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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STANDARDIZATION AND CLINICAL USE OF DIODE LASER IN DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2014) TARWARE, VARSHA; PARIKH, P. V.LASER is the acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The diode LASER is one of the most widely used medical lasers in the world delivering an intense beam of infrared light with 635-980 nm wavelengths. In the present study, selected clinical cases were allotted to two groups. In Group 1, six animals (dogs) were subjected to celiotomy with diode LASER technique and in Group 2, twelve dogs with small tumors (<3 cm) were subjected to diode LASER ablation. The dogs were prepared aseptically for the surgeries. After premedication with Inj. Atropine (@ 0.02 mg/kg body weight), dogs were anaesthetized with Inj. Ketamine HCl (@ 10 mg/kg body weight) and Inj. Diazepam (@ 0.5 mg/kg body weight) IV. Full thickness skin was incised using StarLas 250 diode LASER with 0.2 mm ceramic tip and settings of 7-9 watt (in continuous wave mode) and up to 25 watt in pulsed mode. The laser tip (hand piece) was kept in contact mode. Sterile saline solution moistened gauze sponges were used to remove carbonized debris which facilitated cutting of tissue with the laser and avoiding thermal injuries to under lying structures. During LASER surgery, surgical blood loss was estimated, and postoperative complications, surgical outcome and postoperative clinical appearance were recorded after 15 to 30 days. In the present study, power settings used for warts / tumors (3-14 WCW mode and up to 25 W- pulsed mode) and celiotomy (7-9 W - CW mode and up to 25W - pulsed mode) were optimum. Diode LASER was also used for surgeries viz. aural hematomas, oral tumors, epilation of eyelid hairs and entropion. The average blood loss during surgery was ~ 1 ml. After 15-30 days of LASER surgery, there was desired wound healing with cosmetic appearance of scar and overall less wound complications. Diode LASER is an effective excisional and dissectional tool which provides significant cutting and coagulation ability in contact mode and thus has superior hemostatic abilities. Based on observations of the present study, it can be said that diode LASER can be a part of surgical armamentarium of small animal practitioners and its judicious use will improve surgical results with cosmetic appearance of the wound.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY USING RETlport ERG SYSTEM IN CANINES(AAU, Anand, 2014) KELAWALA, DIVYESH NARESHBHAI; PATIL, D. B.In the era of information technology, the demand from the pet owners for better diagnosis of retinal disorders is increasing, hence it was envisaged to gain step by step technical skill and standardize the technique of electroretinographic study in dogs. The present study was conducted in 20 dogs, of which ten had no vision abnormality (Group A) and the rest with vision abnormalities (Group B) viz., cataract, retinal detachment, vitreous degeneration, progressive retinal atrophy, retinal degeneration, etc. The ERGs of normal and affected dogs were obtained with special reference to standardize RETIport ERG system and to establish ERG system-specific limits of normality in order to obtain a correct diagnosis. Prior to ERG, all dogs were subjected to detailed ophthalmic examination. Scotopic and photopic ERGs were obtained under general anaesthesia following the protocols of ISCEV. ERG's were interpreted using amplitude and implicit times of and b-waves. The range of implicit time and amplitude of the scotopic b-wave for Group A dogs was 26-49 (median: 37.5) msec and 1.3-505 (median: 253.15) μV, respectively. Range of the implicit time and amplitude for the scotopic a-wave was 8- 21 (median: 11) msec and 23.2-371 (median: 85.7) μV, respectively. The range of implicit time and amplitude of the photopic b-wave for Group A dogs was 16-45 (median: 23.5) msec and 1.3-966 (median: 65.5) μV, respectively. Range of the implicit time and amplitude for the photopic a-wave was 5-19 (median: 12) msec and 2.92-502 (median: 49.7) μV respectively. The Mean+SE of b/a ratio for Group A dogs was 2.33+0.73. The normal range for each breed should be established for ERG to become a more valuable examination tool and the parameters obtained in this study i.e. b/a ratio (2.33+0.73) for dogs with normal vision can be used as normal ERG reference ranges for Spitz dogs. The causative factor for vision abnormality was PRA in three dogs (30%) followed by cataract (n=2; 20%), retinal degeneration (n=2; 20%) and one case each of PRA with cataract, glaucoma and CKD. Dogs with PRA displayed non-recordable extinguished (flatline) ERG response, which confirmed a loss of retinal fianction of the eyes. In a dog with CKD induced retinal detachment, there was rapid reduction in the amplitude of b-wave, but the b/a ratio was within the normal range (2.02+0.38) which indicated that the detached retina is electrically active. The scotopic b/a ratio for the eye with glaucoma was lower and photopic b/a ratio was higher than the normal ranges. In dog with sudden loss of vision, the scotopic b/a ratio of right eye was higher than normal range, while for left eye and photopic b/a ratio for both eyes was lower than normal, propbably indicative of SARD. Non-detectable scotopic rod responses and scotopic maximal response were found in flash ERG of a dog with congenital retinal degeneration. In eyes with mature and hypermature cataracts, there was decrease in the b-wave amplitude and mean peak to peak amplitudes smaller with b/a ratio higher than the normal range. Thus, ERG is useful adjunct test for the diagnosis of retinal dystrophies and for pre-operative evaluation of retinal functions in conjunction with cataract surgery.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON FRACTURE REPAIR IN BIRDS DURING KITE FLYING FESTIVAL(AAU, Anand, 2014) KOTHAMDI, URJA Y.; PARIKH, P. V.Kite flying festival, popularly known as Uttarayan is celebrated on 14th and 15th January by people of Gujarat every year in which electrifying-glass strengthened threads (Manja) of the Indian fighter kites are matched against each other in the air. This manja severely wound the birds and this also leads to fracture. The present clinical study on fracture repair in birds during kite flying festival was undertaken in 25 birds irrespective of species during July-2013 to March-2014. Wing fractures (15, 60 %) were found higher as compared to limb fractures (10, 40 %). In case of wing fractures, incidence of radius-ulna fracture (8, 53 %) was higher, whereas, in case of limb fractures, tibiotarsus fractures (5, 50 %) were more. After taking history, pre-operative stabilization of the birds was done by intraosseous (IO) administration of fluids and emergency drugs. Fracture assessment and repair was not done until the birds became stable. After detail clinical examination of birds in all cases, temporary bandages were applied until surgery was performed. Butorphanol was administered @ 0.1 mg/kg IO, IM in all cases to provide peri-operative analgesia. All surgeries were performed under general anesthesia using ketamine (@ 5 mg/kg) - diazepam (@ 0.5 mg/kg) combination (n=16) or isoflurane anesthesia (n=2). All the birds were subjected to treatment and kept indoor till the complete recovery. Birds with humerus fracture (n=5) were treated using external skeletal fixator intramedullary pin (ESF-IM) tie-in fixator or intramedullary pinning. In case of radius fracture (n=4), intramedullary pininng or figure-of-eight wing bandage was performed. Radius-ulna fractures (n=2) were treated using intramedullary pinning or ESF-IM tie-in fixator. In case of metacarpal fracture (n=2), intramedullary pinning or splint bandage was applied. Retrograde intramedullary pinning was performed in case of femur fracture (n=l). Tibiotarsus fractures (n=5) were treated using external coaptation or intramedullary pinning or ESF-IM tie-in device. In case of tarsometatarsus fractures (n=2), limb amputation was performed. Phalangeal fracture (n=l) was treated by bandage application. In cases of non-union, mal-union as well as old and irreparable fractures, amputation was performed. Post-operative care included antiseptic dressing, bandaging, administration of antibiotics and analgesics and physiotherapy. Passive range of motion and stretching exercises were given to all operated birds for one month. Radiographs were taken at regular interval to evaluate fracture healing. All the implants were removed after confirmation of bone healing based on radiographic observation. In case of wing fracture, good surgical results were observed in 60% cases (6 out of 10) and poor in 40% (4 out of 10) cases. In case of wing fracture, good surgical results were observed in 33% cases (2 out of 6) and poor in 67% (4 out of 6) cases. The cases (n=9) in which amputation was performed were not included in evaluation of surgical result. Eight birds (20%) with complete recovery and good flying acuity were released in the environment at different places as per their natural habitat. 32% birds (12 out of 25) became permanently disabled. During this clinical study, the survival rate of the birds was 80% (20 out of 25) and the success rate was 20% (8 out of 25).ThesisItem Open Access Ultrasonography of Normal Elbow and Stifle Joints in Dogs(AAU, Anand, 2014) Kantia, Rajwanti G.; Patil, D. B.The present study was conducted to establish ultrasonographic anatomic features of elbow and stifle joints in normal dogs using two dimensional B-mode, real-time ultrasound scanner (e saote My Lab 40 VET) with linear transducers of frequency range 7.5-12 MHz and 10-18 MHz. During the period of proposed work, 39 dogs were examined clinically involving normal stifle (n=23) and elbow (n=12) joints and additionally 09 stifle and O7 elbow joints of dogs with abnormal locomotion. The dogs were allotted to three breed groups viz., small, medium and large. The elbow and stifle were clinically assessed by inspection, palpation and dynamic examination and then subjected to radiographic and US examinations. Ultrasonography of elbow and stifle joints in dogs was performed without sedation at 7.5 MHz, 10 MHz, 12 MHz, 15 MHz and 18 MHz frequencies. The elbow joint was scanned by dividing it in four regions viz., cranial, caudal, lateral and medial. In cranial region, brachialis and biceps brachii muscle, vessels and humeroradial joint space; in caudal region olecranon, triceps tendon and olecranon ligament; in lateral region lateral collateral ligament, humeral condyle and triceps muscle and in medial region, the medial epicondyle and medial collateral ligament were identified. The stifle joint was divided into five regions viz., supra patellar, infra patellar, lateral, medial and caudal. In supra patellar region, distal femur, patella, joint capsule and tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle; in infra patellar region patellar ligament, infra patellar fat body and cruciate ligaments; in lateral region joint capsule, lateral collateral ligament and lateral meniscus and in caudal region popliteal artery and vein were identified. US of the lateral and medial meniscus was similar. In dogs weighing below 15 kg it was not possible to identify the menisci with a 7.5 MHz transducer, but were visible at 15 and 18 MHz. The patellar ligament can be visualized at 7.5 MHz, but was seen best at 18 MHz. In small dogs the cruciate ligaments were not visualized. The thickness of quadriceps tendon was ranging 2.0-2.3mm (small), 1.2-2.4 mm (medium) and 1.8-3.1 mm (large); thickness of patellar ligament halfway between the patellar bone interface and tibial tuberosity interface was 1.2-2.0, 1.8- 3.3 and 2.2-3.7 mm; and at the site of attachment to the tibia it was 2.3-2.6, 2.7-4.8 and 2.8-5.9 mm, respectively. Thickness of articular cartilage was 1.0-1.2 mm (small) and 0.85-2.3 mm (medium); anterior length of patellar ligament was 2.59- 3.14 cm and 2.4-3.67 cm and posterior length of patellar ligament was 1.75-1.99 cmand 1.36-3.01 cm, respectively. Thickness of lateral collateral ligament was 2.0- 2.4 mm (small), 1.7-2.5 (medium) and 1.8-2.7 mm (large); thickness of medial collateral ligament was 2.0-2.3, 1.5-2.6 andl.6-2.9 mm; and thickness of extensor tendon was 1.4-1.8, 1.2-3.5 and 1.7-3.1 mm in small, medium and large sized dogs, respectively. Area of infra patellar fat body 54-88 mm^ (small) and 118-224 mm (medium). Thus, the normal ultrasonographic anatomy of elbow and stifle joints were established in dogs and based on the results of our study it was concluded that 18 MHz linear transducer provides excellent visualization of structures due to its flat surface application and high resolution power.ThesisItem Open Access “STANDARDIZATION AND CLINICAL USE OF DIODE LASER IN DOGS”(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2014) VARSHA TARWARE; Dr. P. V. ParikhLASER is the acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The diode LASER is one of the most widely used medical lasers in the world delivering an intense beam of infrared light with 635-980 nm wavelengths. In the present study, selected clinical cases were allotted to two groups. In Group 1, six animals (dogs) were subjected to celiotomy with diode LASER technique and in Group 2, twelve dogs with small tumors (<3 cm) were subjected to diode LASER ablation.ThesisItem Open Access “STUDIES ON FRACTURE REPAIR IN BIRDS DURING KITE FLYING FESTIVAL” BY(Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2014) KOTHAMDI URJA Y.; Dr. P. V. PARIKHKite flying festival, popularly known as Uttarayan is celebrated on 14th and 15th January by people of Gujarat every year in which electrifying-glass strengthened threads (Manja) of the Indian fighter kites are matched against each other in the air. This manja severely wound the birds and this also leads to fracture. The present clinical study on fracture repair in birds during kite flying festival was undertaken in 25 birds irrespective of species during July-2013 to March-2014. Wing fractures (15, 60 %) were found higher as compared to limb fractures (10, 40 %). In case of wing fractures, incidence of radius-ulna fracture (8, 53 %) was higher, whereas, in case of limb fractures, tibiotarsus fractures (5, 50 %) were more.