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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF HERBOMINERAL TOXIN BINDER IN EXPERIMENTAL AFLATOXICOSIS IN BROILER CHICKEN(AAU, Anand, 1999) Patel, Nishant R.; Joshi, B. P.The present study on experimental induction of aflatoxicosis was undertaken with a view to investigate the effects of aflatoxin B1 on performance of broiler chicks at 0.5 and 1.0 ppm dose level as well as to evaluate the efficacy of Herbomineral Toxic Binder (HTB) at 1.25 and 2.5 kg per tonne of feed as an adsorbent and hepatoprotective agent. The experimental design consisted of 315 birds equally distributed into nine groups comprising of 35 birds in each group. Birds in-group A were fed with control diet. Birds from groups B and C received aflatoxin B1 at the rate of 0.5 and 1.0 ppm respectively in the feed. Groups D and E were treated with 0.125 and 0.25 percent level of HTB respectively along with 0.5 ppm of aflatoxin B1. Similarly, groups F and G were supplemented with 0.125 and 0.25 percent level of HTB respectively along with 1.0 ppm of aflatoxin B1. The last two groups H and I received HTB alone at the rate of 0.125 and 0.25 percent respectively in the feed. Five birds from each group were sacrificed at weekly interval for the period of six weeks and the detailed study was made for the evaluation of different set parameters. The experiment started with production of aflatoxin B1 on rice and its quantification in moudly rice as well as in feed prepared for dietary schedule. The different parameters included, weekly body weight, weekly weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio to evaluate the general performance of the birds. The biochemical parameters included total serum proteins, serum alanine aminotransferase, serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides. The gross and histopathological lesions of organs collected viz.. Liver, kidney and bursa of Fabricious were also recorded. The establishment of aflatoxicosis was confirmed on gross and histopathological lesions. This was further supported by significant decrease in the values of total serum proteins, serum cholesterol and triglycerides and an increase in the values of serum ALT and AST at both the levels of 0.5 and 1.0 ppm of aflatoxin B1. The body weight and body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency were also affected by aflatoxin during the study. The severity was dose dependent in nature. Liver appeared to be the target organ involved in aflatoxicosis. From third week onwards the gross lesions in the liver were characterised by enlargement and pale yellowish discoloration of the organ The liver also appeared fatty and fragile. From fourth week onwards, the kidneys showed mild enlargement and paleness while bursa of Fabricious revealed mild atrophy. Histopathological lesions in liver were marked by mild to moderate vascular congestion and hemorrhages, moderate to severe fatty changes, focal to diffuse areas of infiltration of mononuclear cells, and mild to moderate hyperplasia of bile duct epithelium. The kidney lesions comprised of mild to moderate congestion, focal areas of tubular hemorrhages, focal to diffuse tubular degeneration and infiltration of mononuclear cells. HTB + aflatoxin fed groups showed significant improvement over their respective aflatoxin fed birds. Marked improvement was observed on HTB supplementation at the rate of 2.5 kg per tonne of feed. A significant increase in body weight, weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency was noticed in HTB + aflatoxin fed groups. The biochemical parameters also showed a significant improvement in these groups over their respective aflatoxin treated groups. The histopathological lesions in the liver and kidneys showed the same trend of improvement characterised by mild lesions as compared to their aflatoxin treated groups. The findings suggested that by supplementation of HTB at 0.25 percent level there is restoration of damaging effects of aflatoxin Overall nature of the findings suggested that aflatoxicosis can be induced at both the levels of 0.5 and 1.0 ppm of aflatoxin but marked effects can be achieved at 1.0-ppm level. It has adverse effects on performance and general health of the birds. HTB supplementation was found to be effective in improving general health and performance by combating or restoring the damage caused by aflatoxin at the dose level of 2.5 kg per tonne of feed.ThesisItem Open Access IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON COMMERCIAL INTERMEDIATE PLUS INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VACCINE IN CHICKEN(AAU, Anand, 1999) Prajapati, M. G.; Prajapati, K. S.Immunosuppressive and protective efficacy of five commercially available intermediateplus (invasive) infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines have been studied in White Leghorn BV 300 layer chicks with MAb against IBD. The pathogenic and immunosuppressive effect of the IBD vaccines were evaluated by the bursa - body weight ratio (BF:BW), histopathological changes in the lymphoid organs and antibody response to Newcastle disease vaccination. The protective capabilities of IBD intermediateplus vaccines was evaluated by vaccinal titre and protection against challenge with field IBD isolates at 45th day of age. Average level of maternal antibodies at 3rd day of age against IBD was 18,503 ELISA titres while NDHI was 64. IBD vaccination was carried out at 14th and 28th day of age while LaSota vaccination was done on 7th and 35th day of age. All the five IBD vaccines induced bursal atrophy as indicated by studies on BF : BW on 34th day of age. Vaccines B, C and E induced statistically significant atrophy as compared to other vaccines. From histopathological studies of lymphoid organs it was apparent that all the five vaccines strain had no detectable bursal lesions after primary vaccination. However, all the five vaccines induced bursal damage after booster vaccination. The bursal damage was more severe with vaccines B, C and E. Antibody response to ND vaccination measured at 45th day of age showed significant low NDHI titres as compare to control group indicating immunosuppressive effect of all the five IBD intermediateplus vaccines on the immune system. IBD ELISA titres at 45th day of age revealed vaccines A, B and C more immunogenic than vaccines D and E. Experimental challenge study revealed classical IBD clinical sign in Groups B, D and F1 (non-vaccinated challenged). Mortality rate was 5 per cent in Groups B and D whereas 40 per cent in non-vaccinated challenged group (F1). Gross lesions in dead birds were restricted to enlargement of BF with peribursal oedema and caseous material in bursal lumen. Histopathological lesions in lymphoid organs of dead birds were similar to those reported during natural outbreaks. Bursa - body weight ratio (BF:BW) at 54th day of age indicated severe bursal damage leading to its atrophy by IBD challenge virus in all the vaccine groups including control challenged Group F1. Histopathological changes in sacrificed birds at 54th day of age showed total destruction of bursal follicular lymphocytes with accumulation of necrotic debris within the follicles, the corticomedullary epithelium showed hypertrophic and hyperplastic changes, there was increased proliferation of interfollicular connective tissues leading to fibrosis in BF. Spleen showed focal areas of RE cell hyperplasia. Caecal tonsils showed lymphoid dipletion RE cell hyperplasia. Thymus showed depletion of medullary lymphocytes with thinning of cortex. NDHI titres in all the groups were found significantly low when compared to non-IBD vaccinated unchallenged Group F2 at 54th day of age. Compared to vaccines C and E. Vaccines A, B and D had comparatively better NDHI titres. Difference in IBD ELISA titres at 54th day of age between different vaccination groups and Group F1 were found to be non-significant indicating no difference in immunogenicity of vaccine virus and challenge virus.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SUMMER STRESS IN BROILERS(AAU, Anand, 1997) Ghodasara, D. J.; Prajapati, K. S.The present study was under taken to know the effects of summer temperature on physiology, viability and performance of broilers. The study was made on commercial broiler birds at Anand Poultry Farm, Palana, District Kheda. Broiler birds of 46 to 49 days of age were used for the study. The study was conducted during extreme hot period of summer. For comparison, base level data were obtained by conducting similar study during comfortable environmental temperature of the winter season. Samples like blood, serum, plasma and tissues were collected at morning and afternoon hours. Pathological study was also made on the natural cases of heat stroke. Concentration of thyroid hormones were decreased during high temperature of summer, indicating reduced activity of thyroid gland during summer stress. The plasma concentration of Cortisol and relative weight of adrenal gland increased during high environmental temperature of summer, suggesting increased activity and hypertrophy of adrenal gland. The serum cholesterol level decreased in summer as well as during afternoon hours in summer. The level of blood glucose was found to be decreased in the birds exposed to summer temperature. The activity of AKP and ALT increased during summer. The ALT activity in the afternoon serum samples also increased during high cyclic temperature of summer. The level of total serum protein was found to be decreased in the summer season. A significant decrease in total serum protein was also noticed at afternoon hours during the cyclic temperature of summer. High environmental temperature of summer caused a decrease in the levels of serum electrolytes. During the cyclic temperature of summer, the levels of K and Ca were also found to be decreased at afternoon hours. The values of Hb, PCV and RBC count decreased during the summer stress. The total leucocytic count as well as absolute count of heterophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil were found to be decreased in summer. The TLC as well as absolute count of heterophil and lymphocyte also decreased at afternoon hours during the summer season. A significant increase was observed in H : L ratio in the summer season. The increase in body temperature directly correlated with the increase in the environmental temperature. A non-significant difference of FCR was observed between the high environmental temperature of summer and comfortable temperature of winter. Birds sacrificed in the afternoon during summer showed mild congestion of trachea and lung. Severity of these , lesions increased in the birds died due to heat stroke. The microscopic lesions in the form of congestion and haemorrhages were observed in lung, trachea, liver and kidney along with lymphoid aggregations in liver and kidney. A variable degree of hyperplasia and vacuolization was noticed in the cortical cells of adrenal gland. The thyroid acini were lined by flattened epithelium. Similar microscopic lesions with more severity were also observed in the birds died due to heat stroke. The autopsy incidence of heat stroke was found to be 3.76 % with maximum mortality during sixth, seventh and eighth weeks of age.ThesisItem Open Access ACUTE AND SUBACUTE ORAL TOXICITY OF PERMETHRIN [SYNTHETIC PYRETHROID-INSECTICIDE] IN RATS(AAU, Anand, 1993) SRIVASTAVA, MADHULIKA; Prajapati, K. S.An experiment trial on acute and subacute oral toxicity of technical grade permethrin was undertaken to establish LD50and clinicopathological changes. The study was conducted in Wistar rats of both sexes. The acute toxicity was induced by administering single oral dose of permethrin at 4000 ppm and 8000 ppm of body weight. Severity of clinical signs were dose dependent and were characterized by T-syndrome. An appropriate LD50 of technical grade permethrin was found to be 8000 mg/kg b.w. permethrin treated rats showed reduced feed and water intake and body weight gain. Dose dependent increase in Hb, RBC and PCV were noticed in permethrin treated rats. There was increase in relative and absolute neutrophil count and decrease in relative and absolute lymphocyte count.ThesisItem Open Access ETIO-PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ASCITES SYNDROME IN BROILERS(AAU, Anand, 1993) Solanki, Kiritkumar Dhanjibhai; Prajapati, K. S.Present study was undertaken to know etio-pathology of ascites syndrome in commercial broiler farms situated around Anand. From the outbreaks of ascites syndrome, information like system of management, type of birds, age of affected birds and clinical symptoms were recorded. Overall mortality due to ascites recorded in 9 broiler flocks, ranged from 5.5 to 10.60 per cent in different flocks with an average of 7.17 per cent. The available data on poultry autopsies from July'91 to June'9? were classified yearwise, monthwise, breedwise, sexwise and agewise to ascertain the susceptibility and relative incidence of ascites syndrome in broilers. Total 675 cases of ascites were recorded out of 7.103 autopsies performed. Relative frequency of ascites cases on autopsy record was 9.5 per cent. Ascites simdrorae cases were recorded in age group of 1 to 7 weeks with peak incidence at 5th week of age. Males were found more susceptible to ascites condition with relative incidence of 86.6 per cent. Host of the cases (75.7 per cent) of ascites were recorded during winter season. Among various breeds of broiler birds the frequency of ascites syndrome was found highest in Hubbard (78.4 per cent). Clinical signs in ascites affected birds were suggestive of cardiac and pulmonary insufficiency. Haeiaatological and serum protein studies were carried out in clinically affected cases of ascites syndrome. Values of Hb, PCV, RBC and heterophil count found statistically high indicating haemoconcentration in ascites birds compared to healthy birds. Total serum protein content in ascites bird was found significantly low. Ascitic fluid was analysed for volume, pH, total protein and bacterial infection, Volxome and total protein of ascitic fluid was found to be increasing gradually with advancing age while pH was found neutral. Ascitic fluid samples were found negative for any bacterial infection. AHI was found significantly high in ascites birds indicating right ventricular hypertrophy. H:BW in ascites affected birds was found significantly high. Increase in L:BW in ascites cases was statistically non-significant when compared to control birds. Gross pathological lesions in ascites affected birds were characterized by accumulation of variable amounts of yellowish straw coloured transudate with or without fibrin clots in the abdominal cavity. Heart with hydropericardium was found enlarged invariably with marked dilatation and hypertrophy of right ventricle. Liver was enlarged or shrunken, hard and congested with gelatinous fibrin clots over the surface. Lungs were invariably found congested and oedematous. Kidneys and spleen showed various degrees of congestion. Intestinal wall was found highly congested with prominently dilated mesentric veins. Microscopically heart showed varying degrees of congestion, oedema, variations in size, loss of cross striations, hypertrophy of nuclei and disintegration of myocardial fibres. Liver lesions were suggestive of chroinic venous congestion with mild to severe fibrosis around portal areas and central veins. Glisson's capsule was found thickened. Lungs showed oedema, congestion and hypertrophy of parabronchi muscles. Non-mineralized and mineralized cartilagenous and osseous nodules were noticed in lung parenchyma. Kidneys showed severe congestion and intertubular haemorrhages with proliferative changes in glomeruli. Spleen was congested along with depletion of lymphocytes. Intestine revealed severe congestion in serosa and lamina propria. Levels of aflatoxin B1, salts, crude protein and phosphorous in feed samples collected from ascites affected farms were estimated. Levels of these parameters were found near to safe limits. Aflatoxicosis, salt toxicity, hypoproteineraia and phosphorous deficiency were ruled out as probable causes of ascites during present studies. Role of other factors were discussed.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON LYMPHOID ORGANS IN POULTRY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE(AAU, Anand, 1993) Shukla, R. N.; Joshi, B. P.Pathological changes have been characterised in the lymphoid organs of poultry. The overall autopsy incidence of lymphoid organs was found to be 87.72 per cent with organwise frequency varying from 61,58 per cent in bursa of Fabricius (BF), 57.89 per cent in spleen, 48.25 per cent in caecal tonsils and 37.46 per cent in thymus. The bursal lesions were more common in broilers compared to growers. Gross and histological involvement of different components of BF, spleen, thymus and caecal tonsils in the context of several known diseases and among various age groups was evaluated. The extent and severity of damage to BF in various immunosuppressive as well as in the diseases of systemic involvement has been discussed. The incidence of Infectious bursal disease was found ' to be 12.56 per cent with the farmwise frequency varying from 1 to 60 per cent. Bowans layers and Starbro broilers were found more susceptible strains. Clinical signs recorded were dullness, ruffled feathers whitish diarrhoea, anorexia, trembling, severe prostration and death. The BF were enlarged and oedematous in the initial stage of the disease while they were atrophied in the later stage. Histopathological changes were mainly confined to" BP in all the cases studied. Vascular congestion, depletion of lymphocytes, cystic spaces and dilatation of the follicles, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of oortico-medullary epithelium, interstitial fibrosis with and without heterophilio infiltration and presence of intraepithelial cysts in the mucosal linings constituted the main features. The nature of histopathological changes in the spleen, thymus and caecal tonsils has also been discussed in relation to the nature of the disease. Experimental transmission studies showed that the BF were initially enlarged at 3rd day Pi followed by their gradual atrophy at 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th day PI. Excepting for extent of distribution and severity of lesions, the clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions observed were similar to those of natural cases of IBD and have proved the transmissibility of the disease. The overall nature of the lesions was mild in experimental birds compared to that of field cases.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON GANGRENOUS DERMATITIS IN POULTRY(AAU, Anand, 1992) Patel, Mineshkumar Narabhai; Prajapati, K. S.Etiopathological studies on natural outbreaks of Gangrenous dermatitis (GD) were carried out in 15 flocks at 12 farms with a total population of 52,975 birds during the period of October, 1989 to September, 1991. The age at which outbreaks appeared, system of management, season, clinical signs and mortality rate were recorded. A total of 234 post-mortems were carried out and samples were processed for bacterialisolation, drug sensitivity test and histopathological studies. The S. aureus culture isolated from GD cases were phage typed by both bovine and human sets of phages. One hundred and five sera sample and 73 bursal samples were analysed by AGPT to detect presence of Infectious bursal disease (IBD) antibodies and antigen respectively . Blood samples were analysed for Hb, PCV and RBC count from affected flocks to rule out the possibilities of chicken anaemia agent (CAA). The outbreaks of GB appeared in the cage as well as battery birds in the age group of 8-11 weeks during the months of April to August. Mortality ranged from 0.85 to 10.61 per cent with an average mortality of 4,24 per cent. The clinical symptoms recorded were sudden onset of depression, reduce feed intake, dullness, ruffled feather, haemorrhagic dermatitis and death.ThesisItem Open Access ETIOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON BROILER MORTALITY(AAU, Anand, 1990) Parmar, Pitambardas Bhagvandas; Prajapati, K. S.A survey of routine mortality was carried out at 20 broiler farms with a total population of 66,762 birds reared in 60 batches t o know the overall mortality, weekwise mortality and strainwise mortality. Out of these, etiopathologlcal study of mortality was carried out at 14 broiler farns in 37 batches comprising total 51,074 birds, A total of 6,350 postaortetas were carried out and samples were processed for pathological, parasitological and bacteriological studies to know the etiopathology of mortality. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were studied for 130 bacterial isolates, Fortyeight E.coli isolates were serotyped. Fifteen sera samples were analysed for presence of antibodies against avian respiratory aycoplasma (ARM) and infectious bronchitis (IB) virus. Peed samples were analysed for aflatoxln-B1 and salt wherever found necessary. Average mortality recorded among 66,762 birds was 12.52 per cent. Mortality ranged from 1.92 to 45.77 per cent between the flocks while 3.1 to 45.77 per cent between the farms. The average weekly mortality percentages from 1st week to 8th week of age were 1.88, 2,51, 1.76, 2.02, 2.07, 1.07, 0,72 and 0.49 respectively. Mors than 70.00 per aent of the total mortality occurred during first four weeks of life . Among the 6 strains of broiler studied highest overall laortality of 15.67 per cent was recorded in Pilch followed by Oirirao (15.19%), Cobb (13.26%), Lohmann (13.15%), Hani shaver (10.45%) and Eubbard (9.76%).ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON Salmonella gallinarum (FOWL TYPHOID) INFECTION IN CHICKENS(AAU, Anand, 1997) Hafeji, Yunushbhai Ahmadbhai; Joshi, B. P.Etiopathological studies on natural outbreaks of fowl typhoid were carried out in 68 flocks reared at 50 different commercial broiler and layer farms with a total population of 1,40,272 birds during the period from July, 1996 to Maidli, 1997. Of these, 55 flocks belonged to 45 broiler farms, while 13 flodks belonged to 5 layer farms. The mortality imadence among broilers ranged from 0.05 to 51.39 per cent with an average of 8.29 per ceai. Among layers, the mortality ranged from 0.95 to 42.(K) per cent with an average of 537 percent Majority of the Flocks showed mortality rate within 10.00 per cent The frequency of inddence was found higher during colder months. The onset of the disease was on 6th day post hatching among broilers and on 7th day post hatching among layer birds. The mortality extended from 1 to 38 days in broiler flodcs and 2 to 62 days among layer flops. The highest mortality was seen on 12th day of second week in broilers. The layers also suffered maximum losses during 2nd week of age. Among six different drains of broiler birds, the highest mortality (11.27 per cent) was recorded in Hubchix, while among two different breeds of layers, the mortality was the highest (10.61 per cent) in RIR birds. The Clinical signs manifested by broiler and layer Chicks were inapperance, increased thirst, ruffed feathers, dioopiness, huddling and yellowish while dianhoea. Among adults, (Ejection; increased thirst; inappetance; paleness of combs and wattles; decreased egg production and continuous low levels of mortality at irregular intervals were the main symptoms. Gross pathological lesions were mainly confined to liver, heart, spleen, lung and caeca. Liver lesions were marked by initial congestion and enlargement followed by whitish grey necrotic foci on its surface. In addition to this, layer birds showed distinct greenish bronze metallic sheen on its surface in few cases. The affected heart showed elevated greyish white nodular lesions on the outer surface of myocardium. Spleen invariably showed severe congestion and marked enlargement in most of the cases. Lung also showed whitish grey nodules in few cases. Caecal lesions were maiked by typhilitis with the presence of dry, hard caseous necrotic material in the later stage of the disease. Histopathological dianges were mainly confined to liver, heart, Spleen, limg and cases. Liver showed mild to severe congestion, focal to diffuse areas of ( coagulative necrosis and mononuclear cells infiltration around perivascular areas. In occasional cases, there was septic emboli in hepatic parendiyma. Heart revealed varying degrees of congestion, haemorrhoges, mononudear cells infiltration and necrosis of cardiac fibres. Spleen revealed maiked lesions of RE cells hyperplasia along with focal to diffuses. areas of coagulative necrosis. Lung lesions were of the nature of severe congestion and haemorrhages and mononuclear cells infiltration. Bacterial emboli were present in few cases. Caeca showed congestion haemorrhages with degeneration of lining epithelium and mononudear cells infiltration in the mucosa and submucosa.