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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access PATHO - EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR STUDIES OF CHICKEN INFECTIOUS ANEMIA IN COMMERCIAL LAYERS(Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2021) Balaji M. Kondre; Dr. D. J. GhodasaraThe present research work was carried out on chicken infectious anaemia in commercial layers in an around Anand (Gujarat). The Patho - epidemiological study comprised of mortality pattern, gross and histopathological lesions along with haematological and biochemical study. Molecular study comprised of identification of viral DNA by targeting VP1, VP2 and VP3 gene of chicken infectious anaemia virus by PCR and further characterization of VP1 and VP2 gene by sequencing.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SUMMER STRESS IN BROILERS(AAU, Anand, 1997) Ghodasara, D. J.; Prajapati, K. S.The present study was under taken to know the effects of summer temperature on physiology, viability and performance of broilers. The study was made on commercial broiler birds at Anand Poultry Farm, Palana, District Kheda. Broiler birds of 46 to 49 days of age were used for the study. The study was conducted during extreme hot period of summer. For comparison, base level data were obtained by conducting similar study during comfortable environmental temperature of the winter season. Samples like blood, serum, plasma and tissues were collected at morning and afternoon hours. Pathological study was also made on the natural cases of heat stroke. Concentration of thyroid hormones were decreased during high temperature of summer, indicating reduced activity of thyroid gland during summer stress. The plasma concentration of Cortisol and relative weight of adrenal gland increased during high environmental temperature of summer, suggesting increased activity and hypertrophy of adrenal gland. The serum cholesterol level decreased in summer as well as during afternoon hours in summer. The level of blood glucose was found to be decreased in the birds exposed to summer temperature. The activity of AKP and ALT increased during summer. The ALT activity in the afternoon serum samples also increased during high cyclic temperature of summer. The level of total serum protein was found to be decreased in the summer season. A significant decrease in total serum protein was also noticed at afternoon hours during the cyclic temperature of summer. High environmental temperature of summer caused a decrease in the levels of serum electrolytes. During the cyclic temperature of summer, the levels of K and Ca were also found to be decreased at afternoon hours. The values of Hb, PCV and RBC count decreased during the summer stress. The total leucocytic count as well as absolute count of heterophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil were found to be decreased in summer. The TLC as well as absolute count of heterophil and lymphocyte also decreased at afternoon hours during the summer season. A significant increase was observed in H : L ratio in the summer season. The increase in body temperature directly correlated with the increase in the environmental temperature. A non-significant difference of FCR was observed between the high environmental temperature of summer and comfortable temperature of winter. Birds sacrificed in the afternoon during summer showed mild congestion of trachea and lung. Severity of these , lesions increased in the birds died due to heat stroke. The microscopic lesions in the form of congestion and haemorrhages were observed in lung, trachea, liver and kidney along with lymphoid aggregations in liver and kidney. A variable degree of hyperplasia and vacuolization was noticed in the cortical cells of adrenal gland. The thyroid acini were lined by flattened epithelium. Similar microscopic lesions with more severity were also observed in the birds died due to heat stroke. The autopsy incidence of heat stroke was found to be 3.76 % with maximum mortality during sixth, seventh and eighth weeks of age.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGICAL, IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BOVINE HORN CANCER(AAU, Anand, 1984) Prajapati, K. S.; Heranjal, D. D.Pathomorphological, immunopathological, histochemical and clinicopathological studies on horn cancer affected cows and bullocks were undertaken to understand the biomechanism of horn cancer and evaluating suitable diagnostic methods. Clinical studies on 136 horn cancer affected animals revealed tilting of the affected horn as a prominent clinical sign. Frequency of occurrence of horn cancer was highest in Kankrej breed (58.82%) followed by non descript (26.47%) and Gir (14.71%) breeds. Bullocks comprised of 79.41% cases while cows in 20.59% cases. Age of 9 to 11 years was found highly vulnerable to this disease (39.70%).Diseases in 85.29 % cases was recorded during 6 to 14 tears of age. Both the horns were found to be equally susceptible to cancer.ThesisItem Open Access PATHO-MORPHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF EARLY AND LATE CONSEQUENCES OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN SD MALE RATS(AAU, Anand, 2012) PANDEY, AMITA; Prajapati, K. S.The present study was conducted to investigate the early and late consequences of acute kidney injury after the episode of 35 minutes of bilateral renal ischemia. The progressive changes in serum, urine and kidney structure were studied at day 1 to day 28 of reperfusion period. Serum and urine samples were analyzed for creatinine, urea, protein and electrolytes (sodium & potassium). 24 hr urinary output and its solutes were measured at each reperfiasion period. Paraffin section of kidneys stained with H&E, PAS and Masson's trichrome stains were microscopically evaluated for pathological and morphological analysis. Kidney was also assessed for special markers of endothelium (CD31) and immature renal tubules (vimentin) by Immunohistochemistry and image analysis. All experimental rats survived till the end of experimental period. Day 1 after the reperfiision period, serum creatinine and BUN rose to 5-8 folds of sham control or their baseline value. Anuria/oligouria with completely abolished glomerular filtration rate (creatinine clearance <2%), decreased urinary solutes (< 600 against the 1367 mOsm/KgH20) and increased excretion rate of sodium (FeNa >1), potassium (FeK >40) were striking features of day 1 after ischemic AKI. Similar scenario was also present on day 2 of reperfusion period while showing the recovery trend. Urine volume was exceptionally high (~3 folds) than the sham control on day 2 of reperfusion period. By day 7 of VR most of the functional parameters became comparable to the sham control except urine volume which remained ~2 fold higher than the sham till the end of day 28 of experimental period. Histopathologically, ischemic insult caused the severe necrosis of renal tubules at outer stripe of medulla within 24 hr of injury. By day 4 of reperfusion these cells were replaced by basophilic regenerating cell as hyperplastic islets of cells. Further these cells were differentiated in the fonn of renal tubules. At the end of 28 days of experimental period most of tubules restored their normal fiinction but 2-3 foci of tubulointerstitial lesions were present. These foci had dilated renal tubules surrounded by Masson's trichrome positive fibrous tissue. Tubular luminal index was increased by day 4 onwards, highest at day 7 (15399 vs 1679 µm2). Increased interstitial index recorded day 7 of reperfusion period onwards, and 47% area of interstitium noticed in tubulointerstitium foci at day 28. Increased vimentin index was present on day 4 (85.95%), day 7 (52.09%), day 14 (43.55%) and day 28 (36.18%). However, no remarkable change noticed on capillary density in Our experimental condition. Results of this study indicate that 35 minutes bilateral renal ischemia caused the moderate to severe acute kidney injury and pronounced early functional and structural changes to the kidney. Though the functional abnormalities got restored within a week time, the morphological recovery was not complete. Existence of tubulointerstitial fibrosis and undifferentiated tubules noticed even after the 28 days of reperfusion period, which may initiate the down streaming events causing chronic alteration in renal structure and function at a later stage.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF HISTAMIINE AND 5 - HYDROXY TRYPTAMINE (5-HT) IN THE MEDIATION OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN THE NORMAL AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSED CHICKENS(AAU, Anand, 2001) Shukla, Supriya; PRAJAPATI, K. S.The present study was undertaken to know the basic differences in the mechanisms of acute inflammation induced in the normal and immunosuppressed (IS) chickens. IBDV-induced immunosuppression in chickens was used as a model in which bacterial (S.aureus), viral (ND LaSota), and chemical (Carrageenan and Turpentine) induced inflammatory studies were carried out. Pretreatment with anti-inflammatory drugs - promethazine and reserpine was followed to check the release of chemical mediators - histamine and 5-HT in the IS birds. The parameters evaluated were bursal histopathology, NDHI titre for immunosuppression and visual, quantitative assessment of the permeability response using the intravital dye - Evans blue technique as well as the qualitative and quantitative estimation of tissue leukocytosis for inflammatory studies. Both IVP and tissue leukocytosis were studied over five different intervals viz., 0 mt., 1, 3, 6 and 9 hrs. A partial immunosuppression of chickens was seen when infected with 10 per cent bursal suspension on the 14th, 15th and 16th day of life. Depletion of lymphoid follicles, bursal atrophy and a low NDHI titre were the hallmarks of IS. In normal birds, for the control, promethazine and reserpine pretreated groups, the permeability response was biphasic for bacteria, and monophasic for virus, carrageenan and turpentine. With the infectious agents - bacteria and virus, promethazine was found to be more effective, indicative of a more potent role of histamine in chemical mediation whereas with carrageenan and turpentine an almost equal involvement of 5-HT along with histamine was seen in the mediation of the acute inflammatory response after the 3 hr. interval. The permeability response was categorized as immediate-transient for bacteria and virus, immediate-sustained for carrageenan and delayed-prolonged type for turpentine. In contrast, in immunosuppressed birds, monophasic responses were seen even in the drug - pretreated bacterial groups, along with virus, carrageenan and turpentine. The dye exudation was overall quantitatively low as compared to the normal groups. Histamine proved to be a more effective mediator of permeability except in the turpentine group where a stronger action of 5-HT over histamine was noticed. In normal birds, the tissue leukocytosis was more or less stereotyped in nature. The initial emigration comprised heterophils and monocytoid cells, soon followed by a concurrent emigration of basophils. Almost similar mixed cellular exudate was observed with all four different stimuli with slight variations in the quantity (at 6 and 9 hrs.) and quality of exudate. In the bacterial group, heterophils dominated the picture till 9 hrs. Syncytia formation and phagocytosis of S.aureus organisms by macrophages was seen. However, giant cells were absent at the 9 hr. interval. There was an early formation of perivascular-lymphoid aggregates by 6 and 9 hrs. intervals following the degranulation of basophils. PVLA may have an analogous fiinction to mammalian lymph nodes. Their functional significance warrants further attention. Apart from similar findings in the viral injury groups, the appearance of lymphocytes and plasma cells as early as 1 hr. after injury, was the most significant observation. In normal birds with chemicals, the carrageenan-induced cellular response was the highest. The highest population of heterophils, monocytoid cells mainly lymphocytes, degenerated heterophils, necrosis and haemorrhage was noticed by 6 and 9 hr. in the oedematous interstitium. There was a marked absence of PVLA and syncytia formation compared to the infectious agents. Deposition of metachromatic carrageenan and its phagocytosis by monocytoids was distinguishing feature. In contrast, with turpentine a reduced level of cellular exudate with a highly oedematous interstitium till 9 hrs. was noticed, Maximal number and degranulation of basophils was observed at 3 hr. followed by PVLA formation, necrosis and syncytia formation in the 6 and 9 hr. intervals. In immunosuppressed birds, the carrageenan induced cellular inflammation was distinguished by a late basophilic and mast cell degranulation between 1 and 3 hr. and unusually high heterophilic and total cell count at 6 and 9 hrs. as compared to the normal groups. It is speculated that in immunosuppressed birds, heterophils are unable to phagocytose the non-infectious or kill the infectious agents. The accumulation of heterophils is most probably to wall off the foreign body as a part of defense. The significance of the presence of heterophils in immunosuppressed host needs to be explored in future. In addition, there was also marked absence of PVLA and syncytia formation with CGN injury. In comparison, although the turpentine-induced leukocytic response was quantitatively low, qualitatively after the 3 hr. interval, the heterophils were replaced by monocytoid cells. In all control and pretreated groups, appearance of PVLA and syncytia formation by macrophages was apparent between 6 and 9 hr. intervals. Thus, the overall permeability response was low and mostly cellular infiltration high with the infectious agents in the immunosuppressed birds. The exact reasons for these unusual differences are unknown. A prominent role of histamine with the infectious and also that of 5-HT to some extent with the chemicals has materialized. It is suggested that leukotrienes, prostaglandins, toxic oxygen and nitrogen radicals may be mediating the acute inflammatory responses in the immunosuppressed chickens. Generally a delayed start of the inflammatory mechanisms seems to take place. However, it was observed, as by the previous workers, that increased vascular permeability and leukocyte emigration occurred, chronologically, as dissociated phenomenon in both the normal and immunosuppressed chickens.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF COW URINE AND ITS SYNERGISTIC ACTION WITH AQUEOUS POLY HERBAL EXTRACT IN COMMERCIAL LAYER CHICKS(AAU, Anand, 2013) JIVANI, BHAVISHA M.; JOSHI, B. P.The present investigation was undertaken to study on clinico-pathological and immunomodulatory effects of cow urine distillate and its synergistic action with aqueous poly herbal extract containing Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) and Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) in commercial layer chicks. A total of 270, one day old BV-300 layer chicks were randomly divided into nine groups comprising 30 chicks in each group. Group I served as negative control without administration of any treatment except plain water at ad libitum. Groups II and III were served as positive treatment control groups and administered with IBD intermediate vaccine and cyclophosphamide as immunosuppressive agents respectively. The remaining treatment groups IV to IX were given either cow urine distillate alone or its combination with aqueous poly herbal extract along with intermediate IBD vaccine and cyclophosphamide. All the birds of different experimental groups were observed for different parameters. Six birds from each experimental group were sacrificed on day 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 for collection of material for haematological, biochemical, histopathological and lymphoblastogenesis study. Clinical signs like tendency to remain standing at one place with apathy, unthriftiness with ruffled feathers, dullness and drooping of the wings were observed in some of the birds belonged to group II (IBD vaccinated) and III (cyclophosphamide) after two to three days of administration of immunosuppressive agents. Except mild depression and dullness in occasional birds from treatment groups VI, VII, VIII & IX, no other clinical signs were observed in other treatment groups throughout the study period. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in body weight in groups IV and V as compared to group I as well as in groups VI and VII as compared to group II and in group VIII and group IX as compare to group III on 30th and 45th days of experiment. There was significant increase (P<0.05) in bursa body weight ratio and thymus body weight ratio in groups IV (cow urine distillate ) and V (cow urine distillate + aqueous poly herbal extract) on 15th and 30th days as compared to control group I. There was significant decrease (P<0.05) in bursa body weight ratio and thymus body weight ratio in groups II and III as compared to control group I on 30th day of experiment. There was significant increase (P<0.05) in both these ratios in groups VI and VII as compared to group II and in groups VIII and IX as compared to group III on 30th day of experiment. Different haematological parameters revealed significant decrease (P<0.05) in haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume and TEC count in group III on 15th and 30th days of experiment as compared to control group I. Among different treatment groups, only groups VIII and IX showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in Hb, PCV and TEC values in comparison to group I and significant increase as compared to group III on 15th day of experiment. There was significant decrease (P<0.05) in the TLC in groups III, VIII and IX as compared to group I whereas significant increase (P<0.05) in groups VIII and IX as compared to group III on 15th day of experiment. There was also significant decrease in heterophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts in group III on 15th and 30th days as well as in groups VIII and IX on 15th day as compared to group I where as the values of heterophil and lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in groups VIII and IX as compared to group III. All these findings indicated that cow urine and its combination with poly herbal extract have ability to counteract the effect of cyclophosphamide in layer chicks. Among different biochemical parameters studied, ALT and AST values revealed significant increase in group III as compared to group I while significant decrease was observed in groups VIII and IX as compared to group III on 15th and 30th days of experiment. There was significant increase in BUN and creatinine in group III on 15th and 30th days as well as in groups VII and IX on 15 day as compared to group I where as significant decrease in groups VIII and EX as compared to group III on 15 and 30th days of experiment. There was significant decrease (P<0.05) in NDHI antibody titre in group II (IBD vaccinated) on 30th, 45th and 60th days of experiment as well as in group III (cyclophosphamide) on 30th day of experiment as compared to control group I. There was significant increase (P<0.05) in antibody titre in groups IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX as compared to their respective control groups on 30th , 45th and 60th days of experiment. Mean values of skin thickness revealed significant increase in groups IV, V, VI, VII, VIII & IX as compared to group I, in groups VI and VII as compared to group II and in groups VIII and IX as compared to group III at 24 hrs after DNCB application. Lymphoblastogenesis assay revealed significant decrease (P<0.05) in T-cell blastogenesis in group III and B-cell blastogenesis in groups II and III as compared to group I on 30th and 45th days of experiment. There was significant (P<0.05) increase (P<0.05) in T-cell and B-cell blastogenesis in groups IV and V as compared to group I, in groups VI and VII as compared to group II and in groups VIII and IX as compared to group III on 30th , 45th and 60th days of experiment. These results suggested the potent humoral and cell mediated immune response of cow urine distillate and its combination with poly herbal extract. There was marked gross enlargement of bursa of Fabricius and thymic lobes in all the treatment groups IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and DC on 30th and 40th days of sacrifice when compared to their respective control groups. There were no appreciable gross lesions in other internal organs. Variable lesions like erythema, indurations, haemorrhage and necrosis were seen in groups IV to IX at 24 his post challenge of DNCB application. Microscopic lesions in bursa of Fabricius revealed enlarged bursal follicles with lymphoid hyperplasia in groups IV and V as compared to group I on 30th and 45th days of sacrifice. There was mild to moderate atrophy of lymphoid follicles in groups II and III while in comparison to both these groups, the bursal follicles of birds belonging to groups VI, VII, VIII and IX showed mild to moderate regeneration in the form of lymphoid cell proliferation on 30th and 45th days of sacrifice. Lesions in the thymus revealed slightly enlarged lymphoid follicles with lymphoid hypeiplasia in groups IV and V on 30 and 45th days of sacrifice. Thymic lesions in group III treated with cyclophosphamide mainly consisted mild to moderate atrophy with depletion of lymphocytes while moderate enlargement of thymic follicles with regenerative proliferation of lymphocytes was observed in groups VIII and IX as compared to group III on 30th and 45th days of experiment. Sections of spleen revealed mild depletion of lymphocytes in group III on 30th and 45th days of sacrifice while there was regenerative RE cell hyperplasia in groups VIII and IX on 30 day of experiment. Section of kidney showed lesions only in group III. The kidney lesions were characterized by mild congestion, widespread degeneration and necrosis of tubular epithelium. The severity of renal lesions was markedly reduced in groups VIII and IX as compared to group III on 30th day of sacrifice. The histopathological lesions in the skin after 24 lirs of DNCB application revealed lesions like varying degrees of mononuclear cell infiltrations accompanied with necrosis, edema and congestion in superficial and deep layers of dermis in various groups treated with cow urine alone or its combination with poly herbal extract. It could be concluded from the present findings that cow urine distillate alone or its mixture with poly herbal aqueous extract was found to modulate the immunity in a positive maimer and can be used as an inamunomodulatory agents in commercial layer chicks.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SPONTANEOUS NEOPLASTIC LESIONS IN WISTAR RATS(AAU, Anand, 2013) PATEL, PRAFULKUMAR PARSOTAMBHAI; PRAJAPATI, K. S.Untreated CRL Wistar rats (40 males and 77. females) used to study the incidences of spontaneous neoplastic lesions during their life span of 2 years. Animals were kept in an environmentally controlled room with 22 ± 3°C temperature and 30- 70% humidity. Light/dark cycle of 12/12 hours with 300-400 lux was provided throughout the study period. Various parameters like survival, terminal body weight, hematology and biochemistry alterations and incidence of major spontaneous neoplastic lesions have been analyzed and compared with other surveys. The special staining procedure of Masson's Trichrome and Periodic Schiff stain (PAS) as well as iramunohistochemistry with S100 and Vimentin stain were performed for differential diagnosis of various tumors. The results of study showed, mean survival rate of 97.5 % for males and 98.7 % for females at 12 months age. Mean survival rate at the end of 24 months decreased markedly with 57.5 % in males and 68.8 % in females indicating that female rats had lower mortality than male rats. The body weights of experimental animals were taken at initiation, at 12 months and at 24 months of study. The terminal body weight (TBW) revealed a mean value of 669.5 g (range 561 to 778 g) in males and 516.8 g (range 358 to 649 g) in females. The TBW of current study animals was found to be quite stable over the time and homogeneous.The body weight , hematology and biochemical parameters of the single, multiple and major tumor (type of tumor having incidences >10 %) comprising animals were compared with the normal animals (animals without tumors) in both sexes. The increase (P<0.05) in body weight of female animals comprising the mammary gland fibroadenoma was noticed during interim body weight comparation. However, decrease in the terminal body weight of female animals comprising multiple tumors noticed during multiple comparison of body weights at different time periods. In male the body weight was comparable with the normal animals or animals not having any tumor. There were no significant changes between male and female noticed in haematological and biochemical parameters studied in relation to tumor development during terminal analysis. An increase in triglyceride (P<0.01) levels (mg/dl) (Male 136.51±10.62 vs Female 267.26 ±43.68) was noticed in female animals. Multiple comparision of biochemical parameters for single, multiple and major tumor comprising animals did not reveal any significant changes except a decrease in glucose levels noticed in female comprising single tumor. In current study analysis of 117 CRL Wistar Rats (40 males and 77 females) revealed that 47.5% of males and 67.5 % of females had one or several tumors. Total percentage of benign neoplasm were 78.9 % in male and 76.9 % in female while malignant neoplasm were noticed in 21.1 % and 23.1 % in male and female respectively. Benign tumors were more numerous than malignant tumors in both sexes. The major neoplastic lesions were found in the endocrine, integumentary and reproductive systems. Pituitary adenoma was the most frequent neoplasm which occurred in 23.7% of the males and 26.4 % of the female rats. The other most frequent tumors in males were Leydig cell tumor (10.5 %), benign pheochromocytoma (5.3%), thyroid C-cell adenoma (5.3 %), pancreatic islet cell adenoma (2.6 %), subcutaneous fibrosarcoma (5.3 %), subcutaneous fibroma (5.3%), and cutaneous keratoacanthoma (2.6%). In females, the other highest incidences were mammary fibroadenoma (24.8 %), uterine endometrial stromal polyp (16.0 %), endometrial adenoma (4.0 %), mammary adenoma with atypia (4.0 %), mammary adenocarcinoma (2.4 %), benign thymoma (2.4 %), subcutaneous fibrosarcoma (1.6%) and thyroid C-cell adenoma (0.8 %). All these data were compared to previously published historical control data. This retrospective analysis was undertaken in order to create historical data base and to study and diagnosed the various neoplastic findings.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF COW URINE AND ITS SYNERGISTIC ACTION WITH AQUEOUS POLY HERBAL EXTRACT IN COMMERCIAL BROILER CHICKS(AAU, Anand, 2016) FEFAR, DHAVAL T.; JOSHI, B. P.The present investigation was undertaken to study on clinico-pathological and immunomodulatory effects of cow urine distillate and its synergistic action with aqueous poly herbal extract containing Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) and Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha in commercial broiler chicks. A total of 324 day old Cobb-400 broiler chicks were randomly divided into nine groups comprising 36 chicks in each group. Group I served as negative control without administration of any treatment except plain water at ad libitum. Groups II and III were served as positive treatment control groups and administered with IBD intermediate plus vaccine and cyclophosphamide as immunosuppressive agents respectively. The remaining treatment groups IV to IX were given either cow urine distillate alone or its combination with aqueous poly herbal extract along with intermediate IBD vaccine and cyclophosphamide. All the birds of different experimental groups were observed for different parameters. Six birds from each experimental group were sacrificed on day 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 for collection of material for haematological, biochemical, histopathological and lymphoblastogenesis study. No observable clinical signs of abnormalities were noticed in group I as well as groups (IV and V) which were given either cow urine distillate alone or mixture of cow urine distillate and aqueous poly herbal extract throughout period of experiment. Varying degree of clinical signs of the nature of tendency to remain standing at one place with apathy, unthriftiness with ruffled feathers, dullness and drooping of the wings were observed in some of the chicks belonged to positive control group II (IBD vaccinated) and group III (cyclophosphamide treated) after two to three days of administration of immunosuppressive agents. Treatment groups VI, VII, VIII & IX did not reveal any clinical signs except mild depression and dullness in occasional birds. The signs were remained for three to four days and thereafter subsided and chicks appeared healthy throughout the period of study. There was no mortality in any experimental group throughout the study period. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in mean body weight in group IV (cow urine distillate) and V (cow urine distillate + poly herbal extract) compared to negative control group I. There was also significant (P<0.05) increase in mean body weight in groups VI & VII compared to positive control group II (IBD plus vaccine treated) as well as in groups VIII and group IX compared to its positive control from 14th day till the end of experiment. There was significant difference in feed conversion ratio in cow urine distillate treated group IV as well as cow urine distillate along with poly herbal extract treated group V as compared to control group I at 28th and 35th day of experiment. There was apparent though non significant improvement in FCR observed in groups VI and VII compared to group II as well as in groups VIII and IX compared to group III from 28th day of experiment till the end of the experiment. There was significant increase in bursa body weight, thymus body weight and spleen body weight ratio in groups IV and V compared to their respective control group I from 14th day till the end of experiment. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in bursa body weight, thymus body weight and spleen body weight ratio in groups VI, VII, VIII and IX in comparison to their respective positive control group on 21st day of experiment. On this day, there was significant (P<0.05) decrease in bursa body weight ratio and thymus body weight ratio in groups II and III as compared to control group I where as there was also significant (P<0.05) decrease in spleen body weight ratio in group III as compared to untreated control group I. Different haematological parameters revealed significant decrease (P<0.05) in haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume and TEC count in group III on 14th and 21st day of experiment as compared to control group I. Among different treatment groups, only groups VIII and IX showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in Hb, PCV and TEC values in comparison to group I and significant increase as compared to group III on 14th day of experiment. There was significant decrease (P<0.05) in the TLC in groups III, VIII and IX as compared to group I whereas significant increase (P<0.05) in groups VIII and IX as compared to group III on 14th day of experiment. There was also significant decrease in heterophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts in group III on 14th and 21st day of experiment as well as in groups VIII and IX on 14th day as compared to group I where as the values of heterophil and lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in groups VIII and IX as compared to group III. All these findings indicated that cow urine and its combination with poly herbal extract have ability to counteract the effect of cyclophosphamide in broiler chicks.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ASCITES SYNDROME IN BROILERS(AAU, Anand, 1998) Dave, C J; Prajapatl, K SPresent study was undertaken to know the physlopathology of ascites syndrome in commercial broilers. The samples were" collected for haematology, histochemistry, organ : body weight ratio and serum biochemistry at weekly intervals during 3 to 7 weeks of age from clinically affected and apparently healthy birds.The mean serum levels of T3, T4 cholesterol, total serum protein and A : G in ascitic birds were found to be significantly lower compared to healthy birds. However, the difference was non-significant among various age groups of ascites and healthy birds. Significantly high level of blood glucose was found in ascites affected birds during 3 to 7 weeks of age compared to healthy birds. Serum enzymes like AKP/ ALT and AST were found to be significantly high in birds suffering from ascites compared to healthy birds. However, serum electrolytes like Na and K levels decreased significantly in ascitic birds than control birds.
