1 mg/kg, intra-muscularly proved as an excellent preanaesthetic drug in birds. It showed very smooth and quick induction with xylazine-ketaraine combination (group-B) and mask induction (group-C2) than with other agents. Anaesthetic induction was excellent with mask induction (group-C2) in terms of smoother and safer induction with moderate cardiopulmonary alterations, followed by xylazine-ketamine induction. Birds anaesthetized with chamber induction (group- C1) exhibited longest induction time (172.71 ± 42.16 sec). The time to induction in birds anaesthetized with xylazine-ketamine combination (group-B) (25.71 ± 1.39 sec.) was faster than anaesthetized with midazolam-ketamine combination (group-A) and isoflurane. Custom made face masks was found very useful in birds to accommodate widely diverse avian species. For induction with isoflurane, induction with face masks (group-C2) proved superior and was comparatively easy, safe and cost effective as compared to the anaesthetic chambers (group-C1). In all the five groups, there was highly significant decrease in respiratory rate just after induction. Butorphanol tartrate premedication may cause decrease in respiratory rate along with synergistic effects of induction agents. However, group-A (midazolam-ketamine) birds showed comparatively less respiratory depression as compared to other groups. In all the groups, there was non-significant decrease in heart rate just after induction. In group-A birds, heart rate is significantly higher at 40 and 50 minutes of anaesthesia, as compared to normal values. In group-C2 birds, heart rate was very uniform throughout anaesthesia as compared to other groups. All groups showed significant alterations in mean cloacal temperature from normal till 50 min. after induction, except group-A (midazolam-ketamine) birds. However, the cloacal temperature decreased gradually in all the groups anaesthetized with different compounds. Despite of the usage of orthopaedic clinical heating mats in the present study, the cloacal temperature decreased gradually in all the groups. Routine pulse oximeter was utilized for anaesthetic monitoring by applying Sp02 sensor around the wing. A reading of 94% or less during anaesthesia time 0 to time 50 minutes was considered abnormal and birds were considered hypoxemic based on pulse oximeter readings. In the present study, the readings varied from 55 to 94% and were often highly variable. The results were always underestimation of the actual saturation values in birds. In that way, routine pulse oximeters are not accurate in avian species and are not reliable in birds. Capnography was found very useful to assess ventilation status of anaesthetized patient. In group-C2 birds, EtCO2 values were very uniform throughout surgery. Capnograph appeared on the monitor was also accurate and ventilatory status of the patient was easily assessed. Sidestream capnography found very accurate and reliable to assess the ventilatory status of the patient and avoid waste and expense of fresh gas. Mapleson-F breathing system (Jackson-Rees paediatric circuit) was found superior compared to mapleson-C system, in terms of low flow rate requirement with minimum rebreathing, easy scavenging of waste gases to minimize theatre pollution and convenience to provide emergency resuscitation. Recovery time in birds anaesthetized with isoflurane alone (7.91 ± 2.23 min. and 6.16 ± 0.31 min. for group-C1 and group-C2 patients, respectively) was shortest than other groups. Recovery quality was also excellent in these group of birds as compared to other groups. Longest recovery time was observed in birds anaesthetized with xylazine-ketamine combination (group-B) (85.26 ± 5.20 min.). Overall quality of anaesthesia was excellent in group-C2 (mask induction) protocol, in terms of smooth induction, adequate sedation and analgesia, faster recovery and moderate physiological alterations, except respiratory depression. Group- C1 (Chamber induction) birds showed excellent anaesthesia, followed by group-B (xylazine-ketamine combination) birds.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CLINICAL USE OF ORTHOSES IN DOGS AND GOATS WITH LOCOMOTORY DISORDERS(AAU, Anand, 2016) AYUB, ISUBBHAI SAMA; PATIL, D. B.The present clinical study was conducted on 28 dogs and 18 goats with various locomotory disorders. The study included three dogs with humeral fracture, four with radius-ulna, one each with olecranon process and femoral, fifteen with tibial, one with carpal hyperextension and three with hock joint deviation; while two goats with radial fracture, six with metacarpal, eight with tibial and one each with metatarsal and phalangeal fractures. History pertaining to age of animal, cause of trauma and time elapsed since locomotory disorder or fracture was obtained from the owner. Preoperative radiographs indicated the type of fracture. Goniometer was used to gain objective measurement of passive range of motion of affected limb. Lameness score examination was done in locomotory disorders like, fracture of bone, third degree carpal hyper extension and hock joint deviation. Normograde intramedullary Steinmann pin and interlocking nail was used for stabilization of tibial fracture fragments in six dogs and femoral fracture fragments in one dog, respectively under general anaesthesia with the help of IITV for key hole surgery, and orthotic device was used as a post-operative external support after application of Robert Jones bandage. Three dog with an open tibial fracture were managed with the help of Argyreia nervosa husk application along with orthotic device as external support. In rest of the dogs having fracture in 18 goats, Robert Jones bandage and orthotic device were used as an external support after proper alignment of fracture fragments under IITV guidance. Third degree carpal hyperextension in a dog was treated with carpal orthotic device and hock joint deviation in three dogs were treated with hock orthotic device. Goniometry was used to measure normal range of motion of joint in standing position in Labrador retriever, Great Dane, Doberman pinscher. Saint Bernard, Rottweiler and German shepherd breeds of dog which were 140±1.33, 148±3.70, 196±1.99, 136±1.03 and 136±4.19 in the shoulder, elbow, carpal, stifle and tarsal joints, respectively. Likewise, the joints in flexion was 57±0.282, 36±0.91], 34±0.47, 43±0.85, 42±1.10, respectively. In extension of joints it was 156±3.01, 166±0.655, 191±1.13, 162±0.616, 163±0.223 for the shoulder, elbow, carpal, stifle and tarsal joints, respectively. Normal carpal angle was 180° and carpus valgus angle was 36±1.04 in standing position. Out of 24 dogs having fractures, three dogs showed weight bearing on 5th day, five on the 14th eight on 23rd four on 35th day, two on 45th and two on 90th day. In goats, seven showed weight bearing on 3rd day, five on 5th, three on 14th, and three on 60th day. Orthotics device (thermo-moldable polymer) was effective for the management of tibial and radius-ulna fractures followed by fracture of lower extremity of humerus and femur in dogs, while in goats for tibial, metacarpal and metatarsal followed by radial fractures. Orthotics device as external coaptation in treating was also found effective third degree carpal hyperextension and hock joint deviation in dogs. Goniometry facilitated application of orthotic device under clinical settings. Orthotics device was found cost effective for management of fractures as it was reusable and also can be applied number of times.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON TUBE CYSTOTOMY lN BOVINE CALVES(AAU, Anand, 2016) GAMETI, KANAKSINH SURESHKUMAR; PARIKH, P. V.Urinary outflow obstruction is frequently encountered entity affecting the urinary system for which, surgical approaches have not been studied extensively for their clinical outcome. The present study was undertaken for evaluation of the efficacy and clinical outcome of tube cystotomy in calves with urinary outflow obstruction. For this purpose, a total of 14 male calves [including 10 (71.43%) buffalo calves and 04 (28.57%) cattle calves] with a history and clinical signs suggestive of urinary outflow obstruction with or without organ-rupture were included in the study. All the animals were subjected to a diagnostic approach including detailed history taking, complete physical examination and ultrasonography. The calves were categorized into three groups based on diagnosis, viz., (A) obstructive urolithiasis with cystorrhexis in 08 (51.14%)); (B) obstructive urolithiasis without cystorrhexis in 03 (21.43%) and (C) rupture of urethra and subcutaneous accumulation of urine in 03 (21.43%)) cases. The physiological and clinical variants were recorded from the calves diagnosed with urinary outflow obstruction which revealed that the Mean±S.E. Values of rectal temperature (°F), respiratory rate (per minute), pulse rate (per minute) and heart rate (per minute) were 102.90±00.26°F, 29.21±00.47/minute, 94.85±01.48/minute and 89.29±03.48/minute, respectively. The most common clinical manifestation was dehydration (100.00%; 14/14) followed by anuria (85.71%; 12/14); adhesion of sandy materials on preputial hair and penis (71.43%); 10/14); water-belly condition (57.14%o; 08/14); tenesmus of rectal sphincter (42.86%); 06/14); recumbency, subcutaneous edema, rectal prolapse and pressurized necrosis of skin of ventral abdomen (21.43%; 03/14) and haematuria (14.28%; 02/14). Ultrasonography was used as a confirmatory diagnostic imaging technique to rule out underlying condition in calves showing clinical manifestations of urinary obstruction. The characteristic ultrasound features of obstructive urolithiasis with cystorrhexis in all cases (n=08) were ruptured urinary bladder wall and presence of anechoic fluid {i.e., urine) in abdominal cavity. Characteristic ultrasound features of urinary obstruction associated rupture of urethra and subcutaneous infiltration of urine in all cases (n=03) were presence of irregular anechoic fluid/urine pouch surrounded by hyperechoic border (i.e., inflamed skin) as well as presence of anechoic fluid/urine between muscle and subcutaneous tissue. Calves diagnosed with obstructive urolithiasis without cystorrhexis showed presence of hyperechoic calculi in urethra, distension of urinary bladder with intact wall in all (n=03) cases on ultrasound examination. In order to evaluate efficacy and clinical outcome of tube cystotomy the cases were grouped into two groups, viz., Group-I (treated by tube cystotomy using rubber Foley's catheter) and Group-II (treated by tube cystotomy using silicon Foley's catheter) with 07 calves, each. Post-treatment evaluation (30th day) revealed that a complete uneventfully recovery rate without any complications was higher in calves treated by tube cystotomy using silicon Foley's catheter (Group-II; 85.71%; 06/07) than those treated by tube cystotomy using rubber Foley's catheter (Group-I: 14.29%; 01/07). The common post-operative complications associated with use of rubber Foley's catheter were blockade of catheter (28.55%; 02/07); dislodgement of catheter, breaking of catheter, adhesion of catheter with abdominal muscle and surgical wound dehiscence (14.29%; 01/07, each). The results of the study are conspicuous of the long-term favorable clinical outcome, higher recovery rates and lower chances of post-operative complications in bovine calves with urinary obstruction treated by tube cystotomy using silicon catheter.ThesisItem Open Access ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF UDDER AND TEAT IN DAIRY ANIMALS(AAU, Anand, 2016) AMIN, NIRAVKUMAR RAMANBHAI; PATIL, D. B.The present clinical study was undertaken to record the normal.and abnormal ultrasonographic appearance of udder and teats in dairy animals in and around Anand. A total of 38 bovines (cow-26; and buffalo-12) were examined clinically including normal (n=24) and affected (n=24) udder and teats. Teat obstruction was diagnosed in three cows in the middle to proximal part of the teat and in one buffalo at Furstenberg's rosette using contrast (iopromide) radiography. For the US evaluation of normal teat B-mode and Doppler US was performed by direct contact gel, water bath and stand- off (in selected cases) methods using different frequencies (7,5-18MHz) of linear array transducer in vertical plane. Visualization of teat cistern was superior with contact gel technique and that of distal portion of teat with water bath technique. The teat canal appeared as a thin, bright, white line, bordered on each side by parallel, thick, dark, grey-black bands. Furstenberg's rosette was hypoechoic. Three layers of the teat wall were clearly distinguished -hyperechoic outer layer (skin), hypoechoic middle layer (musculature) and hyperechoic inner layer (mucosa), while the lumen of the teat cistern and the blood vessel in the middle layer of teat wall appeared as an anechoic. The average teat canal length in normal cows and buffaloes was 10.1±0.3 mm and 9.2±1.2mm, teat wall thickness 7.38±1.4 mm and 6.85±1.04 mm and average teat cistern diameter at the middle 12.73±6.8 mm and 15.1±2.3 mm, respectively. Average teat canal length in affected cows was 8.35±0.68 mm, teat wall thickness 8.33±2.91 mm and average teat cistern diameter at the middle ]4.48±2.9 mm. There was significant (p<0.001) difference between normal and affected cow's teat canal length but non-significant difference between teat wall thickness and teat cistern diameter. For the US evaluation of affected teat B-mode US was performed using 7.5 and 10 MHz fi-equericies. US examination of teats was performed in eight cows with mastitis in which there was presence of partial teat obstruction and complete obstruction. In four cases of mastitis there was also presence of thickened teat wall, teat cistern contained hypoechoic fluid suspended with hyperechoic flakes and caseated materials with disappearance of teat canal and Furstenberg. In six animals (cow-5 and buffalo-1) US examination of affected teat with udder fibrosis was done. Teats with udder fibrosis showed hypo to hyperechoic fibrotic changes in teat cistern with the presence of anechoic pus and thickened teat wall. In nine cases with teat obstruction (cow-6 and buffalo-3) there was presence of upper and distal teat stenosis, while in cases of membranous teat obstruction hyperechoic bands across the teat lumen were seen. For the US evaluation of normal udder B-mode US was performed by direct contact gel method using 7.5, 10 and 12 MHz frequencies by linear array transducer. Parenchyma of mammary glands appeared as a homogenous structure, blood vessels, lobes, and alveoli appeared as the anechoic structure. The supramammary lymph nodes were easily identified and appeared as an oval-shaped structure with thin echogenic capsule. B-mode US of affected udder was performed using 7.5 and 10 MHz frequencies. us examination of udder was performed in eight cows with mastitis in which mill< alveoh and gland cistern contained hypoechoic fluid with suspended hyperechoic flakes and caseated materials with loss of normal echo pattern of udder parenchyma. US examination was performed in five each of cows and buffaloes with udder fibrosis and in two cows with gangrenous mastitis. Fibrosis appeared as more hyperechoic structure and in gangrenous mastitis there was presence of large hypo to anechoic areas indicating more debris from inflammatory exudates, while few areas were hyperechoic indicating fibrosis. Para udder abscesses appeared with hypoechoic capsule and non homogenous contents. In lymph nodes there was presence of focal hyperechoic area within the hypoechoic parenchyma which was also observed in cases of udder fibrosis. In a case of udder tumor a large hypoechoic area with extensive blood supply was seen in cow, and a wart like growth on the caudal aspect of the udder in a buffalo appeared as hypoechoic non homogenous structure. US of udder and teats is a safe and noninvasive procedure which indicates high suitability for visualization of teat and udder internal architecture and its morphology.
